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1、SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGSpotlighting action from across the World Green Building Council networkThe World Green Building Council(WorldGBC)is the largest and most influential local-regional-global action network,leading the transformation to sustainable and decarbonised built environments f
2、or everyone,everywhere.Together,with 75+Green Building Councils and industry partners from all around the world,we are driving systemic changes to:We work with businesses,organisations and governments to deliver on the ambitions of the Paris Agreement and UN Global Goals for Sustainable Development(
3、SDGs).Green Building CouncilsGreen Building Councils(GBCs)are independent,non-profit organisations accelerating the uptake of sustainable buildings.As members of WorldGBC,they convene businesses and governments to collectively drive environmental,economic and social impact within the built environme
4、nt on a national,regional and global scale.Better Places for PeopleBetter Places for People is a WorldGBC global programme,dedicated to supporting GBCs,partners and the built environment industry to transition towards a healthy,equitable and resilient built environment.Better Places for People is gu
5、ided by the vision of WorldGBCs Guiding Goal,“a built environment that delivers healthy,equitable and resilient buildings,communities and cities”.Our action through the global network is underpinned by the six core principles of WorldGBC s Health&Wellbeing Framework,working to catalyse social and en
6、vironmental benefits across the built environment value chain.This work is produced by WorldGBCs Better Places for People Global Programme.Consulted and co-created by the Better Places for People Housing Taskforce,comprised of:Green Building Councils:Chile Green Building Council Colombia Green Build
7、ing Council Emirates Green Building Council Green Building Council of Australia Green Building Council Brasil Green Building Council Costa Rica Green Building Council Italia Green Building Council of South Africa Guatemala Green Building Council Indian Green Building Council Irish Green Building Cou
8、ncil Jordan Green Building Council Kenya Green Building Society New Zealand Green Building Council Philippine Green Building Council US Green Building CouncilKnowledge Partners:Build Change Institute for Human Rights and Business(IHRB)Reall World Resources Institute(WRI)Kindly reviewed by:Habitat fo
9、r Humanity International ICLEI International Finance Corporation(IFC)Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights(OCHCR)The Predistribution Initiative The Shift UN-Habitat United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)Better Places for People Global Programme Partners:About World Gree
10、n Building Council Address whole life carbon emissions of existing and new buildings Enable resilient,healthy,equitable and inclusive places Secure regenerative,resource-efficient and waste-free infrastructurePAGE|2WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExec
11、utive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposeForewordAccording to the UN-Habitat,the world needs to build 96,000 new homes every day in order to hous
12、e the estimated three billion people who will need access to adequate housing by 2030.In all geographies around the world,people are facing homelessness,poverty or living in substandard homes.Those people are at the heart of this flagship report from our global Better Places for People programme.Hou
13、sing should,and can be,affordable,sustainable and fit for purpose for everyone,everywhere.In this report,we challenge the widespread perception that affordable and sustainable housing is not a widely achievable solution.There is no one size fits all solution for the building and construction industr
14、y.As the case studies within this report demonstrate,there are many varied strategies available and being used around the world that could be scaled up to address the housing challenge in all global geographies.I want to thank our partners and the 16 Green Building Councils involved in the Better Pl
15、aces for People global programme Taskforce who have co-developed this report with us.They join us in a unified call to drive the much needed uptake of sustainable and affordable housing.Their successes in policy,finances,design and construction techniques and other grassroots innovations are clear e
16、vidence that rapid progress is already being made to overcome the housing,climate and health crises.The task at hand is a great one;but there is always optimism if we collaborate on solutions,and spark consideration of best practices being implemented around the world to trigger further research in
17、this area.Our report is another step forward in our collective mission to achieve this.Our world faces great challenges,many of which are unprecedented in the history of our evolution.The climate emergency we face is one of those,and it goes hand in hand with another the global housing crisis.Cristi
18、na GamboaCEO of WorldGBC“Its been a pleasure to collaborate with the WorldGBC on this report and draw attention to what sustainable and resilient housing looks like in practice.At Build Change,our vision is that every house is made disaster-resilient.Achieving this not only requires an engineering s
19、olution,but must include considerations of policy,demand,and finance to address systemic barriers to housing access.One of the simplest and often overlooked mechanisms for enabling pathways to disaster-resilience is through structural improvements of houses-through incremental upgrades,homeowners ha
20、ve more cost efficient,sustainable,and attainable steps towards resilience.It is with this in mind that were happy to share highlights of our work in the Philippines,where homeowners have taken charge of decision-making processes to achieve incremental upgrades with microfinance loans for housing th
21、at meets their needs,and those of their families for years to come.”Monica Schroeder,Director of Global Advocacy,Build ChangeClosing the global housing deficit within planetary boundaries demands an urgent reassessment of how we build our present and future cities.It is now widely recognised that bu
22、siness-as-usual is no longer possible.A rapid transition to green and low-carbon urban infrastructure is therefore essential,encompassing global goals and commitments on greenhouse gas mitigation,adaptation and resilience.Yet,building quality and secure housing goes beyond the infrastructure-climate
23、 nexus,or decarbonising the built environment.It is also a human rights ambition,it is a public health issue,and it underpins more inclusive and progressive urban futures.This welcome report draws attention to the challenge,but it also provides examples of the kind of innovation and leadership neces
24、sary to bring about change.It is notable for its attention and celebration of initiatives and entrepreneurship from the global south itself,and what can be learned from actors and actions which are often unrecognised and overlooked.It has been an honour to contribute to this report,developed in such
25、 an inclusive way by the World Green Building Council and its network.Donovan Storey,Head of Global Policy,ReallWORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA Sna
26、pshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|3HOUSING IS,POTENTIALLY,THE MOST IMPORTANT SUB-SECTOR OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN TERMS OF IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT,ECONOMIC RELEVANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.The case study content from
27、each of WorldGBCs five regions highlights cutting-edge built environment projects making sustainable and affordable housing a reality for all.These projects are demonstrating commitment towards the right to adequate housing and a sustainable future for many populations in different geographies.This
28、report demonstrates a call to action to strengthen the uptake of sustainable and affordable housing,derived from successful global practice,and showcases leadership in regulatory change,financing,governance models and business innovations.These solutions and successes can and must be scaled to make
29、rapid progress in overcoming the housing,climate and health crises faced worldwide.Within the industry,the terms affordable housing and sustainable housing have been increasingly receiving attention for the past decade.However,the misconception that sustainable housing is more expensive,difficult to
30、 resource and intensive to pursue is affecting its uptake.The good news is that the knowledge,tools,techniques and technologies to allow for the uptake of sustainable and affordable housing already exist.Understanding the feasibility and the array of possibilities could help tackle the housing crisi
31、s and the various challenges surrounding it,while reprioritising health,equity and resilience.In light of the environmental and social challenges the world is facing,it has never been more critical to demonstrate the attainability of housing that is both sustainable and affordable.Such housing must
32、capture not only the affordability that includes upfront costs of purchase or rental,but also the ongoing affordability of living and operational costs highlighted in the principles section of this report.In developing this report,a Taskforce of representatives from the WorldGBC network collaborated
33、 with other leading industry experts to co-create a series of high-level principles illustrating sustainable and affordable housing in practices.These are:ExecutiveSummaryThis report presents a high-level summary of sustainable and affordable housing around the world profiling challenges facing the
34、housing sector and opportunities available that are driving the uptake of new solutions and approaches,illustrated by local examples documented from within the WorldGBC network.Habitability and Comfort Community and Connectivity Resilience and Adaptation to a Changing Climate Resource Efficiency and
35、 Circularity Economic Accessibility.PAGE|4WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot I
36、ntroduction and PurposeWithin this report,solutions and best practice examples are presented across all five continents and in diverse geographies,cultures and climates.In showcasing a varied range of examples,a consistent message emerges the challenges faced are numerous,but there is a growing body
37、 of evidence of progress and opportunities.These include from finance solutions,supporting policies and design and in-use strategies that are being seen in practice worldwide and are making sustainable and affordable homes attainable for people in many regions.This should and could be a reality for
38、all.The availability of solutions in this report should inspire optimism,and spark consideration of best practices being implemented around the world to trigger further research.In the context of tracking the global housing stocks significant and growing gaps in terms of quantity and quality,the goo
39、d practice and analysis provided in this report demonstrates that the solutions for closing this gap are being used across the world already both through the development of new units and the retrofit of existing homes.Through our call to action,WorldGBC and partners lay the foundation for greater pr
40、ioritisation of the housing sector from all built environment actors,including financial and policy stakeholders.However,much more work is needed to take this vision and leadership and translate it to the global financial and development community who invest in,develop and own the properties.There i
41、s no doubt that deep commitment and collaboration will be required from actors across the value chain to tackle the growing crisis we face with global housing stocks,but we hope this report contributes to building the awareness,commitment and value proposition needed for positive change towards sust
