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1、Research Fronts:Active Fields,Leading CountriesInstitutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of SciencesClarivate2Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesResearch Fronts:Active Fields,Leading Countries20223Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesHot Research FrontsEme
2、rging Research Fronts11055Science and technology are universal and epochal,and the development of science and technology must be viewed from a global perspective.At present,major breakthroughs and accelerated applications of technological innovation have been instrumental in reshaping the global eco
3、nomic structure and transforming the arena of industrial and economic competition.The“Research Fronts 2022”report is a prequel to another survey,“Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries”,which selects and discusses 110 hot fronts and 55 emerging fronts in 11 broad research areas.Based o
4、n the findings of“Research Fronts 2022”,this second report uses the Research Leadership Index to assess the research activity of the worlds major countries and to observe how that activity,in the face of global competition in innovation and technological advancement,is demonstrated in these Research
5、 Fronts.1.Methodology1.1 The logic model of Research Leadership Index(RLI)The Research Leadership Index(RLI)is a comprehensive evaluation measure to determine the degree of activity in Research Fronts.Since a Research Front itself is composed of a group of highly cited core papers along with subsequ
6、ent papers that cite the core literature,the design of the Research Leadership Index takes into account the numbers of the core papers and citing papers,as well as their respective citations.These calculations underlie two indicators:Output Share and Citation Share.The logical model of Research Lead
7、ership Index(RLI)is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.The logic model of Research Leadership Index(RLI)Share of Core Papers(SCoP)Share of Citations to Core Papers(SCCoP)Share of Citations to Citing Papers(SCCiP)Research Leadership Index(RLI)Research Fronts Influence Index(RFII)Research Fronts Output Index(
8、RFOI)Share of Citing Papers(SCiP)4Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesThe entities measured by the Research Leadership Index can be countries,cities,institutions,laboratories,teams,and individual scientists.Each entity can be measured at three levels:Research Front level,area level,a
9、nd a level within the context of 11 broad research areas.1.2 Research Leadership Index of country(RLIC)This report calculates the Research Leadership Index of main countries at the Research Front level,area level,and the level of all 11 broad research areas.Based on that,the report determined the de
10、gree of activity in innovation and its pattern within the main countries as reflected in Research Fronts,and revealed the sources of research vitality in various countries.The methods for calculation and analysis are as follows:1.2.1 Research Leadership Index of a country in a Research Front(RLICij)
11、The Research Leadership Index measures a countrys degree of activity as reflected in Research Fronts,including two aspects of the output and citation influence of papers in the fronts.The equation for Research Leadership Index of Country in a Research Front(RLICij)is:RFOICij is the Research Fronts O
12、utput Index of a country,RFIICij is the Research Fronts Influence Index of a country,j represents the Research Front,and i represents each country.(1)Research Fronts Output Index of a country(RFOICij)The Research Fronts Output Index of a country(RFOICij)is the relative share of the number of papers(
13、core papers and citing papers)contributed by a country to the literature that constitutes a Research Front.RFOICij equals the sum of the two indicators SCoPCij and SCiPCijA countrys Share of Core Papers in a Research Front(SCoPCij)indicates the percentage of CoPij in CoPj.CoPij represents the number
14、 of core papers published by country i in Research Front j;CoPj represents the number of core papers in Research Front j.A Countrys Share of Citing Paper in a Research Front(SCiPCij)indicates the percentage of CiPij in CiPj.CiPij represents the number of citing papers published by country i in Resea
15、rch Front j;CiPj represents the number of Citing papers in Research Front j.(2)Research Fronts Influence Index of a country(RFIICij)The Research Fronts Influence Index of a country(RFIICij)is the relative share of the citation of papers(core and citing)that a country contributed in a Research Front.
