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1、Series V,No.46 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 edition Containing data available as of 31 July 2022 United Nations,New York,2022 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations is a vital interface between global poli
2、cies in the economic,social and environmental spheres and national action.The Department works in three main interlinked areas:(i)it compiles,generates and analyses a wide range of economic,social and environmental data and information on which United Nations Member States draw to review common prob
3、lems and to take stock of policy options;(ii)it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges;and(iii)it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks
4、developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and,through technical assistance,helps build national capacities.Note The designations employed and the presentation of the material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoev
5、er on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or of its authorities,or the delimitations of its frontiers.The term“country”as used in this report also refers,as appropriate,to territories or areas.The designations of country groups are intended solely for statistica
6、l or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country,territory or area in the development process.Mention of the names of firms and commercial products does not imply endorsement by the United Nations.The symbols of United Nations doc
7、uments are composed of capital letters and numbers.The term“country”as used in the text of this publication also refers,as appropriate,to territories or areas.Visit the United Nations World Wide Web site on the Internet:For the Department of Economic and Social Affairs,http:/www.un.org/esa/desa/For
8、statistics and statistical publications,http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/For UN publications,https:/shop.un.org/ST/ESA/STAT/SER.V/46 United Nations Publication Sales No.E.22.XVII.8 ISBN:978-92-1-259198-8 eISBN:978-92-1-001441-0 Print ISSN:2411-8915 eISSN:2411-894X All queries on rights and licenses,includi
9、ng subsidiary rights,should be addressed to United Nations Publications Customer Service,PO Box 960,Herndon,VA 20172,USA,e-mail:orderun.org,web:https:/shop.un.org/World Statistics Pocketbook,2022 edition 2022 United NationsNew York,NY 10017,United States of AmericaAll rights reservedPrinted by the U
10、nited Nations,New YorkContents World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 iii Explanatory notes.vi Introduction.vii Profile information and indicator list.ix World,regional and country profiles.1 Technical notes.265 Statistical sources and references.278 Related statistical products.282 World,Regional and Cou
11、ntry profiles World.3 Africa.4 Northern Africa.5 Sub-Saharan Africa.6 Eastern Africa.7 Middle Africa.8 Southern Africa.9 Western Africa.10 Americas.11 Northern America.12 Latin America and the Caribbean.13 Caribbean.14 Central America.15 South America.16 Asia.17 Central Asia.18 Eastern Asia.19 South
12、-eastern Asia.20 Southern Asia.21 Western Asia.22 Europe.23 Eastern Europe.24 Northern Europe.25 Southern Europe.26 Western Europe.27 Oceania.28 Australia and New Zealand.29 Melanesia.30 Micronesia.31 Polynesia.32 Afghanistan.33 Albania.34 Algeria.35 American Samoa.36 Andorra.37 Angola.38 Anguilla.3
13、9 Antigua and Barbuda.40 Argentina.41 Armenia.42 Aruba.43 Australia.44 Austria.45 Azerbaijan.46 Bahamas.47 Bahrain.48 Bangladesh.49 Barbados.50 Belarus.51 Belgium.52 Belize.53 Benin.54 Bermuda.55 Bhutan.56 Bolivia(Plurinational State of).57 Bonaire,Sint Eustatius and Saba.58 Bosnia and Herzegovina.5
14、9 Botswana.60 Brazil.61 British Virgin Islands.62 Brunei Darussalam.63 Bulgaria.64 Burkina Faso.65 Burundi.66 Cabo Verde.67 Cambodia.68 Cameroon.69 Canada.70 Cayman Islands.71 Central African Republic.72 Chad.73 Channel Islands.74 Chile.75 China.76 China,Hong Kong SAR.77 China,Macao SAR.78 Colombia.
15、79 Comoros.80 Congo.81 Cook Islands.82 Contents(continued)iv World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 Costa Rica.83 Cte dIvoire.84 Croatia.85 Cuba.86 Curaao.87 Cyprus.88 Czechia.89 Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.90 Democratic Republic of the Congo.91 Denmark.92 Djibouti.93 Dominica.94 Dominican Republ
16、ic.95 Ecuador.96 Egypt.97 El Salvador.98 Equatorial Guinea.99 Eritrea.100 Estonia.101 Eswatini.102 Ethiopia.103 Falkland Islands(Malvinas).104 Faroe Islands.105 Fiji.106 Finland.107 France.108 French Guiana.109 French Polynesia.110 Gabon.111 Gambia.112 Georgia.113 Germany.114 Ghana.115 Gibraltar.116
17、 Greece.117 Greenland.118 Grenada.119 Guadeloupe.120 Guam.121 Guatemala.122 Guinea.123 Guinea-Bissau.124 Guyana.125 Haiti.126 Holy See.127 Honduras.128 Hungary.129 Iceland.130 India.131 Indonesia.132 Iran(Islamic Republic of).133 Iraq.134 Ireland.135 Isle of Man.136 Israel.137 Italy.138 Jamaica.139
18、Japan.140 Jordan.141 Kazakhstan.142 Kenya.143 Kiribati.144 Kuwait.145 Kyrgyzstan.146 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic.147 Latvia.148 Lebanon.149 Lesotho.150 Liberia.151 Libya.152 Liechtenstein.153 Lithuania.154 Luxembourg.155 Madagascar.156 Malawi.157 Malaysia.158 Maldives.159 Mali.160 Malta.161 Mars
19、hall Islands.162 Martinique.163 Mauritania.164 Mauritius.165 Mayotte.166 Mexico.167 Micronesia(Federated States of).168 Monaco.169 Mongolia.170 Montenegro.171 Montserrat.172 Morocco.173 Mozambique.174 Myanmar.175 Namibia.176 Contents(continued)World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 v Nauru.177 Nepal.178 N
20、etherlands.179 New Caledonia.180 New Zealand.181 Nicaragua.182 Niger.183 Nigeria.184 Niue.185 North Macedonia.186 Northern Mariana Islands.187 Norway.188 Oman.189 Pakistan.190 Palau.191 Panama.192 Papua New Guinea.193 Paraguay.194 Peru.195 Philippines.196 Poland.197 Portugal.198 Puerto Rico.199 Qata
21、r.200 Republic of Korea.201 Republic of Moldova.202 Runion.203 Romania.204 Russian Federation.205 Rwanda.206 Saint Helena.207 Saint Kitts and Nevis.208 Saint Lucia.209 Saint Pierre and Miquelon.210 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.211 Samoa.212 San Marino.213 Sao Tome and Principe.214 Saudi Arabia.2
22、15 Senegal.216 Serbia.217 Seychelles.218 Sierra Leone.219 Singapore.220 Sint Maarten(Dutch part).221 Slovakia.222 Slovenia.223 Solomon Islands.224 Somalia.225 South Africa.226 South Sudan.227 Spain.228 Sri Lanka.229 State of Palestine.230 Sudan.231 Suriname.232 Sweden.233 Switzerland.234 Syrian Arab
23、 Republic.235 Tajikistan.236 Thailand.237 Timor-Leste.238 Togo.239 Tokelau.240 Tonga.241 Trinidad and Tobago.242 Tunisia.243 Trkiye.244 Turkmenistan.245 Turks and Caicos Islands.246 Tuvalu.247 Uganda.248 Ukraine.249 United Arab Emirates.250 United Kingdom.251 United Republic of Tanzania.252 United S