42、ainable and affordable housing for everyone,everywhere.The report focuses on sustainable and affordable housing for two target populations based on income levels:Low-income housing and Middle-income housing.The characteristics of each are described in the boxes on the right.Middle-income housing Mas
43、s market and affordable housing Private housing Target towards wider supply chain including developers,investors,designers,owners,occupiers,and the construction sectorLow-income housing Social housing and informal settlements,considering minority groups Target towards developments led by governments
44、 and procurement bodies,or policy-directed or subsidised private development UNDERSTANDING THE FEASIBILITY AND THE ARRAY OF POSSIBILITIES COULD HELP TACKLE THE HOUSING CRISIS AND THE VARIOUS CHALLENGES SURROUNDING IT,WHILE REPRIORITISING HEALTH,EQUITY,AND RESILIENCE.About and ForewordExecutive Summa
45、ryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|5WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGHousing is,potentially,the most important sub-
46、sector of the built environment in terms of impact on human health and development,economic relevance and environmental impact.Through this publication,WorldGBC hopes to champion a unified vision for sustainable and affordable housing and spotlight best practice worldwide to demonstrate opportunitie
47、s for success that could be scaled for greater impact.However,in tackling this topic,WorldGBCs network recognises that the fundamental challenges in developing a sustainable and affordable housing stock for all are intensely localised.Whilst the scope of this report is global,it is not possible to p
48、rovide comprehensive coverage,nor to provide universal detailed guidelines,but rather demonstrate that the sustainability outcomes that we aspire to can be,and are already being,achieved in varied locations around the world.The development of principles and analysis of case study data against them i
49、llustrates how different a set of principles can seem when embedded in local context.This report will bring this message to fruition by spotlighting insights from real-life challenges,leadership and strategies,to encourage the development of high quality,sustainable and affordable housing in differe
50、nt regions and provide inspiration to be adapted as appropriate to each local context.The outcome of this work is to highlight that sustainable housing is,by principle,attainable in all geographies from affordability,access,resource and financial perspectives.This should inspire and support mass mar
51、ket collaboration to build upon the principles and learnings in a multitude of ways,including further development of policy recommendations,guidance for global financial and institutional investment sectors,scaling of solutions through awareness raising,upskilling and industry buy-in,and engagement
52、with occupants on the ground.WorldGBC calls for global action to be accelerated towards a housing stock that embodies the principles outlined in this report,targeting all stakeholders of the housing sector,including built environment practitioners,decision makers,investors,developers,designers and p
53、olicy makers to scale up the achievements showcased within this report.The content is also valuable for governments and infrastructure agencies to trigger an increase in ambition for procurement of quality and accessible housing,as well as to create policy environments such as regulations,standards,
54、incentivisation schemes and procurement practices.Unwavering commitment and collaboration are essential within the housing sector for the mass transition to sustainable and affordable housing for all.Introduction and Purpose THE OUTCOME OF THIS WORK IS TO HIGHLIGHT THAT SUSTAINABLE HOUSING IS,BY PRI
55、NCIPLE,ATTAINABLE IN ALL GEOGRAPHIES FROM AFFORDABILITY,ACCESS,RESOURCE AND FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVES.WorldGBCs global network is committed to working towards a sustainable built environment for everyone,everywhere.About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAme
56、ricas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|6WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGBackgroundHousing is of fundamental importance to human development,in addition to its role in people
57、s identity and social belonging.Peoples homes are where these impacts are most often felt.Housing is recognised as a sector that is central to global sustainability targets and is a key lever in the targets of the UNs Sustainable Development Goals.SDG11,target 11.1 states that:“By 2030,ensure access
58、 for all to adequate,safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums1”.Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that:“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and of his family2”.The UN Special Rapporteur o
59、n the Right to Housing states that:“It is time to recognise that sustainability of housing should become an additional core element of the right to adequate housing,in order to ensure that the right to adequate housing is interpreted in full consonance with the right to a clean,healthy and sustainab
60、le environment3”.At least 85%of the worlds population has been affected by climate change4,5.In addition to devastating climate change events,further man-made conflict,violence and human rights violations are also damaging cities and homes,displacing communities and resulting in housing inaccessibil
61、ity for millions of people worldwide,especially those of indigenous,minority and migratory backgrounds,neglecting vulnerability and lacking inclusivity.It is estimated that one billion people reside in slums and informal settlements,1.6 billion people live in inadequate housing,15 million people are
62、 forcibly evicted every year79 and 100 million people are displaced by events of conflict and violence5.Such stresses on the housing sector are triggering short-term thinking and reactive decision-making,from rapid home building to informal settlement clearance.It is important to create a demand for
63、 sustainble and affordable housing.Transformation that leaves no one behind,with resilient construction,reconstruction and recovery practices and the need to adapt the worlds building stock to increasing climate change events10,11.The housing sector is responsible for between 1721%of global carbon e
64、missions and has a substantial role to play if the world is to meet net zero carbon emissions by 20506.This is a critical target to keep global temperature change within the 1.5C of warming.However,as average temperatures are already on the rise,acute hazards such as heat waves and floods are growin
65、g in frequency and severity and chronic hazards such as drought and rising sea levels are intensifying,affecting 85%of the worlds population.Vulnerability is heightening,impacting liveability with severe reduction in peoples health,wellbeing and quality of life.HOUSING IS RECOGNISED AS A SECTOR THAT
66、 IS CENTRAL TO GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY TARGETS AND IS A KEY LEVER IN THE TARGETS OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS.About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica
67、 Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|7WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGThe world needs to provide two billion homes over the next 75 years12,with home retrofits and improvements being a vital part of addressing the housing crisis13.By the end of this century,the world
68、s population is set to increase by 50%,to over 11.2 billion an increase of 45 million people per year12.In facing global population growth,the demand for urban and residential infrastructure and development is inevitable and the pressure on housing quantity,quality and its affordability will increas
69、e12.It is estimated that by 2030,three billion people,or 40%of the worlds population will need adequate housing units whether new-built or renovated14,which will double the global material consumption.This is also an essential factor when considering the response to recent socio-economic trends of w
70、ork and habitation-changing patterns,where it is estimated that people spend about 90%of their time in buildings,with two thirds of that spent at home16.Comprising over 70%of land use in most cities already,with increase in both horizontal and vertical densification,housing is evidently central to t
71、he environmental and social sustainability of future cities.Construction is set to add 230 billion square metres of new buildings in the next 35 years,adding the equivalent of the city of Paris,in terms of new floor space,to the planet every single week17.However,there are 42 million unoccupied home
72、s worldwide,an estimate of roughly one in 10 homes are vacant13.Retrofitting and renovating existing homes and converting unused buildings into residential space helps address the chronic housing crisis in terms of both quantity and quality,as well as homelessness and housing inadequacy in many coun
73、tries18,19.Housing infrastructure can continue to exacerbate problems or can be part of the solution.The global building and construction industry needs a monumental shift20.Effective housing policies that successfully increase affordability at the level of each home,from purchase to maintenance and
74、 repair,are crucial for enhancing resilience.In addition,decarbonising the economy,restoring nature and ecosystem services and tackling the production and consumption of raw material and products are essential to mitigate further climate change impacts21.The challenge faced is creating the context,s
75、uch as political will,set of legislations,policies,regulations,business processes and cultural and behavioural change for rapid acceleration and uptake of solutions.THE WORLD NEEDS TO PROVIDE TWO BILLION HOMES OVER THE NEXT 75 YEARS,WITH HOME RETROFITS AND IMPROVEMENTS BEING A VITAL PART OF ADDRESSI
76、NG THE HOUSING CRISIS.About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|8WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABL
77、E HOUSINGAffordability is a global issue which directly affects the wellbeing of people.It is estimated that around 80%of cities worldwide do not have affordable housing options for the majority of their population22.The housing affordability crisis exacerbates urban inequalities.The lack of afforda
78、ble solutions often pushes people,and particular social groups,such as low-income households,migrants,as well as young people and the elderly,into sharing overcrowded and unsafe dwellings.It can also cause them to move into areas which have little access to employment and education opportunities,hea
79、lthcare,or green spaces.UN-Habitat states that:“A house cannot be considered adequate and accessible if its cost threatens or compromises the occupants enjoyment of other human rights and satisfaction of needs such as food,healthcare,education and transport23”.Affordability is a central component of
80、 the right to adequate housing.The definition of affordable housing has undergone extensive review from the global community in recent years,reflecting that affordable housing must encompass a broad range of criteria,instead of only its monetary value being below market rate.Affordable housing is no
81、w increasingly being defined as:“Housing that is priced at or below market rate,whilst considering the average household income of the area(Area Median Income),so that the net monthly expenditure on housing cost does not exceed 30%of the total monthly income of the household23,24”.This definition re
82、lates to the average absolute value of housing itself in relation to the average residents purchasing power,capturing not only the affordability that includes upfront costs of purchase or rental,but also the ongoing affordability of living and operational costs25.Together with security of tenure,aff
83、ordability is central for preventing the risk of evictions as it reflects the capacity of people to sustain rent and mortgage payments,whilst maintaining a wider criteria of household maintenance,utilities,or location,in relation to transport,employment and services23.Definition of Sustainable and A
