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1、Society at a Glance 2016 OECD SOCial inDiCatOrS a spotlight on youth Society at a Glance 2016 OECD SOCial inDiCatOrS This is the eighth edition of Society at a Glance, the biennial OECD overview of social indicators. This report addresses the growing demand for quantitative evidence on social well-b
2、eing and its trends. It updates some indicators included in the previous editions published since 2001 and introduces several new ones, with 25 indicators in total. It includes data for the 35 OECD member countries and where available data for key partners (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia an
3、d South Africa); other G20 countries (Argentina and Saudi Arabia) are also included. The report features a special chapter on the NEET challenge and what can be done for jobless and disengaged youth. It also provides a guide to help readers in understanding the structure of OECD social indicators. A
4、ll indicators are available as a web book and an e-book on the OECD iLibrary. Contents Chapter 1. The NEET challenge: What can be done for jobless and disengaged youth? Chapter 2. Interpreting OECD social indicators Chapter 3. General context indicators Chapter 4. Self-sufficiency indicators Chapter
5、 5. Equity indicators Chapter 6. Health indicators Chapter 7. Social cohesion indicators http:/oe.cd/sag iSbn 978-92-64-26146-4 81 2016 13 1 P Consult this publication on line at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264261488-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, per
6、iodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. Society at a Glance 2016 OECD SOCial inDiCatOrS Society at a Glance 2016 OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and argum
7、ents employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territ
8、ory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-64-26146-4 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-26148-8 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-64-26153-2 (epub) Series: Society at a Glance ISSN 1995-3984 (print) ISSN 1999-1290 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. Th
9、e use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover pio3/S Chapter 3: Stockbyte/Getty Images Chapter 4: Maria Taglienti-Molinari/Brand X/Corbis Chapt
10、er 5: Mauricio Graiki/S Chapter 6: Helen King/Corbis Chapter 7: Daniel Boiteau/F Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publ
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13、Glance 2016: OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. http:/dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264261488-en FOREWORD SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2016: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS OECD 2016 3 Foreword This is the eighth edition of Society at a Glance, the OECDs biennial overview of social indicators. As with its prede
14、cessors, this report addresses the growing demand for quantitative evidence on social well-being and its trends across OECD countries. It updates some indicators included in the previous seven editions and introduces several new ones. Data on Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, In
15、donesia, Lithuania, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia and South Africa are included separately where available. The Great Recession caused sweeping job losses across the OECD, and young people were hit particularly hard. So far, the recovery has been too weak to bring young people and notably the
16、 low-skilled back into employment. Eight years after the beginning of the crisis, still about 40 million young people are neither employed nor in education or training (NEET). But the roots of the problem go deeper: many lack the qualifications to find a job, while others struggle with personal or s
17、ocial problems. In the long term, joblessness and inactivity can generate isolation and withdrawal from society and endanger social cohesion. The great challenge for governments in the years to come is therefore to devise policies which equip young people with the professional skills they need and h
18、elp disengaged youth overcome obstacles to education and employment. ThiseditionofSocietyataGlanceportraysat-riskyouthandsurveyspoliciesdesignedtopromote a smooth transition from school to work. Chapter 1 presents and discusses the most recent data on the situation of youth in OECD countries. It als
19、o presents evidence on education, training, employment and social policies which can support NEETs. Chapter 2 provides a guide to help readers understand the structure of OECD social indicators. Chapters 3 to 7 then consider these indicators in more detail. Additional information on indicators can b
20、e found on the OECD web pages (http:/oe.cd/sag). This report was prepared by Stphane Carcillo (project leader), Pauline Fron, Raphaela Hyee, Claire Keane, Sebastian Knigs and Maxime Ladaique. Nelly Biondi, Chris Clarke, Rodrigo Fernandez, Michael Frster, Gatan Lafortune, Marlne Mohier all made valua
21、ble contributions. Monika Queisser, Head of the OECD Social Policy Division, supervised the report. TABLE OF CONTENTS SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2016: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS OECD 2016 5 Table of contents Acronyms and conventional signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . .7 Executive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Chapter 1. The NEET challenge: What can be done for jobless and disengaged youth?13 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 1. Youth employment in the aftermath of the Great Recession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 2. Who are the NEETs? A profile of jobless youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 3. Safety nets for low-income y
24、outh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 4. Policies to promote self-sufficiency among young people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . .60 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Annex 1.A1. Data and methodology of the longitudinal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Annex 1.A2. Overview of income support benefits.