24、tates of America.253 United States Virgin Islands.254 Uruguay.255 Uzbekistan.256 Vanuatu.257 Venezuela(Bolivarian Republic of).258 Viet Nam.259 Wallis and Futuna Islands.260 Western Sahara.261 Yemen.262 Zambia.263 Zimbabwe.264 Explanatory notes vi World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 The following symbo
25、ls and abbreviations have been used in the World Statistics Pocketbook:.A point is used to indicate decimals.Data are not available or not applicable.0.0 Not zero,but less than half of the unit employed.0.0 Not zero,but negative and less than half of the unit employed.%Percentage 000 Thousands Assis
26、t.Assistance Bol.Rep.Bolivarian Republic CIF Cost,Insurance and Freight CO2 Carbon dioxide const.Constant CPI Consumer price index Dem.Rep.Democratic Republic est.Estimate F Females FOB Free on board GDP Gross domestic product GNI Gross national income GVA Gross value added ISIC International Standa
27、rd Industrial Classification ISO International Organization for Standardization Km2 Square kilometres M Males nes Not elsewhere specified pop.Population Rep.Republic SAR Special Administrative Region UN United Nations UNHCR Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees United Kingdom United Kingdo
28、m of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States United States of America UNSD United Nations Statistics Division US$/USD United States dollars The metric system of weights and measures has been employed in the World Statistics Pocketbook.Introduction World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 vii The Wo
29、rld Statistics Pocketbook is an annual compilation of key economic,social and environmental indicators,presented in one-page profiles.This edition includes profiles for the 30 world geographical regions and 232 countries or areas.Prepared by the United Nations Statistics Division of the Department o
30、f Economic and Social Affairs,it responds to General Assembly resolution 2626(XXV),in which the Secretary-General is requested to supply basic national data that will increase international public awareness of countries development efforts.The indicators shown are selected from the wealth of interna
31、tional statistical information compiled regularly by the Statistics Division and the Population Division of the United Nations,the statistical services of the United Nations specialized agencies and other international organizations and institutions.Special recognition is gratefully given for their
32、assistance in continually providing data.Organization of the Pocketbook The profiles are presented first with the world and its geographical regions and sub-regions,based on the M49 regional classification1,and then countries and areas alphabetically according to their names in English.Each profile
33、is organised into 5 sections,where relevant and/or available:General information:includes data on surface area,population and population density,sex ratio of the population,capital city and its population,national currency and its exchange rate to the US dollar,location by geographical region and th
34、e date of admission to the United Nations.Economic indicators:includes data on national accounts Gross domestic product(GDP),GDP per capita,GDP growth rate,Gross Value Added(GVA)share by industry,employment share by industry,unemployment rate,labour force participation rate,consumer price index,agri
35、cultural production index,the value of total exports,imports and the trade balance and balance of payments.Major trading partners:shows a countrys main trading partners Social indicators:includes data on population(growth rates,including for the urban population),total fertility rate,life expectancy
36、 at birth,population age distribution,international migrant stock,refugees,infant mortality rate,health(expenditure and physicians),education(expenditure and gross enrolment ratios),intentional homicide rate and seats held by women in the National Parliament.Environmental and infrastructure indicato
37、rs:includes data on internet users,Research&Development expenditure,threatened species,forested area,CO2 emission estimates,energy production and energy 1 See UNSD website:https:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/Introduction(continued)viii World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 supply per capita,touris
38、t/visitor arrivals,important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected,population using safely managed water sources and sanitation facilities and Official Development Assitance received or disbursed.The complete set of indicators,listed by category and in the order in which they appear in the pr
39、ofiles,is shown before the country profile section(see page ix).Not all indicators are shown for each country or area due to different degrees of data availability.The technical notes section,which follows the country profile pages,contains brief descriptions of the concepts and methodologies used i
40、n the compilation of the indicators as well as information on the statistical sources for the indicators.Readers interested in longer time-series data or more detailed descriptions of the concepts or methodologies should consult the primary sources of the data and the references listed in the sectio
41、n following the technical notes.For brevity the Pocketbook omits specific information on the source or methodology for individual data points,and when a data point is estimated no distinction is made between whether the estimation was done by the international or national organization.See the techni
42、cal notes section for the primary source which may provide this information.Time period This issue of the World Statistics Pocketbook presents data for the economic,social,environmental and infrastructure sections for three reference years-2010,2015 and 2022-when available or the most recent data pr
43、evious to these years,back to 2000.These instances are footnoted in each profile.For the general information and major trading partners sections the reference year is 2022 and 2021 respectively,unless otherwise footnoted.Acknowledgement The World Statistics Pocketbook is prepared annually by the Dev
44、elopment Data and Outreach Branch of the Statistics Division,Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.The programme manager is Matthias Reister and Anuradha Chimata is the editor;David Carter,Mohamed Nabassoua and Kebebush Welkema provided production assistance;Jos
45、hua Kneidl provided IT support.Comments on this publication are welcome and may be sent by e-mail to statisticsun.org.Profile information and indicator list*World Statistics Pocketbook 2022 ix General information Region Population(000)Population density(per km2)Capital city Capital city population(0