84、ffordable HousingTHROUGH CONSULTATION WITH THE BETTER PLACES FOR PEOPLE HOUSING TASKFORCE,WORLDGBCS NETWORK DEFINES SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING AS:RESILIENT HOUSING THAT IS ADAPTABLE TO CLIMATE CHANGE,RESPECTS AND PROTECTS THE LIFECYCLE VISION OF MEETING CURRENT AND FUTURE NEEDS,WHILST ENCOUR
85、AGING SUSTAINABLE CHOICES AND ENHANCING QUALITY OF LIFE,ALL WITHIN AN ECONOMICALLY ACCESSIBLE MANNER.Further Resources:OHCHRs report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housingAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope
86、SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|9WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGThe development and upgrading of communities to create sustainable and affordable housing occurs differently around the wo
87、rld.However,through consultation with the Better Places for People Housing Taskforce,WorldGBCs global network has concluded that sustainable and affordable housing in any and all geographies must reflect implementation of the following principles,with consideration of the cross-cutting nature of man
88、y of the topics.Principles of Sustainable and Affordable HousingHabitability and ComfortCommunity and ConnectivityResilience and Adaptation to a Changing ClimateResource Efficiency and CircularityEconomic AccessibilityHabitability and Comfort Health and comfort Outdoor environment Dignity Rights Lif
89、estyleCommunity and Connectivity Inclusive design Access to transport and services Culture and community Resilience and Adaptation to a Changing Climate Adaptability Nature-based solutions Safety Hazard and disaster resilienceEconomic Accessibility Purchase and leasing price In-use costs Economic se
90、curity Living costs Development costsResource Efficiency and Circularity Net zero whole life carbon Energy transition and efficiency Water Waste and materialsAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to Acti
91、onAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|10WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGFurther Resources:*WorldGBCs Health&Wellbeing Framework:For more information on health,equity and resilience strategies in the built environment*WorldGBCs
92、 Resilience in the Built Environment Guide:For more information about climate resilience and adaptation in the built environment-IHRBs Dignity by Design Framework:For more information on each stage of the built environment lifecycle,aiming to minimise risks to people and maximise social outcomes.-IC
93、LEIs Circular City Actions Framework:For more information on a range of strategies and actions available to work towards circular development at the local level.Health and comfort:Enhance indoor environmental quality to boost occupants mental and physical wellbeing and reduce factors that can lead t
94、o viral transmission and ill health,by considering all relevant health and comfort determinants,including air,light,water,sanitation,acoustic,thermal and visual comfort*.Outdoor environment:Enhance outdoor environmental quality,including access to nature and promote walkability*.Dignity:Enhance dign
95、ity,privacy and security,providing enough space to prevent overcrowding.Rights:Protect against evictions,destruction and demolition,with appropriate entitlements of land and property.Lifestyle:Encourage healthy occupant behaviour and lifestyle choices*.Inclusive design:Prioritise inclusion of citize
96、ns in the planning and design stages of community or project development to avoid issues of social unrest or displacement.Access to transport and services:Incorporate accessible transport systems into community or masterplan,to allow accessibility to employment,services and amenities such as shops,s
97、chools,healthcare facilities and public areas.Culture and community:Foster inclusion and social equity,by enhancing equality,inclusivity,diversity and non-discriminatory,culturally relevant environments that foster a sense of belonging.Adaptability:Ensure housing is adaptable,durable and easy to mai
98、ntain through its lifecycle,to facilitate ease of retrofit and reuse*.Nature-based solutions:Enhance natural capital,maintaining and preserving ecological processes to support whole life impact on ecological health,prioritise the regeneration of ecosystem services and enhance bio-climatic resilience
99、.Safety:Ensure structural safety is met and designed to withstand climate change scenarios to offer long-standing usability.Hazard and disaster resilience:Consider extreme temperature change and weather conditions such as floods,wildfires,droughts,hurricanes,storms and high winds*.Net zero whole lif
100、e emissions:Target whole life carbon emission reduction,working towards net zero operational and embodied carbon at building and community scales.Energy transition and efficiency:Support the energy transition away from fossil fuels and towards electrification through the generation and use of clean
101、and renewables-powered electricity,demonstrating energy reduction through efficiency measures to reduce emissions and operational energy use and costs.Water:Reduce water footprint of materials and processes and ensure water efficiency in operation.Waste and materials:Support reuse,recycling and up-c
102、ycling of materials through circular design principles.Purchase and leasing price:Support affordable purchase,upfront rental costs,with options to secure housing beyond direct payment.In-use costs:Ensure accessible and affordable operation,maintenance and ongoing improvement costs.Economic security:
103、Ensure financial security and a suitable housing option for any income level,whilst supporting the progression of a growing household to a successively higher quality of living,habitat and infrastructure.Living costs:Ensure access to affordable utilities and services to increase occupants discretion
104、ary income.Development costs:Source locally and utilise local industries to reduce building costs and support economic development.Habitability and ComfortCommunity and ConnectivityResilience and Adaptation to a Changing ClimateResource Efficiency and CircularityEconomic AccessibilityAbout and Forew
105、ordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|11WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGLifecycle of Sustainable an
106、d Affordable HousingThe principles of sustainable and affordable housing are to be considered at all relevant stages of the building and construction lifecycle.Land Acquisition&Choice of locationAssess urban growth,demographic,social needs and climate change impact scenarios to ensure safety of loca
107、tion,adequate accessibility and thriving communities.Finance&BudgetingUndertake performance simulation and cost analysis to ensure the feasibility of the project within a budget,while exploring fiscal incentives and establishing partnerships.Design&PlanningUnderstand urban form context and future pr
108、ojections,enhancing resource efficiency and reducing harmful emissions to protect people and the environment.Supply&Manufacture Understand the market,source locally available and sustainable materials and products responsibly,with optimised transportation and adopt a circular supply chain.End of Lif
109、eMinimise human and environmental impact by undertaking careful disassembly,waste management and raw material supply and ensure as many parts as possible can be reused.Building&ConstructionUse techniques that improve health and wellbeing for building occupants,release fewer emissions and mitigate ne
110、gative local environmental sustainability implications.Operation&MaintenanceMaintain and repair the building to ensure optimal performance,extending the building life,while using less energy and water,creating minimal waste and delivering long-term energy savings.Redevelopment&RepurposingRefurbish e
111、xisting buildings and structures,reuse available materials,while understanding and maintaining culture and history,and saving precious resources.Lifecycle ofSustainableand AffordableHousingAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope Sn
112、apshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|12WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGThe Business Case for Making Housing Sustainable and AffordableIt is fundamental to establish a value proposition for inves
113、ting in sustainable and affordable housing to mobilise action across the built environment.The risks of inaction and cost of remediation at later stages outweigh the opportunities and investments required to change practices today.Some prominent arguments to drive the business case combining present
114、 and future action and inaction are outlined in the following tables.Opportunities for action Governments including:local,district,national,international government and multi-level governanceBy setting regulatory pathways for sustainable buildings by means of building codes,subsidy schemes,minimum s
115、tandards,as well as enforcement,building inspections,and control governments could recognise:Increased energy security:Sustainable and affordable homes require less energy to heat,cool and power,and generate renewable-sourced power on site therefore decreasing energy consumption and reducing strain
116、on national energy demands.This may result in reduction of imported energy,risk of shortages,and energy poverty.Reduced carbon emissions and waste:550 million metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions could be saved by 2050 from residential efficiency globally9.Energy-efficient residential construct
117、ion practices could also result in a 40%reduction in global energy savings.Sustainable construction and operation of homes would also greatly reduce waste production,increase circularity and limit landfill contributions.Greater resilience and quality of life of population:Quality housing best servic
118、es the needs of the population,with expected improvements in health and wellbeing.Protection of human rights:Community and supply chain workers rights can be protected and enhanced through public policy welfare programmes,and social justice considerations.Industry stakeholders including:developers,i
119、nvestors,contractors,engineering,architectural firms,investors and banksBy investing,developing,designing,constructing,managing,or owning sustainable affordable housing,built environment industry stakeholders could experience:Investment opportunities:Research suggests there is a$17 trillion USD oppo
120、rtunity for investing in sustainable housing9,with long-term investment benefits and reliable returns through impact investment27.Access to green finance:Increased access to green bonds and loans,lowered default rates and superior collateral value for green mortgages and insurance rates.Low carbon p
121、ortfolios:Achieving sustainability goals offers investment benefits alongside resilience to policy change and investor pressures.Reputational benefit:Enhanced sustainability credentials may improve brand recognition and faster market differentiation.Housing value:Increased desirability of properties
122、,with higher resident retention,particularly through creation of community and resident engagement.Occupants and communitiesBy owning,renting and retrofitting homes and communities towards sustainable and affordable outcomes,occupants could experience:Economic security:Sustainable and affordable hom
123、es offer financial savings and better spending predictability on utility and service bills.Renewable energy generation and efficiency practices can also provide return on investment benefits for the owner.Resilience:Strengthened community relationships allow for greater resilience to environmental a
124、nd systemic stressors,such as climate change impacts.Sustainable housing presents better durability during extreme weather events,with enhanced opportunity for retrofit and maintenance.Quality of life and social value:Sustainable and affordable properties lead to greater comfort,health and wellbeing