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Chapter 2. Interpreting OECD social indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 The purpose of Society at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 The select
27、ion and description of indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 What can be found in this publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Chapter 3. General context indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Household income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 F
29、ertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Family. . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Demographic trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Chapter 4. Self-sufficiency indicators . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . .92 Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Education spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Labour m
33、arket entry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Chapter 5. Equity indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Income inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Living on benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Social spending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Recipients of out-of-work benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
36、10 TABLE OF CONTENTS SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2016: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS OECD 2016 6 Chapter 6. Health indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Life expectancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Perceived health status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . .118 Health spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Tobacco and alcohol consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Chapter 7. Social cohesion indicators .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Life satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Crime and prisoners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Social networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Look for the StatLinks2at the bottom of the tables or graphs in this book. To download the matching Excel spreadsheet, just type the link in
42、to your Internet browser, starting with the http:/dx.doi.org prefix, or click on the link from the e-book edition. Follow OECD Publications on: This book has.StatLinks2 A service that delivers Excel files from the printed page! http:/www.oecd.org/oecddirect/ OECD Alerts ACRONYMS AND CONVENTIONAL SIG
43、NS SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2016: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS OECD 2016 7 Acronyms and conventional signs OECD country ISO codes Other major economy and G20 country ISO codes Other acronyms and abbreviations Conventional signs . Not available In figures, OECD refers to unweighted averages of OECD countries fo
44、r which data are available. () in the legend relates to the variable for which countries are ranked from left to right in decreasing order. () in the legend relates to the variable for which countries are ranked from left to right in increasing order. AustraliaAUSKoreaKOR AustriaAUTLatviaLVA Belgium
45、BELLuxembourgLUX CanadaCANMexicoMEX ChileCHLNetherlandsNLD Czech RepublicCZENew ZealandNZL DenmarkDNKNorwayNOR EstoniaESTPolandPOL FinlandFINPortugalPRT FranceFRASlovak RepublicSVK GermanyDEUSloveniaSVN GreeceGRCSpainESP HungaryHUNSwedenSWE IcelandISLSwitzerlandCHE IrelandIRLTurkeyTUR IsraelISRUnite
46、d KingdomGBR ItalyITAUnited StatesUSA JapanJPN ArgentinaARGIndonesiaIDN ChinaCHNLithuaniaLTU ColombiaCOLRussian FederationRUS Costa RicaCRISaudi ArabiaSAU IndiaINDSouth AfricaZAF NEETYouth not in employment, education or training VETVocational education and training Society at a Glance 2016 OECD Soc
47、ial Indicators OECD 2016 9 Executive summary Fifteen percent of the OECD youth population were not in employment, education or training (NEET) in 2015 about 40 million young people. More than two-thirds of them were not actively looking for work. The total gross income that could have been generated
48、 by NEETs in 2014 is estimated to have been between USD 360-605 billion, or 0.9-1.5% of OECD-wide GDP. Job and income uncertainty can keep young people from reaching other traditional markers of adulthood, leaving them disenchanted and discouraged. It can also have serious long-term effects on healt
49、h, fertility and crime, and eventually endanger social cohesion. Helping young people transition into further education or employment is therefore at the top of the policy agenda in the OECD as evidenced by the G20 target of reducing the number of youth who are low-skilled, NEET or working in the informal sector by 15% until 2025. One in ten jobs have been destroyed since 2007 Almost one out of every ten jobs held by workers under 30 were destroyed between 2007 and 2014. In Spain, Greece and Ireland, the number of employed youth halved. Young peopl