46、00)UN membership date Surface area(km2)Sex ratio(males per 100 females)National currency Exchange rate(per US$)Economic indicators GDP:Gross domestic product(million current US$)GDP growth rate(annual%,constant 2015 prices)GDP per capita(current US$)Economy:Agriculture,industry and services and othe
47、r activity(%of GVA)Employment in agriculture,industry and services&other sectors(%of employed)Unemployment rate(%of labour force)Labour force participation rate(%of female/male population)CPI:Consumer Price Index(2010=100)Agricultural production index(2014-2016=100)International trade:Exports,import
48、s and balance(million current US$)Balance of payments,current account(million current US$)Major trading partners(%of exports and imports)Social indicators Population growth rate(average annual%)Urban population(%of total population)Urban population growth rate(average annual%)Fertility rate,total(li
49、ve births per woman)Life expectancy at birth(females/males,years)Population age distribution(0-14/60+years old,%)International migrant stock(000/%of total population)Refugees and others of concern to the UNHCR(000)Infant mortality rate(per 1 000 live births)Health:Current expenditure(%of GDP)Health:
50、Physicians(per 1 000 population)Education:Government expenditure(%of GDP)Education:Primary,Secondary and Upper secondary gross enrolment ratio (females/males per 100 population)Intentional homicide rate(per 100 000 population)Seats held by women in the National Parliament(%of total seats)Environment
51、al and infrastructure indicators Individuals using the Internet(per 100 inhabitants)Research&Development expenditure(%of GDP)Threatened species(number)Forested area(%of land area)CO2 emission estimates(million tons/tons per capita)Energy production,primary(Petajoules)Energy supply per capita(Gigajou
52、les)Tourist/visitor arrivals at national borders(000)Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected(%)Population using safely managed drinking water sources(urban/rural,%)Population using safely managed sanitation facilities(urban/rural,%)Net Official Development Assistance disbursed(%of GNI
53、 of donor)Net Official Development Assistance received(%of GNI of recipient)*The complete set of information and indicators listed here may not be shown for each country or area depending upon data availability.The technical notes provide a brief description of each information item and indicator.Wo
54、rld,Regional and Country/Area profiles TechnicalnotesWorldStatisticsPocketbook2022265Belowarebriefdescriptionsoftheindicatorspresentedintheworld,regionalandcountryprofiles.Thetermsarearrangedinalphabeticalorder.AgriculturalproductionindexiscalculatedbytheLaspeyresformulabasedonthesumofpriceweightedq
55、uantitiesofdifferentagriculturalcommoditiesproduced.Thecommoditiescoveredinthecomputationofindicesofagriculturalproductionareallcropsandlivestockproductsoriginatingineachcountry.Practicallyallproductsarecovered,withthemainexceptionoffoddercrops.Productionquantitiesofeachcommodityareweightedbytheaver
56、ageinternationalcommoditypricesinthebaseperiodandsummedforeachyear.Toobtaintheindex,theaggregateforagivenyearisdividedbytheaverageaggregateforthebaseperiod20142016.Indicesarecalculatedwithoutanydeductionsforfeedandseedandarereferredtoas“gross”bytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO
57、).Sourceofthedata:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,FAOSTATdatabase,lastaccessedJune2022.Balance of payments is a statement summarizing the economic transactionsbetweentheresidentsofacountryandnonresidentsduringaspecificperiod,usuallyayear.Itincludestransactionsingoods,servi
58、ces,income,transfersandfinancialassetsandliabilities.Generally,thebalanceofpaymentsisdividedintotwomajorcomponents:thecurrentaccountandthecapitalandfinancialaccount.Thedataonbalance of payments correspond to the current account category.The currentaccountisarecordofalltransactionsinthebalanceofpayme
59、ntscoveringtheexportsand imports of goods and services,payments of income,and current transfersbetweenresidentsofacountryandnonresidents.Sourceofthedata:InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),Washington,D.C.,BalanceofPayment(BOP)Statisticsdatabase,lastaccessedJune2022.Capitalcityandcapitalcitypopulationisth
60、edesignationofanyspecificcityasacapitalcityasreportedbythecountryorarea.Thecitycanbetheseatofthegovernmentasdeterminedbythecountry.Somecountriesdesignatemorethanonecitytobeacapitalcitywithaspecifictitlefunction(e.g.,administrativeand/orlegislativecapital).Thedatarefertotheyear2022,unlessotherwisesta
61、tedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,WorldUrbanizationProspects(WUP):The2018Revision,lastaccessedMay2018.CO2emissionestimatesrepresenttotalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninIPCCSource/SinkCategory1AFuelCombustion Activi
62、ties and those which may be reallocated to IPCC Source/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006GLs.Sourceofthedata:InternationalEnergyAgency,IEAWorldEnergyBalances2020and2006IPCCGuidelinesforGreenhouseGasInventories,lastaccessedJune2022.Technicalnotes(continued)266WorldStatisticsPoc
63、ketbook2022 CPI:Consumerpriceindexmeasurestheperiodtoperiodproportionalchangeintheprices of a fixed set of consumer goods and services of constant quantity andcharacteristics,acquired,usedorpaidforbythereferencepopulation.Theindexisconstructed as a weighted average of a large number of elementary ag
64、gregateindices.Eachoftheelementaryaggregateindicesisestimatedusingasampleofpricesforadefinedsetofgoodsandservicesobtainedin,orbyresidentsof,aspecificregionfromagivensetofoutletsorothersourcesofconsumption.Theindicesheregenerallyreferto“allitems”andtothecountryasawhole,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnot
65、e.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,MonthlyBulletinofStatistics(MBS),lastaccessedJune2022.Economy:agriculture,industryandservicesandotheractivitypresentsthesharesofthecomponentsofGrossValueAdded(GVA)atcurrentpricesbykindofeconomicactivity;agriculture(agriculture,hunting,f
66、orestryandfishing),industry(miningandquarrying,manufacturing,electricity,gasandwatersupply;andconstruction)andinservicesandothersectorsbasedonthesectionsoftheInternationalStandardIndustrialClassificationofAllEconomicActivities(ISIC),Revision3,unlessadifferentrevisionisstatedinafootnote.Sourceoftheda
67、ta:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,NationalAccountsStatistics:AnalysisofMainAggregates(AMA)database,lastaccessedMarch2022.Education:Government expenditure shows the trends in general governmentexpendituresforeducationalaffairsandservicesatprimary,secondaryanduppersecondarylevelsandsubs