125、 standards for occupants and improved standards of living and productivity.Improved accessibility and services may lead to generation of new jobs and access to better quality education and healthcare.Continued on next page WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and Fore
126、wordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|13The Business Case for Making Housing Sustainable and Affordable(Continued)Risk of inactio
127、nGovernments including:local,district,national,international government and multi-level governanceWithout concentrated and dramatic action towards the transformation of the national housing stock towards sustainable and affordable homes,governments could experience:Spiralling energy demand:Unsustain
128、able housing in areas of growing population and increasing electrification of transport risks unmanaged demand for domestic energy use.Mitigation and adaptation measures:Each additional year of delay in implementing sustainability measures,costs an additional$0.30.9 trillion USD in total costs26.Sus
129、tainable and affordable housing are an essential part of climate change mitigation and adaptation to impacts.Urban sprawl and planning:Unmanaged urban sprawl could present socio-economic and environmental risks for the population,such as lack of access to adequate services,jobs,green spaces and othe
130、r facilities.Sustainably planned communities would limit the risk of these negative impacts.Risk of stranded assets:Social housing and communities,including public services and infrastructure,that are unsustainable present greater risk from damage or abandonment in future climate scenarios.Economic
131、distress:Unsustainable and unaffordable housing for the population increases levels of financial and energy poverty,thereby increasing financial burden of support on the state and possibly social unrest.Possible risk of spiralling healthcare costs due to public burden of ill-health from substandard
132、homes.Environmental degradation:Continued emissions and waste creation,including increase in toxic landfills,deforestation,pollution,and loss of biodiversity.Growth of informal settlements:Lack of preparation for population change,increase in climate refugees,continued evictions or displacement of l
133、ow-income renters by gentrification presents a greater risk of informal settlements,gentrification,and substandard housing,which may lead to displacement and migration.Industry stakeholders including:developers,investors,contractors,engineering,architectural firms,investors and banksIf the transitio
134、n to sustainable and affordable homes for all is not realised,industry stakeholders could experience:Stranded Assets:Increased risk of stranded assets due to lack of attention to ESG,human rights considerations,regulatory shifts or damage from extreme weather events Finances:Reduced attractiveness t
135、o sustainable financial products,risking loss of investors and income.Community conflict and opposition:Unsustainable developments increase risk of conflict and opposition to projects,as well as increasing pressure on local communities.Occupants and communitiesOwners or occupiers of unsustainable ho
136、mes may experience:Financial stress:Unsustainable dwellings create higher operational housing costs,and risk increasing levels of energy poverty.Further impacts include reduced housing value and increased insurance premiums of non-resilient homes.Lack of resilience:The greater risk of significant da
137、mage and loss to non-resilient and non-durable structures from climate change events increases vulnerability of housing and infrastructure.Socio-spatial segregation:Unplanned,sprawling settlements leads to reduced access to jobs,education,and creates a lower quality of life for all.Health risks:Incr
138、eased diseases and illnesses associated with substandard housing and environmental degradation,such as pollution and extreme temperatures.Further Resources:IFCs article on building the business case for green affordable housingAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples a
139、nd LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|14WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGThis section will present a high-level summary of sustainable and affordable housing
140、in every continent,with illustrated local examples documented from within WorldGBCs network.Each regional snapshot will include the following:Challenges facing the housing sector:Considering population growth and movement,political and environmental challenges that are causing difficulty in the upta
141、ke of sustainable and affordable housing.Driving the uptake of sustainable and affordable housing:Opportunities,leadership,financial innovations and supportive planning and policy that are driving the uptake of sustainable and affordable housing.Case studies for sustainable and affordable housing:Cu
142、tting-edge built environment projects,making sustainable and affordable housing a reality for all,demonstrating a commitment towards the right to adequate housing and a sustainable future.WorldGBC recognises that the fundamental challenges in developing a sustainable and affordable housing stock for
143、 all are intensely localised.The scope of this report is not to cover the entire world,nor to provide instructions,but rather,demonstrate that these outcomes can and are already being achieved,with spotlight and insights on real-life challenges,leadership and strategies that require global attention
144、,to encourage the development of high quality,sustainable and affordable housing in different regions and provide inspiration to be adapted as appropriate to each local context.All the case studies in this report are within 30%of area median income as defined on page 16,and are mapped against the su
145、stainable and affordable housing principles as seen on page 18.30%Sustainable and Affordable Housing WorldwideAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snaps
146、hot Introduction and PurposePAGE|15WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGCHALLENGES FACING THE HOUSING SECTOR Africa is the most rural region in the world,yet has incredible diversity across the continent,with centres of wealth and urbanisation.The continent is also at the f
147、rontline of climate change impacts,such as droughts and expansion of desertification.The African continent is experiencing the fastest urban growth in the world,with population projected to grow 63%by 2040 and double by 205028.Two-thirds of this growth will be absorbed by urban areas,with cities bec
148、oming the new home to over 40,000 people every day and adding 950 million people in the next 30 years29.Almost 53 million people live in slum conditions,with a growth of under-serviced,substandard and insecure housing that is disconnected from livelihood options30.In some areas of Africa,particularl
149、y central and sub-Saharan Africa,there is little formalisation in urban planning,with some countries experiencing overlapping markets for land,ownership,buildings,finance and services such as water,electricity and sewerage.These challenges could be compounded with major issues on inadequate infrastr
150、ucture and supply capacity,with a lack in technical and financial strength to construct large-scale projects31.DRIVING THE UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING In the last decade,there is a growing body of evidence of sustainable projects,policies and plans being implemented across the built
151、 environment in Africa.Signals of change are evident across the continent,with opportunities that can be scaled across the region.Many international agencies and independent companies have been investing in Africa for the construction of affordable homes,while creating jobs in the community and focu
152、sing on upskilling local developers34.Increase in housing shortages and informal settlements in South AfricaExpensive housing in low-income areas of Angola and CameroonAccessing financial relief through commercial banks in South AfricaCommunity-based finance initiatives and improved legal frameworks
153、 in Senegal,Mozambique and ZimbabwePublic-private partnerships stimulating international investment across AfricaAfrica RegionalSnapshotAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific Snapsho
154、tBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|16WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness Ca
155、seAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposeThe largest 3D-printed affordable housing projects in the world,emphasising replicability and speed.The project is part of the Green Heart of Kenya regenerative ecosystem,a model for inclusive and climate-resilient cities.The goal of the project is to build
156、an affordable homes movement which will transform the lives of 100 million people in urban Africa and Asia by 2030,while creating qualified jobs,placing people on a development trajectory.Beiras first zero-carbon home in partnership with easy housing,all cyclone-proofed and constructed from sustaina
157、ble hardwood.In 2019,Cyclone Idai destroyed at least 70%of housing in the area,but all 10 of Casa Reals pilot homes remained standing,with only minimal and easily repaired damage.Prior to Casa Real,housing was unaffordable to 99%of the population and 80%of homes were self-built with low quality mate
158、rials,being extremely vulnerable to natural disaster.Casa Real is now providing for 160 households in Beira,with new sites in nearby cities being negotiated with municipalities.Jewel City is an urban redevelopment project that revitalized a former hub of the diamond and precious metals trade industr
159、y,an area that has historically suffered high vacancy and crime rates.The project achieved this revitalization by integrating affordable housing,along with retail,business,sport,and creative spaces.These elements are all centered around a meticulously planned public realm,which caters to the diverse
160、 needs of inner-city residents.Africa Regional Snapshot Case StudiesUnlocking low-income housing finance with proven Climate Resilient homesTransforming an industrial area to a vibrant and affordable economic hubSpeed and affordability with 3D-printed homesMvule Gardens,Kilifi,Kenya Casa Real,Beira,
161、Mozambique Jewel City,Johannesburg,South AfricaPAGE|17WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGIn Africa,housing provision is often characterised by low density,under-serviced,substandard and insecure housing disconnected from existing transport networks and economic opportunit
162、ies.This is causing great risk to the nearly 950 million people set to move to more urban areas in the next 30 years29.The rate of implementation of quality and sustainable housing close to economic opportunity is dwarfed by demand.However,progress is noted across the region with governments,interna
163、tional organisations,independent companies and investors leading initiatives that are taking steps towards transforming the housing market and demonstrating how well-located and well-designed housing is vital in tackling the regions socio-economic challenges.Identified case studies demonstrate the s
164、uccessful use of modern technologies for faster construction,as well as retrofitting and redevelopment techniques to meet the housing demand of a growing population,while mobilising finance into communities.This is exhibiting positive direction and progression in which social,environmental and finan
165、cial aspects are considered for long-term sustainability and stability,providing inspiration for further action.With thanks to:Green Building Council of South Africa,Kenya Green Building Society and ReallAfrica Regional SnapshotNEARLY 950 MILLION PEOPLE ARE SET TO MOVE TO MORE URBAN AREAS IN AFRICA
166、IN THE NEXT 30 YEARSAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|18WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE
167、 HOUSINGLack of attention to existing housing in Costa RicaQuantitative housing deficit in ChileHousing disparities on minority group households in the USAccessible governmental subsidies in ColombiaUpfront subsidies and increased housing credit in BrazilPolicy strategies for healthy and efficient a