68、idiaryservicestoeducation,expressedasapercentageofthegrossdomesticproduct.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),Montreal,theUNESCOInstituteforStatistics(UIS)statisticsdatabase,lastaccessedMay2022.Education:Primary,secondaryanduppersecondarygrossenrolmentr
69、atioisthetotalenrolmentintheprimary,secondaryanduppersecondarylevelsofeducation,regardless of age,expressed as a percentage of the eligible official schoolagepopulationcorrespondingtothesamelevelofeducationinagivenschoolyear.Educationattheprimarylevelprovidesthebasicelementsofeducation(e.g.atelement
70、aryschoolorprimaryschool).Educationatthesecondarylevelisprovidedatmiddleschool,secondaryschool,highschool,teachertrainingschoolatthislevelandschoolsofavocationalortechnicalnature.Educationattheuppersecondarylevelisthesecondorfinalstageofgeneralandvocationalsecondaryeducation.Programmes at upper seco
71、ndary education,are typically designed to completesecondaryeducationinpreparationfortertiaryeducationorprovideskillsrelevanttoemployment,orboth.Theprogrammesofferedaremorevaried,specialisedandindepthinstructionthanprogrammesinlowersecondaryeducation.ProgrammesTechnicalnotes(continued)WorldStatistics
72、Pocketbook2022267aremoredifferentiated,withanincreasedrangeofoptionsandstreamsavailable.Enrolmentismeasuredatthebeginningoftheschooloracademicyear.Thegrossenrolmentratioateachlevelwillincludeallpupilswhatevertheirages,whereasthepopulationislimitedtotherangeofofficialschoolages.Therefore,forcountries
73、withalmostuniversaleducationamongtheschoolagepopulation,thegrossenrolmentratiocanexceed100iftheactualagedistributionofpupilsextendsbeyondtheofficialschoolages.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),Montreal,theUNESCOInstituteforStatistics(UIS)statisticsdat
74、abase,lastaccessedMay2022.Employment in agricultural,industrial and services and other sectors:The“employed”compriseallpersonsaboveaspecifiedagewho,duringaspecifiedbriefperiod,either one week or one day,were in paid employment”or in selfemployment”,see ILOs Current International Recommendations on L
75、abourStatistics.Thedatarefertothose15yearsandover,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote,whoperformanyworkatallinthereferenceperiod,forpayorprofitinagriculture(agriculture,forestry and fishing),industry(mining and quarrying;manufacturing;electricity,gas,steamandairconditioningsupply;watersupply,sewerage,w
76、astemanagementandremediationactivities;andconstruction)andinservices and other sectors based on the sections of the International StandardIndustrialClassificationofAllEconomicActivities(ISIC),Revision4,unlessanearlierrevisionisstatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),Ge
77、neva,KeyIndicatorsoftheLabourMarket(KILM9thedition)andtheILOSTATdatabase,lastaccessedJanuary2020.Energyproduction,primary,isthecaptureorextractionoffuelsorenergyfromnaturalenergyflows,thebiosphereandnaturalreservesoffossilfuelswithinthenationalterritoryinaformsuitableforuse.Inertmatterremovedfromthe
78、extractedfuelsandquantitiesreinjected,flaredorventedarenotincluded.Theresultingproductsarereferredtoas“primary”products.Itexcludessecondaryproduction,thatis,themanufactureofenergyproductsthroughtheprocessoftransformingprimaryand/orothersecondaryfuelsorenergy.Dataareprovidedinacommonenergyunit(Petajo
79、ule)andrefertothefollowingprimaryenergysources:hardcoal,browncoal,peat,oilshale,conventionalcrudeoil,naturalgasliquids(NGL),otherhydrocarbons,additivesandoxygenates,naturalgas,fuelwood,woodresiduesandbyproducts,bagasse,animal waste,black liquor,other vegetal material andresidues,biogasoline,biodiese
80、ls,biojetkerosene,otherliquidbiofuels,biogases,industrialwaste,municipalwaste,nuclear,solarphotovoltaic,solarthermal,hydro,wind,geothermal,andtide,waveandothermarinesources.Peat,biomassandwastes are included only when the production is for energy purposes.SeeInternationalRecommendationsforEnergyStat
81、istics(2011)andtheUNpublicationEnergyBalancesforacompletedescriptionofthemethodology.Technicalnotes(continued)268WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022 Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,EnergyStatisticsYearbook2019,lastaccessedMarch2022.Energysupplypercapitaisdefinedasprimaryenerg
82、yproductionplusimportsminusexportsminusinternationalmarinebunkersminusinternationalaviationbunkersminusstockchangesdividedbythepopulation.Forimports,exports,internationalbunkersandstockchanges,itincludessecondaryenergyproducts,inadditiontoprimaryproducts.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivisi
83、on(UNSD),NewYork,EnergyStatisticsYearbook2019,lastaccessedMarch2022.ExchangerateinunitsofnationalcurrencyperUSdollarreferstoendofperiodquotations.Theexchangeratesareclassifiedintobroadcategories,reflectingboththe role of the authorities in the determination of the exchange and/or themultiplicityofex
84、changeratesinacountry.Themarketrateisusedtodescribeexchangeratesdeterminedlargelybymarketforces;theofficialrateisanexchangeratedeterminedbytheauthorities,sometimesinaflexiblemanner.Forcountriesmaintainingmultipleexchangearrangements,theratesarelabelledprincipalrate,secondaryrate,andtertiaryrate.Sour
85、ceofthedata:InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),Washington,D.C.,theInternationalFinancialStatistics(IFS)databasesupplementedbyUnitedNationsDepartmentofManagement(DM),UNTreasuryoperationalratesofexchange,lastaccessedJune2022.Fertilityrateisthetotalfertilityrate,awidelyusedsummaryindicatoroffertility.Itref
86、erstothenumberofchildrenthatwouldbebornperwoman,assumingnofemalemortality at child bearing ages and the agespecific fertility rates of a specifiedcountryandreferenceperiod.Thedataareanaverageoverfiveyearranges;20052010dataarelabelled“2010”,20112015dataarelabelled“2015”and20162022dataarelabelled“2022
87、”,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,“WorldPopulationProspects(WPP):The2022Revision”;supplementedbydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,DemographicYearbook2020andthePacificCommunity(SPC)StatisticsandDemographyProgrammefo
88、rsmallcountriesorareas,lastaccessedJuly2022.Forestedareareferstothepercentageoflandareaoccupiedbyforest.Forestisdefined in the Food and Agriculture Organizations Global Forest ResourcesAssessmentaslandspanningmorethan0.5hectareswithtreeshigherthan5metresandacanopycoverofmorethan10percent,ortreesable
89、toreachthesethresholdsinsitu.Itdoesnotincludelandthatispredominantlyunderagriculturalorurbanlanduse.Dataarecalculatedfromtheforestestimatesdividedbythelandarea.Sourceofthedata:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,FAOSTATdatabase,lastaccessedMarch2022.Technicalnotes(continued)Wo
90、rldStatisticsPocketbook2022269GDP:Grossdomesticproductisanaggregatemeasureofproductionequaltothesumofgrossvalueaddedofallresidentproducerunitsplusthatpart(possiblythetotal)oftaxesonproducts,lesssubsidiesonproducts,thatisnotincludedinthevaluationofoutput.Itisalsoequaltothesumofthefinalusesofgoodsands