168、ffordable housing in the USSpeed of urbanisation pressurising urban housing supply in Guatemala Americas Regional SnapshotCHALLENGES FACING THE HOUSING SECTOR The Americas region is the second most disaster-prone region in the world,with 152 million people affected by over 1,200 natural disasters fr
169、om the years 2000-2019;including floods,storms,droughts,wildfire and extreme temperatures41.In Central and South America,around 500 million people live in cities under an accelerated,defective and exclusive urbanisation process,with almost 94%of urban homes being insufficient in quality42.The right
170、to adequate housing has been particularly poorly provided amongst women,ethnic minorities,migrants and other disadvantaged groups,despite it being supported by the legislation in many countries.This has often resulted in low-quality shelter with minimal facilities or without any permanent accommodat
171、ion for vulnerable populations across the continent43.Informal settlements are a persistent challenge in Latin America,with approximately one-quarter of the urban population living in informality44.North America is the third-largest continent in the world,home to approximately 515 million people.The
172、 region is not only suffering impacts from climate change,but is a disproportionate contributor to climate change,producing a greater share of greenhouse gas emissions over time than any other continent45.The US alone has the highest national GDP per capita in the world46,yet suffers from a housing
173、shortage of between 5.5 million units to seven million units and severe inner-city poverty,with about 1 in 10 homes impacted by natural disasters47.Inner cities represent 10%of the population in the US,16%of unemployment,22%of poverty and 32%of minority poverty48.DRIVING THE UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE AN
174、D AFFORDABLE HOUSING A range of innovation and financing,policy and development models are being utilised across the continent to drive affordable,sustainable housing across the Americas.In Latin America,there are various degrees of dependency on private Foreign Direct Investment(FDI)and internation
175、al aid for housing provision,as well as on regional development banks.There is a great opportunity to strengthen the role of the state as city-wide or state-wide provider of basic housing;and to develop financial mechanisms,such as public housing and utility companies to strengthen public finance.In
176、 addition,community-based financing models are increasing,as well as public FDI between governments56.About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Intr
177、oduction and PurposePAGE|19WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and
178、 PurposeAmericas Regional SnapshotCase StudiesEl Paraso is a social housing project that achieved high environmental standards,with excellent community flourishing and habitability characteristics.Creating financial sustainability and climate resilience through social housingUrbanizacin El Paraso,Va
179、lparaso,Antioquia,ColombiaThe project was developed to bring those living in informal settlements to a more urban environment within the city,closer to sources of employment,urban facilities and public transportation.Defying the market and increasing available incentives and financesTrasciende La Pa
180、rroquia,15 Avenida 7-47,Zona 6,Guatemala City This project was evaluated under the EcoCasa program,which aims to reduce CO2e emissions in affordable houses and contribute to the achievement of SDG 11:Sustainable Cities and Communities.This project used tools to measure aspects related to energy effi
181、ciency,water savings,housing environment and carbon footprint of materials.The compliance with these criteria allows the developer to access a preferential rate on its loan.Sustainable and affordable housing with low carbon footprintSEXTUPLE,Tlajomulco de Zuiga,Mexico Ecuadors largest climate-consci
182、ous construction project on the outskirts of Guayaquil ensures affordable housing for 3,500 families.3,500 affordable houses within a thriving climate-conscious communityCasa Laguna,Guayaquil,EcuadorEl Camino Apartments integrated design made it possible for residents to achieve financial sustainabi
183、lity by offering rental costs in keeping with agricultural workers seasonal income.Resilience and efficiency strategies lowered operating costs while supporting wellbeing.Affordable LEED platinum apartments Hatch,New Mexico,United StatesPAGE|20WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE
184、HOUSINGThe Americas is experiencing large-scale climate change impact on residential homes and widespread informal settlements that represent approximately one billion people.Despite huge diversity in wealth and development levels,almost 94%of urban homes are insufficient in quality,with particular
185、urgency for housing rehabilitation in inner-city regions across Central,North and South America.The overall speed of transition to sustainable and affordable housing is alarmingly slow,with the need for increasing innovation in creating the context for change,as well as having appropriate solutions
186、for the specific challenges in the vast geographies of the region.Points of optimism are seen,notably in policies,subsidies and regulations that are stimulating the increased development of sustainable and affordable housing.Finance schemes,housing models and the use of innovative technologies featu
187、red in the case studies demonstrate great leadership by developers,investors and communities with opportunities for collaboration and replicability across the region.With thanks to:Colombia Green Building Council,Chile Green Building Council,Green Building Council Brasil,Green Building Council Costa
188、 Rica,Guatemala Green Building Council,US Green Building Council,World Resources Institute(WRI)and Institute of Human Rights and Business(IHRB)Americas Regional SnapshotLARGE-SCALE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ARE LIKELY TO AFFECT THE HOMES AND SETTLEMENTS OF APPROXIMATELY ONE BILLION PEOPLE.About and For
189、ewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|21WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGCHALLENGES FACING THE HOU
190、SING SECTOR The continent of Asia is experiencing massive demographic changes,with the growing and urbanising populations of Asias developing nations presenting an urgent demand for sustainable and affordable housing.Across the entire continent,the physical impacts and risk of climate change have al
191、ready been realised62.Asia is the most populous continent in the world,with a population expected to reach 5.3 billion by 205063.By 2030,India will need an additional 25 million homes and China will have a further 70 million people moving into its cities.The demand is also seen in Vietnam,Indonesia,
192、Philippines and many parts of Asia with a largely growing population64.Asias rapid economic growth in recent decades has lifted hundreds of millions out of extreme poverty,but the gap between Asias rich and poor has widened alarmingly.Asia accounts for two-thirds of the worlds poor,with more than 80
193、0 million people still living on less than$1.25 USD a day and 1.7 billion people surviving on less than$2 USD a day65.DRIVING THE UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING Increasing the supply of sustainable and affordable housing has been a national priority for many governments in the Asia Pac
194、ific region,with a consistent message that countries need to build more and an increase in private investors supporting local development.Asia Pacific Regional SnapshotAccessibility of sustainable and affordable housing for the Singaporean populationChange in management and ownership of public housi
195、ng in AustraliaOverbuilding and re-thinking property investments in ChinaAddressing sustainable housing to industry leaders in the PhilippinesAsias reliance on fossil fuels and environmental damagePrioritising social and affordable housing in Australian government agendasAbout and ForewordExecutive
196、SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|22WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackg
197、round and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposeThe project was dedicated to the alleviation of poverty through the improvement of shelter conditions and upgrading of slu
198、ms for vulnerable communities of informal settlements,while strengthening communities and increasing household savings and credits.The project retrofitted houses with measures to ensure the overall strength and resilience of the house during a disaster,specifically targeted towards prevention of dam
199、age caused by earthquakes,typhoons and heavy rains.This provided safe space for families,increasing quality of life,while keeping the overall cost to a minimum.The project uses water efficiency and recycling techniques,creating a 30%reduction in freshwater demand and recycling 100%water in a hot and
200、 humid climate,all year round.The development is a modern and secure 18-storey building,comprising 162 residential units of which 40 are social housing and 122 are affordable housing units.In addition,40%of the units are allocated to First Nations households,recognising the cultural significance of
201、the indigenous Australian people.Asia Pacific Regional SnapshotCase StudiesResettlement of impoverished communities and creating a positive dialogue of collaborationDisaster resilience retrofits,improving quality of life and keeping costs to a minimumA zero-water discharge communityPromoting afforda
202、ble housing for indigenous populations,while standing the test of time Salyani housing project,Bharatpur,Chitwan District,NepalTiwi,Albay,Philippines Thanisandra,Bangalore,India Gibbons Street,Redfern,AustraliaPAGE|23WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAsia Pacific is a de
203、nsely populated region with a wide range of geographies,experiencing different challenges varying from climate change impacts,to policies,finances and management.The rates of sea-level rise in the oceans surrounding Asia are faster than the global mean,putting pressure on land,destructing biodiversi
204、ty,creating water pollution and water scarcity,while causing significant physical damage to properties and infrastructure.Challenges also include building and overbuilding and the difficulty addressing sustainable housing to leaders of the industry.Nevertheless,Asias developing nations offer some of
205、 the biggest opportunities for sustainable and affordable housing,with consistent messages across countries for its clear demand.Countries such as Singapore are demonstrating the ability to provide sustainable and affordable housing for the entire population that could be used as a model across the
206、continent.The case studies demonstrate that sustainable and affordable housing are accessible throughout the developing nations and amongst low-middle-income households,as well as for vulnerable groups of people regardless of the challenges.With thanks to:Green Building Council of Australia,Indian G
207、reen Building Council,New Zealand Green Building Council,Philippine Green Building Council and Build ChangeAsia Pacific Regional SnapshotSUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING IS ACCESSIBLE THROUGHOUT DEVELOPING NATIONS AND AMONGST LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS.About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBack
208、ground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|24WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGCHALLENGES FACING THE HOUSING SECTOR The European r
209、egion has the highest GDP per capita of any continent80 and yet only represents less than 10%of the worlds total population.However,most European countries are projected to experience a 20%decline in population by 205081.Europe has witnessed the average house prices in the private sector increasing
210、by over 30%and rents increasing by around 15%between 2015 and 202182,83.This is due to several factors including population growth,increased rents,unregulated tourism,the privatisation of social housing stock.Together with growing prevalence of insecure work contracts,these factors increase concern
211、for low and middle-income households,as well as vulnerable groups,with countries seeing an upward trend in social exclusion,urban poverty,and unemployment84.Europe is also being affected by climate change as extreme weather events such as droughts,floods and heat waves are becoming more frequent85.D
212、RIVING THE UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING There are many sophisticated examples of affordable and sustainable housing in Europe being driven through a range of channels,from policy to private funding.Concern about physical climate risk is recognised as a key driver for greater investme
213、nt in the residential sector,alongside EU-level policy driving retrofits as part of the Green Deal;the regional action plan for moving to a clean,circular economy while restoring biodiversity,cutting pollution and reaching climate neutrality by 205091.Europe RegionalSnapshotIncreasing affordable hou
214、sing with laws and regulations in FrancePolicy changes creating wealth disparities and unaffordability in the UKRenovation tax-back mechanisms in ItalyMinimal increase in renovation rate in ItalyContrast in the use of frameworks and targets in the NetherlandsStrong regional financial mechanisms and
215、shift in EU policies About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|25WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABL
216、E HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposeThe project follows a cooperative housing scheme,in which it is financed,
217、developed,maintained and owned by the residents of the co-housing,creating an increased sense of ownership.About 7%of the Danish population live in a form of cooperative owned housing,accounting for one-third of the housing stock in Copenhagen.The project is a primary example of how adequate,sustain
218、able and affordable housing could be created with pension fund capital.The project is also alleviating the severe housing shortage,especially for the middle-income segment.The Netherlands is set to build approximately one million homes by 2035.A 40-unit multi-award-winning social housing scheme.This
219、 project was the first multi-unit development in Ireland to be awarded a gold certification under the Home Performance Index(HPI),a certification system developed by the Irish Green Building Council(IGBC)to assess quality and sustainability in new residential developments.The EnergieSprong approach
220、has a strong focus on satisfaction and comfort of the inhabitants.The objective of the projects approach is to drastically reduce costs through mass production and industrialisation of processes,developing a more mature market and multiplying the operations to achieve economies of scale.The replicab
221、ility of this project contributes to improving the affordability of high-performance renovation projects.Europe Regional Snapshot Case StudiesReducing costs through cooperative housingCreating adequate,sustainable and affordable housing through pension fund capitalMeasuring everything to achieve sus
222、tainable and affordable social housingRenovating 32 terraced houses,enhancing satisfaction and comfort Stavnsholthave 1-51,Farum,DenmarkDiepeveen,Rotterdam,Netherlands Kilbride Lane,Bray,County Wicklow,IrelandRue dAuvergne and Rue Maurice Suard,Angers,France PAGE|26WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTA
223、INABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGEurope is a region with countries of various economic wealth,population sizes and quality and quantity of housing.It is also at risk from extreme weather and climate-related hazards such as heat waves,floods and droughts,which have already been felt in recent years.Such
224、environmental impacts are set to intensify and worsen,leading to adverse impacts on ecosystems,economic sectors and human health and wellbeing.Europe has seen fluctuations in the housing sector with increased rental and purchase prices,inflation,as well as increasing insecurity in employment and hom
225、elessness.Housing stock deficits in the European region are minimal compared to other regions,but the crucial renovation rate remains low,with its impacts flowing into the overall energy crisis and urban poverty faced by the region.Sustainable and affordable housing has become an essential element e
226、mbedded into European policies,regulations and frameworks.The facilitation of knowledge sharing and the adoption of various housing models could become wide-spread and beneficial across Europe,creating a healthy competition among countries.In addition,the awareness,knowledge,skills,resources and tec
227、hnologies are clearly at hand for the European region,placing them at a great advantage for a swift uptake of sustainable and affordable housing.With thanks to:Green Building Council Italia and Irish Green Building CouncilEurope Regional SnapshotTHE FACILITATION OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND THE ADOPTION
228、 OF VARIOUS HOUSING MODELS COULD BECOME WIDE-SPREAD AND BENEFICIAL ACROSS EUROPE,CREATING A HEALTHY COMPETITION AMONG COUNTRIES.About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusines
229、s CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|27WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGCHALLENGES FACING THE HOUSING SECTOR The Middle East is one of the most urbanised regions in the world,with over 56%of inhabitants living in cities.As average inhabitants grow younger
230、and refugee populations increase,this is set to rise to 68%of total inhabitants,approximately 646 million people,living in cities by 2050.The housing demand will result in 70%of land use in most cities comprising housing98.Climate change is already exacerbating fragility in the MENA region that is u
231、ndergoing post-conflict transitions.Climate change effects will have a devastating toll on the regions water supplies and food production systems,with average temperatures soaring at a rate that is 2-7 times faster than any other region99.DRIVING THE UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING Vari
232、ed approaches to sustainable,affordable housing can be observed,with greater or lesser degrees of government intervention in this area.The MENA region has strived to become more environmentally friendly,with record-breaking developments and a shift towards more sustainable practices in design and co
233、nstruction.Broadly,these trends correspond to the strength of government institutions at points in recent history and their emphasis on social benefits and welfare.The market for developing sustainable and affordable housing is operational,and subsidised land and rebates for affordable developments
234、have been helping fuel the movement in countries such as Morocco,Tunisia and Egypt35.Several programmes have been developed in collaboration with international organisations for the sheltering of low-income,migrant and refugee populations.Many of the future MENA region housing policies are also havi
235、ng to confront the damage and destruction of housing stock from years of conflict101.Middle East And North Africa Regional SnapshotUptake of the Sustainable Reconstruction&Recovery Framework Roof Over Our Heads:Women-centred campaign aiming to deliver resilient,low carbon and affordable homesLack of
236、 people-centric approach in the Middle EastLack of homeownership and affordable housing in the Middle EastESG and Corporate Social Responsibility driving sustainable and affordable housing in the MENA region About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmerica
237、s SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|28WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEu
238、rope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposeThe Affordable Housing Project retrofitted 48 homes and built three new homes across five different districts in Jordan,demonstrating that sustainable housing is affordable,with fast pay
239、 back periods.The project created an opportunity for cohesion between locals and refugees through their engagement and involvement,with notable change in“a greener way of thinking within the society”.The project contributed to sustainable housing and the wellbeing of refugees and underprivileged com
240、munities,by offering home retrofitting measures to support the implementation of economically and environmentally friendly practices.This was done through a bottom-up approach,taking into consideration the occupants needs and designed in a participatory manner,while involving all key partners.Middle
241、 East And North Africa Regional SnapshotCase StudiesStrengthening the community through retrofits and word-of-mouthEnhancing lives of refugees,one retrofit at a timeJordanQadura refugee camp,Ramallah,PalestinePAGE|29WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGThe MENA region has e
242、xperienced extreme temperatures,set to worsen in the next decades,compounded by precipitation patterns,water insecurity and projected sea level rise,affecting livelihoods and infrastructure.Average inhabitants are growing younger and refugee populations increasing,with particular urgency for awarene
243、ss,as well as a people-centric approach and the need for clear communication and collaboration amongst stakeholders and project implementers.The region holds opportunity through its high education levels,as social and environmental issues are coming to the fore with governments seeking to transition
244、 to a sustainable future.The case studies have also demonstrated a movement and focus on vulnerable populations with the much-needed people-centric approach.The region has experienced massive developments and a shift towards more sustainable practices in design and construction,with varied approache
245、s to sustainable and affordable housing.This includes the regions rapid transformation of economic growth,diversifying economies,creating jobs,giving back to communities and improving overall quality of life.With thanks to:Emirates Green Building Council andJordan Green Building CouncilMiddle East a
246、nd North Africa Regional SnapshotTHE REGION HOLDS TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITY THROUGH ITS HIGH EDUCATION LEVELS,AS SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ARE COMING TO THE FORE WITH GOVERNMENTS SEEKING TO TRANSITION TO A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.About and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples
247、and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|30WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGCall to Action to Strengthen the Uptake of Sustainable and Affordable HousingIn show
248、casing a varied range of examples,a consistent message occurs the challenges faced are numerous,but there is a growing body of evidence of progress and opportunities.These range from finance solutions,supporting policies and design and in-use strategies that are being seen in practice worldwide and
249、are making sustainable and affordable homes attainable for people in many regions.These practices can and must be scaled to make rapid progress in overcoming the housing,climate and health crisis faced worldwide,while applying key principles of sustainable and affordable housing,adapted to the speci
250、fic needs of a place and population.The key successes and themes that are being used to create and strengthen the uptake of sustainable and affordable housing demonstrated in this report,are outlined in the following summary.For more information on each of the call to action areas,see worldgbc.orgFo
251、r more information on each of the call to action areas,see worldgbc.orgAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|31WORL
252、D GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGStrategies for all built environment decision makers to support policy change include:Regulations and standards Integrate the principles of sustainable and affordable housing into national building codes and regulations.Ensure that Nationall