91、ervices(allusesexceptintermediateconsumption)measuredatpurchasersprices,lessthevalueofimportsofgoodsandservices,andequaltothesumofprimaryincomesdistributedbyresidentproducerunits(seeSystemofNationalAccounts2008).ThedataareincurrentUnitedStates(US)dollarsandareestimatesofthetotalproductionofgoodsands
92、ervicesofthecountriesrepresentedineconomicterms,notasameasureofthestandardoflivingoftheirinhabitants.Tohavecomparablecoverageforasmanycountriesaspossible,theseUSdollarestimatesarebasedonofficialGDPdatainnationalcurrency,supplementedbynationalcurrencyestimatespreparedbytheStatisticsDivisionusingaddit
93、ionaldatafromnationalandinternationalsources.Theestimatesgivenhereareinmostcases those accepted by the United Nations General Assemblys Committee onContributionsfordeterminingUnitedNationsmemberscontributionstotheUnitedNations regular budget.The exchange rates for the conversion of GDP nationalcurre
94、ncy data into US dollars are the average market rates published by theInternationalMonetaryFund,inInternationalFinancialStatistics(IFS).Officialexchangeratesareusedonlywhenfreemarketratesarenotavailable.FornonmembersoftheFund,theconversionratesusedaretheaverageofUNTreasuryratesofexchange.Itshouldben
95、otedthattheconversionfromlocalcurrencyintoUSdollarsintroducesdeficienciesincomparabilityovertimeandamongcountrieswhichshouldbeconsideredwhenusingthedata.Forexample,comparabilityovertimeisdistortedwhenexchangeratefluctuationsdiffersubstantiallyfromdomesticinflationrates.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsS
96、tatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,NationalAccountsStatistics:AnalysisofMainAggregates(AMA)database,lastaccessedMarch2022.GDPgrowthrateisderivedonthebasisofconstant2015priceseriesinnationalcurrency.Thefiguresareannualratesofgrowthexpressedinpercentages.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UN
97、SD),NewYork,NationalAccountsStatistics:AnalysisofMainAggregates(AMA)database,lastaccessedMarch2022.GDPpercapitaestimatesarethevalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedintheeconomydividedbythepopulation.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,NationalAccountsStatistics:AnalysisofMainAg
98、gregates(AMA)database,lastaccessedMarch2022.Health:Physiciansincludesgeneralistmedicalpractitionersandspecialistmedicalpractitioners,expressedasthenumberofphysicians per1 000population.TheclassificationofhealthworkersusedisbasedoncriteriaforvocationaleducationandTechnicalnotes(continued)270WorldStat
99、isticsPocketbook2022 training,regulation of health professions,and activities and tasks of jobs,i.e.aframework for categorizing key workforce variables according to sharedcharacteristics.Sourceofthedata:WorldHealthOrganisation(WHO),Geneva,WHOGlobalHealthWorkforcestatisticsdatabase,lastaccessedJune20
100、22.Health:Currentexpenditurereferstoallhealthcaregoodsandservicesusedorconsumed during a year excluding capital spending,or rather“gross capitalformation”,whichisthepurchaseofnewassetsusedrepeatedlyoverseveralyears.Theseestimatesareinlinewiththe2011SystemofHealthAccounts(SHA).Currentexpenditureisexp
101、ressedasaproportionofGrossDomesticProduct(GDP).Sourceofthedata:WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),Geneva,WHOGlobalHealthExpendituredatabase,lastaccessedApril2022.Importantsitesforterrestrialbiodiversityprotectedshowslandwhichcontributessignificantlytotheglobalpersistenceofbiodiversitymeasuredasaproportion
102、ofwhichiswhollycoveredbyadesignatedprotectedarea.DataarebasedonspatialoverlapbetweenpolygonsforKeyBiodiversityAreasfromtheWorldDatabaseofkeyBiodiversityAreasandpolygonsforprotectedareasfromtheWorldDatabaseonProtectedAreas.FiguresforeachregionarecalculatedastheproportionofeachKeyBiodiversityAreacover
103、edbyprotectedareas,averaged(i.e.calculatedasthemean)acrossallKeyBiodiversityAreaswithintheregion.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)WorldConservationMonitoringCentre(WCMC),Cambridge,SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)statisticsdatabase,lastaccessedMarch2022.Individuals using the In
104、ternet refer to the percentage of people who used theInternet from any location and for any purpose,irrespective of the device andnetworkused.Itcanbeviaacomputer(i.e.desktoporlaptopcomputer,tabletorsimilarhandheldcomputer),mobilephone,gamesmachine,digitalTV,etc.Accesscanbeviaafixedormobilenetwork.Th
105、erearecertaindatalimitstothisindicator,insofarasestimateshavetobecalculatedformanydevelopingcountrieswhichdonotyetcollectinformationandcommunicationstechnologyhouseholdstatistics.Sourceofthedata:InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU),Geneva,theITUdatabase,lastaccessedMarch2022.Infantmortalityratei
106、stheratioofinfantdeaths(thedeathsofchildrenunderoneyearofage)inagivenyeartothetotalnumberoflivebirthsinthesameyear,expressedasarateper1000livebirths.Thedataareanaverageoverfiveyearranges;20052010 data are labelled“2010”,20112015 data are labelled“2015”and20162022dataarelabelled“2022”,unlessotherwise
107、statedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,“WorldPopulationProspects(WPP):The2022Revision”;supplementedbydatafromtheTechnicalnotes(continued)WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022271UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,DemographicYearbook2020andthePacificCommunit
108、y(SPC)StatisticsandDemographyProgrammeforsmallcountriesorareas,lastaccessedJuly2022.Intentionalhomiciderate:Theratesaretheannualnumberofunlawfuldeathspurposefullyinflictedonapersonbyanotherperson,reportedfortheyearper100000.Formostcountries,countryinformationoncausesofdeathisnotavailableformostcause
109、s.Estimatesarethereforebasedoncauseofdeathmodellinganddeathregistrationdatafromothercountriesintheregion.Furthercountrylevelinformationanddataonspecificcauseswasalsoused.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC),Vienna,UNODCStatisticsdatabase,lastaccessedJune2022.Internationalmigrant
110、stockgenerallyrepresentsthenumberofpersonsborninacountryotherthanthatinwhichtheylive.Wheninformationoncountryofbirthwasnotrecorded,dataonthenumberofpersonshavingforeigncitizenshipwasusedinstead.Intheabsenceofanyempiricaldata,estimateswereimputed.Datarefertomidyear.Figuresforinternationalmigrantstock
111、asapercentageofthepopulationare the outcome of dividing the estimated international migrant stock by theestimatedtotalpopulationandmultiplyingtheresultby100.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,“Internationalmigrantstock:The2020Revision”,lastaccessedJanuary2021.International
112、trade:Exports,importsandbalanceshowthemovementofgoodsoutofandintoacountry.Goodssimplybeingtransportedthroughacountry(goodsintransit)ortemporarilyadmitted(exceptforgoodsforinwardprocessing)donotaddto the stock of material resources of a country and are not included in theinternational merchandise tra