253、y Determined Contributions reflect the principles of sustainable and affordable housing.Analyse existing housing policies to determine gaps that could be addressed.Call for greater regulatory ambition around sustainability and affordability complemented by support to local governments for its enforc
254、ement,tailored incentivisation schemes to drive demand,skills development and knowledge sharing to enhance the capacities to supply-side sectors.Reflect global sustainability frameworks and targets such as the SDGs into national development agendas.Support and incentives Greater support for local go
255、vernments to increase technical and financial resources to:enforce ambitious codes,develop integrated sustainable urban development plans,develop public procurement practices and monitoring frameworks,implement programmes to help vulnerable groups and strengthen skills of local construction and reno
256、vation value chain actors,among others.Awareness raising campaigns to enable a better understanding of the co-benefits of improved housing by decision makers.Incentivise development on brownfield land through fast-tracked planning processes and tax breaks,and raise awareness of environmental justice
257、 boundaries.Support national infrastructure developments to maximise durable homes and support the resilience of the city and its population.Develop well-structured subsidies on the demand and supply side to avoid distortions that work against the under-served.Monitoring Implement policy data and mo
258、nitoring to keep up to date with progression of the countrys sustainability goals and meet global goals where possible.Call to Action for Policy ChangeAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia
259、Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|32WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGStrategies for all built environment stakeholders to increase access to finance include:Public-facing initiatives Promote mortgage financing in local currencies,
260、to avoid currency mismatches.Promote financial instruments with a sustainability or social component such as green and social bonds and loans and seek out blended finance opportunities with international or local public frameworks,to attract the participation of the private sector.Increase accessibi
261、lity of mortgages through partnership with banks and developers.Establish processes to cap rent-to-income ratios and ensure affordability.Support infrastructure development through public sector funds for in-fillling the land,such as public water pumps and the mobilisation of resources for better ac
262、cessibility of the population to basic services.Fund lighthouse projects,where the supply side is strengthened through the involvement in such projects(e.g.skills development)and the demand side is made more aware of sustainability issues.Collaboration and partnerships Encourage private investment a
263、nd collaboration to increase public-private partnerships,for greater finance accessibility for developers and homeowners/occupiers,such as with pension and private equity funds.Encourage collaboration with credit cooperatives and local banks to arrange affordable finance for clients.Encourage partne
264、rships with microfinance institutions for an increased access to funds.Impact returns Overlay the financial return offered to investors with strong social and environmental impact returns.Offer competitive returns to investors through good design and efficient construction and property management.En
265、courage responsible investment for increased acknowledgement and understanding by the investor,on the relevance of environmental,social and governance factors,as well as of the long-term health and sustainability of the housing sector,while also encouraging social housing programmes and sustainable
266、procurement practices.Incentives and subsidies Create incentives for sustainable and affordable housing projects,creating greater interest for various developers and projects.Encourage banks to generate financial incentive programmes for developers seeking a certification for their projects.Offer gr
267、ants,preferential interest rates,free technical assistance and expedited builing permits to developers who achieve certain local certifications,compensating for the additional costs of implementing sustainable technologies,with the aim that the end user has access to sustainable and affordable housi
268、ng at the same price as a conventional one.Create financing schemes that promote the local and regional production of sustainable building materials,components and technologies to reduce cost and strengthen local production and capacity.Develop insurance policies against climate risks and stresses f
269、or sustainable buildings,to reduce governmental reconstruction expenses and to incentivise sustainable buildings.Access funds and financial incentives by using climate-smart and construction simulation tools and sustainable technologies adapted to local conditions,to measure and demonstrate a sustai
270、nable whole-house approach.Promote the participation of commercial banks in new subsidies to make finance for housing accessible to all,such as default guarantees or housing credit insurance.Reduce licence fees for housing projects under a green building certification process to encourage the increa
271、se of sustainable building development.Make loans and grants available to vulnerable and minority groups.Further Resources:Ahead of the wave:Financing the transition to a decarbonised built environmentCall to Action to Increase Access to FinanceAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and Defin
272、itionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|33WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGStrategies that demonstrated successful use of bottom-up commuinty
273、focused approaches include:Community capacity building Conduct regular community engagement on financial capabilities,saving strategies and mortgage credit to strengthen the capacity of the communities.Give technical and legal support where possible to low-income households to apply for housing subs
274、idies from the national and subnational governments and family compensation funds.Implement social strategies for leadership where possible,such that technical and community self-management skills are developed.Formalise companies supplying materials and services to the development,to generate forma
275、l jobs,with inclusive and equal employment opportunities.Engagement and involvement Prioritise the involvement of local communities and focus on diversity,inclusion and social equity to enhance the sense of ownership and belonging.Bridge the countrys infrastructure gap and create skilled local jobs,
276、such as training locals on-site throughout the building lifecycle to enhance community resilience.Create an opportunity for inclusive communities through their engagement to strengthen collaboration and a sense of belonging and security.Involve all key partners and design in a participatory manner,w
277、hile considering the occupants needs to cater for long-term development and sustainability.Awareness raising Raise awareness on the impact of every intervention on comfort and energy efficiency,creating a long-term impact on occupants and their future decision making regarding rehabilitation and ene
278、rgy management behaviours.Support the implementation of economically and environmentally friendly practices.Empower occupants by encouraging home retrofits,to enhance efficiency for better comfort.Communication Maintain open communication with the community to understand their needs and enhance resi
279、lience.Develop a continuous dialogue with the municipality to collaborate for the benefit of vulnerable communities and strive for a positive change in perception of the local governing body and public perception towards the marginalised groups.Liveability Facilitate improved quality of life and dis
280、ease prevention through natural lighting,indoor air quality,safe ventilation systems and thermal comfort,while promoting safe areas for the entire population.Use locally sourced materials and with considerations of cultural norms around construction and housing to ensure appropriateness and longevit
281、y in the usage of the building.Avoid relocation and allow the community to continue development and growth within the existing social fabric,with easy access to public transport,education and employment.Call to Action for Community ParticipationAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and Defin
282、itionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|34WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGStrategies for the built environment sector to accelerate sustainab
283、ility in all housing pojects include:Decarbonisation Prioritise energy efficiency in all new and existing homes,through highly efficient design of new dwellings and retrofit of existing residential properties,prioritising passive design strategies in the first instance such as the use of natural ven
284、tilation,shades or insulation for thermal comfort.Target net zero whole life carbon emissions,working to eliminate emissions across the whole lifecycle of all housing and generate energy on-site through renewable sources.Contribute to the clean energy transition by supporting the phase-out of fossil
285、 fuels and the transition to a highly efficient,renewable energy-powered and all electric homes.Resilience and adaptation Support occupant resilience to climate change by future-proofing homes and developments to comfortably withstand predicted climate change impacts,based on assessment of vulnerabi
286、lities of the building area to ensure the adoption of risk mitigation strategies.Consider community adaptation,designing to enhance places ability to respond to environmental,social and economic changes with a focus on current and future climate change impacts.Support a just transition,prioritising
287、an equitable phase towards green jobs,societies and economies.Health,wellbeing and equity Design and construct to protect occupant health and wellbeing,by maximising indoor environmental quality,limiting exposure to pollution,and tackling energy poverty through passive design measures to reduce ener
288、gy requirement for comfort.Maximise equity and positive social impact throughout the housing supply chain and recognise community values including cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge.Support the development of sustainable infrastructure to promote community and city scale transformation.Circu
289、larity and regeneration Minimise product and material use and waste production through circular economy strategies,with a focus on housing adaptation and retrofit,material reuse and recycling and modular construction.Prioritise the regeneration of nature and ecosystem services through housing design
290、,construction,retrofit and end of life,with a focus on water management using strategies such as rainwater harvesting,stormwater retention and blue/green infrastructure.Avoid degradation of nature through prioritising development on brownfield sites(previously developed areas)or repurposing existing
291、 buildings,with minimal requirement for new land.Call to Action for Sustainable Built EnvironmentsAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduc
292、tion and PurposePAGE|35WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSINGThe global housing crisis,interlinked with the dual crises of unprecedented climate change and biodiversity loss,is undoubtedly one of the greatest social challenges we are facing today.According to UN-Habitat,the
293、world needs 96,000 new affordable homes to be built every day in order to house the estimated three billion people who will need access to adequate housing by 2030.WorldGBC invites the residential real estate market to engage with and evolve these high-level principles for their geographies and mark
294、ets,noting the core themes of occupant health,social equity,decarbonisation,resilience and resource efficiency that must be fundamental to all housing across the world.Through this publication,WorldGBC has also initiated necessary discussion on the business case for making housing sustainable and af
295、fordable.There are many opportunities,alongside risks of inaction,that should be central to the industry narrative for driving change from governments,private sector and community stakeholders from regulations and resilience to investment loss and stranded assets.WorldGBC invites further work and co
296、llaboration from the sustainable finance community to help propagate an engaging financial and non-financial discourse to drive action throughout key markets.Bringing to life the wider societal co-benefits and the value proposition of sustainable and affordable housing,are over 18 local example case
297、 studies documented from within WorldGBCs network.By presenting content from each global region,this report has highlighted cutting-edge built environment projects whilst also demonstrating that sustainable and affordable housing can and must be a reality for all,in every geography and community.Thr
298、ough an analysis of case study data,this report derives key calls to action for government and policy makers,finance community,local authorities and communities,the design and construction industry.Many of the solutions to the global housing crisis already exist and strengthening the uptake of susta
299、inable and affordable homes can be scaled from existing solutions and derived from successful practices from within the case studies.In order to catalyse change at the necessary speed for impact,solutions and successes must be scaled at unprecedented pace.WorldGBCs global network is committed to wor
300、king towards a sustainable built environment for everyone,everywhere.Housing is potentially the most important sub-sector of the built environment in terms of impact on human health and development,economic relevance and environmental impact.Through this publication,WorldGBC champions a unified visi
301、on for sustainable,affordable housing and spotlights best practice worldwide to demonstrate opportunities for success that could be scaled for greater impact.WorldGBC hopes to plant the seed for the further work needed to take this vision and leadership and translate it to the global financial and d
302、evelopment community who invest in,develop and own the properties.There is no doubt that deep commitment and collaboration will be required from actors across the value chain to tackle the growing crisis we face with global housing stocks.We hope this report contributes to build the awareness,commit
303、ment and value proposition needed for positive change towardssustainable,affordable housing for everyone,everywhere.ConclusionWORLDGBCS GLOBAL NETWORK IS COMMITTED TO WORKING TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT FOR EVERYONE,EVERYWHERE.Through this report,WorldGBC challenges the widespread percep
304、tion that affordable and sustainable housing is not a mass market solution.By presenting a unifying definition and high-level summary of sustainable and affordable housing in each of WorldGBCs five regional networks whilst profiling challenges facing the housing sector,the report spotlights working
305、strategies and key opportunities that are driving the uptake of sustainable and affordable housing across the world today.Five key principles,co-developed by an international Taskforce of Green Building Councils and affordable housing experts,guide the analysis of best practice solutions across the
306、globe.These are:Habitability and Comfort Community and Connectivity Resilience and Adaptation to a Changing Climate Resource Efficiency and Circularity Economic AccessibilityAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA Snap
307、shotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposeFurther Resources:-WorldGBC Global Policy Principles-Health&Wellbeing Framework-Net Zero Carbon Building CommitmentPAGE|36WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING1 UN,Goal 11:Make citie
308、s inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable (2022)2 UN,Universal Declaration of Human Rights(2022)3 OHCHR,Towards a just transformation:climate crisis and the right to housing Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing,Balakrishnan Rajagopal(2022)4 Washington post,At least 85 p
309、ercent of the worlds population has been affected by human-induced climate change,new study shows(2021)5 UNHCR,Ukraine,other conflicts push forcibly displaced total over 100 million for first time(2022)6 BBC,2045:MEMORIES OF THE FUTURE|HOUSING(2021)7 UN,Make cities and human settlements inclusive,sa
310、fe,resilient and sustainable(2018)8UN,First-ever United Nations Resolution on Homelessness(2020)9 Reall,Affordable Housing:A route to climate mitigation&resilience(2021)10 McKinsey Sustainability,Climate change hazards intensifying(2020)11 IPCC,Climate Change 2022:Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerabilit
311、y(2022)12 WEF,The world needs to build 2 billion new homes over the next 80 years(2018)13 Better Dwelling,The World Has Millions of Vacant Homes,and 1.3 Million Are In Canada:OECD(2021)14 IFC,Affordable Housing in Africa(2022)15 WEF,This material impact of global urbanization(2022)16 What Works Well
312、being,How home design can impact our mental health(2020)17 UNEP,As buildings and construction sector grows,time running out to cut energy use and meet Paris climate goals(2017)18 The London Economic,Millions of homes lying unoccupied around the world as homelessness soars(2021)19 Property Week,Why r
313、etrofitting buildings is so vital(2021)20 The Shift,The Shift Directives(2022)21 UN,Goal 13:Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts(2022)22 European Parliament,Access to decent and affordable housing for all(2020)23 UN Habitat,Addressing the Housing Affordability Challenge:A Shar
314、ed Responsibility(2020)24 City of Toronto,Updating the Definitions of Affordable Housing(2021)25 WEF,Making Affordable Housing a Reality in Cities(2019)26 Scientific Reports,Assessing the costs of historical inaction on climate change(2020)27 SBRC,5 Benefits of Making Your Home Eco-Friendly(2023)28
315、Science Direct,Africa energy future:Alternative scenarios and their implications for sustainable development strategies(2017)29 UN Habitat,Affordable Land and Housing in Africa(2011)30 The Guardian,Housing in sub-Saharan Africa improves but millions of people live in slums(2020)31 African Developmen
316、t Bank,Africas Infrastructure:Great potential but little impact on inclusive growth(2018)32 Green Building Council South Africa,Does location matter?(2021)33 CAHF,Housing Finance in South Africa(2022)34 IFC,Rapid urbanization is pushing up demand for housing in Sub-Saharan Africa(2023)35 CAHF,Housin
317、g Finance in Africa Yearbook(2022).36 CAHF,Revolving fund for urban renewal in Senegal(2021)37 Reall,Casa Real Launch Landmark Affordable Housing Mortgage in Mozambique(2021)38 CAHF,Gungano Urban Poor Fund(2022)39 OHCHR,Realizing Womens Rights to Land and Other Productive Resources(2013)40 CAHF,Afri
318、ca Housing Finance Yearbook(2021)41 OCHA,Natural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean,2000-2019(2020)42 IADB,Sustainable Cities(2019)43 OHCHR,The Right to Adequate Housing(2009)44 Urbanet,Learning from Latin Americas Informal Settlements and Urban Policies(2021)45 Our World in Data,Who has c
319、ontributed most to global CO2 emissions?(2019)46 Statistics Times,List of continents by GDP per capita(2021)47 CNBC,Natural disasters hit roughly 1 in 10 American homes in 2021(2022)48 ICIC,Bipartisan Legislation Looks to Boost Private Investment in Distressed Communities(2017)49 JCHS,The State of t
320、he Nations Housing(2022)50 Brookings,Homeownership,racial segregation,and policy solutions to racial wealth equity(2021)51 Financial Times,Blackstone steps up tenant evictions in US with eye on boosting returns(2023)52 JSTOR,Costa Ricas Arias at Midterm(1987)53 OECD,Public Governance in Costa Rica(2
321、021)54 Cross Catholic Outreach,Housing Poverty in Guatemala(2022)55 TIME,They Left Guatemala for Opportunities in the United States.Now They Want to Help Others Stay(2022)56 UNCTAD,Foreign direct investment to Latin America rebounded by 56%in 2021(2022)57 Oxford Business Group,Colombia increases foc
322、us on subsidised and free housing programmes(2019)58 BBC,Improving housing in urban areas(2023)59 Cities Today,Access to affordable housing in Latin America:Lessons from Argentina,Brazil and Mexico(2014)60 USGBC,Green for All:Healthy and Efficient Affordable Housing(2019)61 USGBC,Green and Affordabl
323、e:Qualified Allocations Plans(2022)ReferencesAbout and ForewordExecutive SummaryBackground and DefinitionsPrinciples and LifecycleAmericas SnapshotEurope SnapshotMENA SnapshotCall to ActionAsia Pacific SnapshotBusiness CaseAfrica Snapshot Introduction and PurposePAGE|37WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL|S
324、USTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING62 UN Habitat,pro-poor urban climate resilience in Asia and the pacific(2014)63 Our World in Data,More than 8 out of 10 people in the world will live in Asia or Africa by 2100(2019)64 Pere,Asias Affordable Housing Conundrum(2020)65 Compassion,Poverty in Asia(2020)66
325、OECD,Asias Challenges(2013)67 CNBC,Chinas real estate crisis isnt over yet,IMF says(2023)68 Financial Times,Evergrande:the end of Chinas property boom(2022)69 AIH,Housing assistance in Australia(2022)70 Climate Council,Markets are moving:The cost of Australias Climate Inaction(2021)71 Bloomberg,Why
326、Singapore Has One of the Highest Home Ownership Rates(2020)72 Statista,Share of population living in public housing by the Housing and Development Board(HDB)in Singapore from 2012 to 2021(2022)73 Community Housing,Australias Community Housing Industry in Profile(2020)74 NHFIC,Affordable Housing Bond
327、 Aggregator(AHBA)loans(2022)75 Green Building Council of Australia,Exploring Green Star(2022)76 Climate Bonds Initiative,Climate Bonds Initiative recognises Green Star as a pathway to net zero buildings:Two new proxies available for Certification under the Low Carbon Buildings Criteria(2021)77 Newsr
328、oom,CommBank announces Green Home Offer(2022)78 NAB,Home buyers to benefit from NABs energy efficient incentive(2022)79 Bank Australia,More reward for going greener(2023)80 Statistics Times,List of European countries by GDP(2021)81 Eurostat,Population projected to decline in two-thirds of EU regions
329、(2021)82 Housing Europe,The state of Housing in Europe(2021)83 Investigate Europe,Europe strains under rising prices as renters bear brunt of housing crisis(2022)84 Euro Cities,Housing affordability:A European crisis(2020)85 European Environment Agency,What are the climate change impacts in Europe?(
330、2016)86 Positive Money,Banking on Property(2022)87 Science Direct,A home for all within planetary boundaries:Pathways for meeting Englands housing needs without transgressing national climate and biodiversity goals(2022)88 CUSP,A home for all within planetary boundaries:pathways for meeting Englands
331、 housing needs without transgressing national climate and biodiversity goals(2022)89 CIDOB,Affordable Housing in Europe:Innovative Public Policies that can Effectively Address the Housing Crisis(2017)90 European Commission,Renovation wave(2020)91 WorldGBC,Building Life(2022)92 ERDF,European Regional
332、 Development and Cohesion Funds(2021)93 JSTOR,From Social Housing to Subsidized Housing?Accommodating Low-Income Households in Europe(2015)94 IHRB,Human Rights and the Decarbonisation of Buildings in Europe(2021)95 European Commission,Affordable housing initiative(2021)96 Apur,Social housing in Pari
333、s as defined by the SRU Law(2021)97 Italy House Hunting,Home Improvement Incentives(2022)98 ESCWA,Social Housing in the Arab Region:An Overview of Policies for Low-Income Households Access to Adequate Housing(2017)99 Brookings,Climate change may devastate the Middle East.Heres how governments should tackle it(2022)100 Statista,Shortage of affordable housing in the Middle East and Africa region in