113、de statistics.In the“general trade system”,thedefinitionofthestatisticalterritoryofacountrycoincideswithitseconomicterritory.Inthe“specialtradesystem”,thedefinitionofthestatisticalterritorycomprisesonlyaparticularpartoftheeconomicterritory,mainlythatpartwhichcoincideswiththefreecirculationareaforgoo
114、ds.“Thefreecirculationarea”isapartoftheeconomicterritoryofacountrywithinwhichgoods“maybedisposedofwithoutCustomsrestrictions”.Inthecaseofexports,thetransactionvalueisthevalueatwhichthegoodsweresoldbytheexporter,includingthecostoftransportationandinsurance,tobringthegoodsontothetransportingvehicleatt
115、hefrontieroftheexportingcountry(anFOBtypevaluation).Inthecaseofimports,thetransactionvalueisthevalue at which the goods were purchased by the importer plus the cost oftransportationandinsurancetothefrontieroftheimportingcountry(aCIFtypevaluation).BothimportsandexportsareshowninUnitedStatesdollars.Co
116、nversionfromnationalcurrenciesismadebymeansofcurrencyconversionfactorsbasedonofficialexchangerates(parvaluesorweightedaverages).Allregionalaggregationsarecalculatedasthesumoftheircomponents.Technicalnotes(continued)272WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022 Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD
117、),NewYork,CommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase(UNCOMTRADE),lastaccessedJune2022.Labourforceparticipationrateiscalculatedbyexpressingthenumberofpersonsinthelabourforceasapercentageoftheworkingagepopulation.Thelabourforceisthesumofthenumberofpersonsemployedandthenumberofunemployed(seeILOscurrentInternatio
118、nalRecommendationsonLabourStatistics).Theworkingagepopulationisthepopulationaboveacertainage,prescribedforthemeasurementofeconomiccharacteristics.Thedatarefertotheagegroupof15yearsandoverandarebasedonILOsmodelledestimates,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:InternationalLabourOrganizati
119、on(ILO),Geneva,KeyIndicatorsoftheLabourMarket(KILM9thedition)andtheILOSTATdatabase,lastaccessedJanuary2022.Lifeexpectancyatbirthistheaveragenumberofyearsoflifeatbirth(age0)formalesandfemalesaccordingtotheexpectedmortalityratesbyageestimatedforthereferenceyearandpopulation.Thedataareanaverageoverfive
120、yearranges;20052010dataarelabelled“2010”,20112015dataarelabelled“2015”and20162022dataarelabelled“2022”,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,“WorldPopulationProspects(WPP):The2022Revision”;supplementedbydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivisi
121、on(UNSD),NewYork,DemographicYearbook2020andthePacificCommunity(SPC)StatisticsandDemographyProgrammeforsmallcountriesorareas,lastaccessedJuly2022.Major trading partners show the three largest trade partners(countries of lastknowndestinationandoriginorconsignment)ininternationalmerchandisetradetransac
122、tions.Insomecasesaspecialpartnerisshown(i.e.Areasnes,bunkers,etc.)insteadofacountryandreferstooneofthefollowingspecialcategories.Areasnotelsewherespecified(i.e.Areasnes)isused(a)forlowvaluetrade,(b)ifthepartnerdesignationwasunknowntothecountryorifanerrorwasmadeinthepartnerassignmentand(c)forreasonso
123、fconfidentiality.IfaspecificgeographicallocationcanbeidentifiedwithinAreasnes,thentheyarerecordedaccordingly(i.e.Asianes).Bunkersareshipstoresandaircraftsupplies,whichconsistsmostlyoffuelsandfood.Freezonesbelongtothegeographicalandeconomicterritoryofacountrybutnottoitscustomsterritory.Forthepurposes
124、oftradestatistics,thetransactionsbetweenthecustomsterritoryandthefreezonesarerecorded,ifthereportingcountryusestheSpecialTradeSystem.Freezonescanbecommercialfreezones(dutyfreeshops)orindustrialfreezones.Dataareexpressedaspercentagesoftotalexportsandoftotalimportsofthecountry,areaorspecialpartner.Sou
125、rceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,CommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase(UNCOMTRADE),lastaccessedJune2022.Technicalnotes(continued)WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022273Nationalcurrencyreferstothosenotesandcoinsincirculationthatarecommonlyusedtomakepayments.Theofficialcurrencynamesandth
126、eISOcurrencycodesarethoseofficiallyinuse,andmaybesubjecttochange.Sourceofthedata:InternationalOrganisationforStandardization(ISO),Geneva,CurrencyCodeServicesISO4217MaintenanceAgency,lastaccessedMay2018.NetOfficialDevelopmentAssistancereceivedordisbursedisdefinedasthoseflowstodevelopingcountriesandmu
127、ltilateralinstitutionsprovidedbyofficialagencies,including state and local governments,or by their executive agencies,eachtransaction of which meets the following tests:i)it is administered with thepromotionoftheeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareofdevelopingcountriesasitsmainobjective;andii)itisconcessio
128、nalincharacterandconveysagrantelementofatleast25percent.ItisexpressedasapercentageofGrossNationalIncomeofeitherthedonororrecipient.ThemultilateralinstitutionsincludetheWorldBankGroup,regionalbanks,financialinstitutionsoftheEuropeanUnionandanumberofUnitedNationsinstitutions,programmesandtrustfunds.So
129、urceofthedata:OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),Paris,theOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)statisticsdatabase,lastaccessedJune2022.Populationreferstothemediumfertilityprojecteddefactopopulationasof1July2022,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Thetotalpopulationofacountrymaycom
130、priseeitherallusualresidentsofthecountry(dejurepopulation)orallpersonspresentinthecountry(defactopopulation)atthetimeofthecensus;forpurposesofinternationalcomparisons,thedefactodefinitionisused,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,WorldPopula
131、tionProspects(WPP):The2022Revision,lastaccessedJuly2022.Populationagedistributionreferstothepercentageofthepopulationaged014yearsandaged60yearsandolderatthemidyearunlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,“WorldPopulationProspects(WPP):The2022Revi
132、sion”;supplementedbydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,DemographicYearbook2020andthePacificCommunity(SPC)StatisticsandDemographyProgrammeforsmallcountriesorareas,lastaccessedJuly2022.Populationdensityreferstothemediumfertilityprojectedpopulationasof1July2022persquarekilometreof
133、surfacearea,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,WorldPopulationProspects(WPP):The2022Revision,lastaccessedJuly2022.Technicalnotes(continued)274WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022 Populationgrowthrateistheaverageannualpercentagechangeintotalpopulat
134、ionsize.Thedataareanaverageoverfiveyearranges;20102015dataarelabelled“2010”,20112015dataarelabelled“2015”and20162022dataarelabelled“2022”,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,WorldPopulationProspects(WPP):The2022Revision,lastaccessedJuly2022.
135、RefugeesandothersofconcerntotheUNHCR:The1951UnitedNationsConventionrelatingtotheStatusofRefugeesstatesthatarefugeeissomeonewho,owingtoawellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,religion,nationality,politicalopinionormembershipinaparticularsocialgroup,isoutsidethecountryofhisorhernatio
136、nalityandisunableto,orowingtosuchfear,isunwillingtoavailhimselforherselfoftheprotectionofthatcountry;orwho,nothavinganationalityandbeingoutsidethecountryofhisorherformerhabitualresidence,isunableor,owingtosuchfear,unwillingtoreturntoit.Inthisseries,refugeesrefertopersonsgrantedahumanitarianstatusand
137、/orthosegrantedtemporaryprotection.Includedarepersonswhohavebeengrantedtemporaryprotectiononagroupbasis.Theseries also includes returned refugees,asylumseekers,stateless persons andpersons displaced internally within their own country and others of concern toUNHCR.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsHighCo
138、mmissionerforRefugees(UNHCR),Geneva,UNHCRpopulationstatisticsdatabase,lastaccessedMay2022.Regionisbasedonmacrogeographicalregionsarrangedaccordingtocontinentsandcomponentgeographicalregionsusedforstatisticalpurposesasat31July2017.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,Statisti
139、calYearbook2017edition(60thissue)AnnexICountryandareanomenclature,regionalandothergroupings(basedonSeriesM49:StandardCountryorAreacodesandGeographicalRegionsforStatisticalUse),lastaccessedOctober2017.Research&Development expenditure refers to expenditure on creative workundertaken on a systematic ba
140、sis in order to increase the stock of knowledge,includingknowledgeofhumanity,cultureandsociety,andtheuseofthisstockofknowledgetodevisenewapplications,expressedasapercentageofGrossDomesticProduct(GDP).ItisthetotalintramuralexpenditureonR&Dperformedonthenationalterritoryduringagivenperiod.ItincludesR&
141、DperformedwithinacountryandfundedfromabroadbutexcludespaymentsmadeabroadforR&D.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),Montreal,theUNESCOInstituteforStatistics(UIS)statisticsdatabase,lastaccessedJune2022.Safelymanagedwaterandsanitation:populationusingsafely
142、manageddrinkingwatersourcesiscurrentlybeingmeasuredbytheproportionofpopulationinurbanandruralareas,accordingtonationaldefinitions,meetingthecriteriaforusingsafelyTechnicalnotes(continued)WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022275manageddrinkingwatersources(SDG6.1.1)byusinganimprovedbasicdrinkingwatersourcewhi
143、chislocatedonpremises,availablewhenneededandfreeoffaecalandprioritychemicalcontamination.Improveddrinkingwatersourcesarethosethathavethepotentialtodeliversafewaterbynatureoftheirdesignandconstruction,andinclude:pipedwater,boreholesortubewells,protecteddugwells,protectedsprings,rainwater,and packaged
144、 or delivered water.Population using safelymanagedsanitationfacilitiesiscurrentlybeingmeasuredbytheproportionofthepopulationinurbanandruralareas,accordingtonationaldefinitions,meetingthecriteriaforhavingasafelymanagedsanitationservice(SDG6.2.1a)byusingabasicsanitationfacilitywhichisnotsharedwithothe
145、rhouseholdsandwhereexcretaissafely disposed in situ or transported and treated offsite.Improved sanitationfacilitiesarethosedesignedtohygienicallyseparateexcretafromhumancontact,andinclude:flush/pourflushtopipedsewersystem,septictanksorpitlatrines;ventilatedimprovedpitlatrines,compostingtoiletsorpit
146、latrineswithslabs.Source of the data:World Health Organization(WHO)and the United NationsChildrensFund(UNICEF),GenevaandNewYork,theWHO/UNICEFJointMonitoringProgramme(JMP)forWaterandSanitationdatabase,lastaccessedJuly2021.SeatsheldbywomenintheNationalParliamentrefertothenumberofwomeninthelowerchamber
147、oftheNationalParliamentexpressedasapercentageoftotaloccupiedseatsinthelowerorsingleHouse,situationasof1January2022.Sourceofthedata:InterParliamentaryUnion(IPU),Geneva,WomeninNationalParliamentdatasetandtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)statisticsdatabase,lastaccessedMarch2022.Sexratioiscalculateda
148、stheratioofthemediumfertilityprojectedpopulationofmentothatof100womenasof1July2022,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,“WorldPopulationProspects(WPP):The2022Revision”;supplementedbydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,Dem
149、ographicYearbook2020andthePacificCommunity(SPC)StatisticsandDemographyProgrammeforsmallcountriesorareas,lastaccessedJuly2022.Surfaceareareferstolandareaexcludinginlandwater.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,DemographicYearbook2020andthedemographicstatisticsdatabase,lastac
150、cessedJune2022.ThreatenedspeciesrepresentsthenumberofplantsandanimalsthataremostinneedofconservationattentionandarecompiledbytheWorldConservationUnionIUCN/SpeciesSurvivalCommission(SSC).Technicalnotes(continued)276WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022 Sourceofthedata:InternationalUnionforConservationofNatur
151、e(IUCN),GlandandCambridge,IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpeciespublication,lastaccessedMarch2022.Tourist/visitorarrivalsatnationalbordersisanypersonwhotravelstoacountryotherthanthatinwhichheorshehashisorherusualresidencebutoutsidehis/herusualenvironmentforaperiodnotexceeding12monthsandwhosemainpurposeofvis
152、itisotherthantheexerciseofanactivityremuneratedfromwiththecountryvisited,andwhostaysatleastonenightinacollectiveorprivateaccommodationinthe country visited(see Recommendations on Tourism Statistics of the UnitedNationsandtheWorldTourismOrganization).Thedatarefertoarrivalsofnonresidenttouristsatnatio
153、nalborders,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO),Madrid,theUNWTOstatisticsdatabase,lastaccessedJune2022.UNmembershipdate:TheUnitedNations(UN)isanintergovernmentalorganizationwhosemembersarethecountriesoftheworld.Currentlythereare193MemberStatesoftheUnitedNa
154、tions,someofwhichjoinedtheUNbysigningandratifyingtheCharteroftheUnitedNationsin1945;theothercountriesjoinedtheUNlater,throughtheadoptionofaresolutionadmittingthemtomembership.Theprocessusuallyfollowsthesesteps:first,thecountryappliesformembershipandmakesadeclarationacceptingtheobligationsoftheCharte
155、r;second,theSecurityCounciladoptsaresolutionrecommendingthattheGeneralAssemblyadmitthecountrytomembershipandfinallytheGeneralAssemblyadoptsaresolutionadmittingthecountry.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNations(UN),DepartmentofPublicInformation(DPI),NewsandMediaDivision,NewYork,Memberstatesanddateofadmission,l
156、astaccessedMay2018.Unemployment refers to persons above a specified age who during a specifiedreferenceperiodwere:“withoutwork”,i.e.werenotinpaidemploymentorselfemploymentasdefinedunderemployment;“currentlyavailableforwork”,i.e.wereavailableforpaidemploymentorselfemploymentduringthereferenceperiod;a
157、nd“seekingwork”,i.e.hadtakenspecificstepsinaspecifiedrecentperiodtoseekpaidemploymentorselfemployment(seeILOscurrentInternationalRecommendationsonLabourStatistics).Thedatarefertothe15yearsandoveragegroupandarebasedonILOsmodelledestimates,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:International
158、LabourOrganization(ILO),Geneva,KeyIndicatorsoftheLabourMarket(KILM9thedition)andtheILOSTATdatabase,lastaccessedJanuary2022.Urbanpopulationisbasedonthenumberofpersonsatthemidyeardefinedasurban according to national definitions of this concept.In most cases thesedefinitionsarethoseusedinthemostrecentp
159、opulationcensus.Technicalnotes(continued)WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022277Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD),NewYork,WorldUrbanizationProspects(WUP):The2018Revision,lastaccessedMay2018.Urbanpopulationgrowthrateisbasedonthenumberofpersonsdefinedasurbanaccordingtonationaldefinitionso
160、fthisconcept.Inmostcasesthesedefinitionsarethoseusedinthemostrecentpopulationcensus.Thedataareanaverageoverfiveyearranges;20052010dataarelabelled“2010”,20112015dataarelabelled“2015”and20162022dataarelabelled“2022”,unlessotherwisestatedinafootnote.Sourceofthedata:UnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UNPD)
161、,NewYork,WorldUrbanizationProspects(WUP):The2018Revision,lastaccessedMay2018.Statisticalsourcesandreferences278WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022 StatisticalsourcesFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,FAOSTATdatabase,availableathttp:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home.InternationalEnergyA
162、gency(IEA),Paris,availableathttps:/www.iea.org/dataandstatistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energysupply&indicator=Totalprimaryenergysupply(TPES)bysourceInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),Geneva,theILOSTATdatabase,availableathttp:/www.ilo.org/ilostat._,KeyIndicatorsoftheLabourMarket(KILM9thedition),availa
163、bleathttp:/www.ilo.org/global/statisticsanddatabases/researchanddatabases/kilm/langen/index.htm.InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),Washington,D.C.,BalanceofPayment(BOP)Statisticsdatabase,availableathttp:/data.imf.org/bop._,theInternationalFinancialStatistics(IFS)database,availableathttp:/data.imf.org/if
164、s.InternationalOrganisationforStandardization(ISO),Geneva,CurrencyCodeServicesISO4217MaintenanceAgency,availableathttps:/www.iso.org/iso4217currencycodes.html.InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU),Geneva,theITUDatabase,availableathttp:/www.itu.int/en/ITUD/statistics/Pages/default.aspx.Internation
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168、):The2018Revision”,availableathttps:/esa.un.org/unpd/wup/.Statisticalsourcesandreferences(continued)WorldStatisticsPocketbook2022279UnitedNations(UN),DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(DESA),StatisticsDivision(UNSD),NewYork,CommodityTradestatisticsdatabase(UNCOMTRADE),availableathttps:/comtrade.un
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171、unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/statisticalyearbook/._,SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)statisticsdatabase,availableathttps:/unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database.UnitedNations(UN),DepartmentofManagement(DM),OfficeofProgrammePlanning,BudgetandAccounts(OPPBA),NewYork,UNTreasuryoperationalratesofex
172、change,availableathttps:/treasury.un.org/operationalrates/OperationalRates.phpUnitedNations(UN),DepartmentofPublicInformation(DPI),NewsandMediaDivision,NewYork,Memberstatesanddateofadmission,availableathttps:/www.un.org/en/aboutus/memberstates.UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizati
173、on(UNESCO),Montreal,theUNESCOInstituteforStatistics(UIS)statisticsdatabase,availableathttp:/data.uis.unesco.org/.UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR),Geneva,UNHCRpopulationstatisticsdatabase,availableathttps:/www.unhcr.org/refugeestatisticsUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC),Vienna,
174、UNODCStatisticsdatabase,availableathttps:/dataunodc.un.org.WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andtheUnitedNationsChildrensFund(UNICEF),GenevaandNewYork,theWHO/UNICEFJointMonitoringProgramme(JMP)forWaterandSanitationdatabase,availableathttps:/washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation.WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),G
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185、CodesforStatisticalUse,StatisticsDivision,SeriesM,No.49,availableathttp:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htmUnitedNations,EuropeanCommission,InternationalMonetaryFund,OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentandWorldBank(2009).SystemofNationalAccounts2008,StatisticsDivision,SeriesM,No.2,R
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187、/en/.UnitedNationsandWorldTourismOrganization(2008).InternationalRecommendationsforTourismStatistics2008,StatisticsDivision,SeriesM,No.83/Rev.1(UnitedNationspublication,SalesNo.E.08.XVII.28),availableathttp:/unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesM/SeriesM_83rev1e.pdf.Relatedstatisticalproducts282Wor
188、ldStatisticsPocketbook2022 TheWorldStatisticsPocketbookcanalsobeviewedonlineinPDFformataswellasanappforAndroidandAppledevicesathttp:/unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/andinUNdataathttp:/data.un.org/en/index.html.Otherstatisticalpublicationsofferingabroadcrosssectionofinformationwhichmaybeo
189、finteresttousersoftheWorldStatisticsPocketbookinclude:1.TheMonthlyBulletinofStatistics(MBS)inprintandtheMonthlyBulletinofStatisticsOnline,availableathttp:/unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/.2.TheStatisticalYearbook(SYB)inprintandonlineinPDFformat,availableathttp:/unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/statisticalye
190、arbook/.Bothpublicationsareavailableforsaleinprintformat(seebelowforinstructionsonhowtoorder).FormoreinformationaboutotherpublicationsandonlinedatabasespreparedbytheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision,pleasevisit:https:/unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/.For additional information about theworkoftheUnite
191、dNationsStatisticsDivision,pleasevisithttp:/unstats.un.org/unsd.ToorderUnitedNationspublications,pleasevisithttps:/shop.un.orgorcontact:UnitedNationsPublications300East42ndStreetNewYork,NY10017Tel:/Fax:/Email:publicationsun.orgPleaseprovidetheDevelopmentDataSectionwhichisresponsibleforproducingtheWorldStatisticsPocketbook,theMonthlyBulletinofStatisticsandtheStatisticalYearbookyourfeedbackandsuggestionsregardingthesestatisticalproducts,aswellastheutilityofthedata,bycontactingstatisticsun.org.