16、RFIICij equals the sum of the two indicators SCCoPCij and SCCiPCij.Countrys Share of Core Paper Citation for a Research Front(SCCoPCij)indicates the percentage of CoCij in CoCj.CoCij represents the citation of core papers published by country i in Research Front j;CoCj represents the citation of cor
17、e papers in Research Front j.The measure known as Countrys Share of Citation to Citing Paper in a Research Front(SCCiPCij)indicates the percentage of in.CiCij represents the citation of citing papers published by country i in Research Front j;CiCj represents the citation of citing papers in Research
18、 Front j.1.2.2 Research Leadership Index of a country in an area(RLICik)5Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesThe Research Leadership Index of country i in area k(RLICik)is the summation of the Research Leadership Index of country i(RLICij)in n Research Fronts in area k.k is the one a
19、rea,n is the total number of areas.The formula for RLICik is as follows:RLICik is equal to the sum of the two indicators RFOICik and RFIICik.(1)Research Fronts Output Index of a country in an area(RFOICik)The Research Fronts Output Index of a country in an area(RFOICik)is the relative share of the n
20、umber of papers(core and citing)contributed by a country to an area comprising n Research Fronts.RFOICik is equal to the sum of the two indicators SCoPCik and SCiPCik.The formula for a countrys Share of Core Papers in an area(SCoPCik)is below:The formula for a countrys Share of Citing Papers in an a
21、rea(SCiPCik)is:(2)Research Fronts Influence Index of a country in an area(RFIICik)The Research Fronts Influence Index of a country in an area(RFIICik)is the relative share of the citation of papers(core and citing)contributed by a country to an area comprising n Research Fronts.RFIICik equals the su
22、m of the two indicators SCCoPCik and SCCiPCik.The formula for a countrys Share of Citations to Core Papers in an area(SCCoPCik)is:Below,the formula for a countrys Share of Citations to Citing Papers in an area(CiCSCik):1.2.3 Research Leadership Index of a country in 11 broad research areas(RLICi)The
23、 Research Leadership Index of a country in 11 broad research areas(RLICi)represents the scores of RLICik of 11 broad research areas added together.The index is a comprehensive evaluative index to measure the degree of activity of a country based on its contribution to 11 broad research areas compris
24、ing 165 Research Fronts.RLICi is equal to the sum of the two indicators RFOICi and RFIICi.(1)Research Fronts Output Index of a country in 11 broad research areas(RFOICi)The Research Fronts Output Index of a country in 11 broad research areas(RFOICi)is the sum of the relative share of the number of p
25、apers(core and citing)contributed by a country to 11 broad research areas comprising 165 Research Fronts.RFOICi is equal to the sum of the two indicators SCoPCi and SCiPCi.The formula for a countrys Share of Core Papers in 11 broad research areas(SCoPCi)is as follows:The formula for a countrys Share
26、 of Citing Papers in 11 broad research areas(SCiPCi)is:6Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries(2)Research Fronts Influence Index of a country in 11 broad research areas(RFIICi)The Research Fronts Influence Index of a country in 11 broad research areas(RFIICi)is the sum of the relative
27、share of the citation of papers(core and citing)contributed by a country to 11 broad research areas comprising 165 Research Fronts.RFIICi is equal to the sum of the two indicators SCCoPCi and SCCiPCi.The formula for a countrys Share of Citations to Core Papers in 11 broad research areas(SCCoPCi)is a
28、s follows:The formula for a countrys Share of Citations to Citing Papers in 11 broad research areas(SCCiPCi)is:Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries2.Analysis of the RLICi of Top countriesWe measured the RLIci of main countries for overall performance in 11 broad research areas compri
29、sing 165 Research Fronts and ranked the top countries.The following highlights are noted.2.1 The USA ranks 1st in RLICi,the two powerful nations of China1 and the USA have solid positions,and the UK and Germany are in the second tier1 In this report,China covers Mainland China,Hong Kong,and Macau,bu
30、t not Taiwan.Based on 11 broad research areas and each countrys respective performance in the 165 constituent Research Fronts,the USA is the most active,with an RLICi score of 194.89,ranking 1st(Figure 2).China ranks 2nd with a score of 148.34,and the gap with the USA is 46.55.Both China and the USA
31、 have a solid position,unmatched by any other countries.The UK and Germany score 85.11 and 65.65,respectively,ranking 3rd and 4th and occupying the second tier.France,which is in the 5th place,has a gap of at least 20 points with Germany.The RLICi scores for Italy,Australia,Spain,Canada,and Switzerl
32、and register between 41.05 and 28.86,ranking those nations from 6th to 10th,with Japan(at 28.25)ranking 11th.7Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries8Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries0.0050.00100.00150.00200.00250.00194.89148.34165165 4162161157
33、09.1165.6545.3941.0528.86 28.2512.85Figure 2.Research Leadership Index(RLICi)of Top 20 Countries in 11 broad research areas with 165 Research FrontsResearch Leadership Index(RLICi)Number of Research Fronts involved by CountriesUSAChinaUKGermaryFranceItalyAustraliaSpainCanada Sw
34、itzerlandJapanNetherlandsIndiaSouth KoreaBelgiumSwedenBrazilRussiaDenmarkSouth AfricaTable 1 shows that the rank order for the three indicators RLICi,RFOICi,and RFIICi for the top five countries is the same.For the remaining countries,scores on the three indicators do not differ widely,although prec
35、ise calculation ranks the nations from 6th to 20th.9Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesTable 1.The Research Leadership Index(RLICi)of Top 20 Countries in 11 broad research areas with 165 Research FrontsRLICiRFOICi RFIICiScoreRankScoreScoreRankScoreUSA194.89 1116.37 178.52 1China148.
36、34 295.07 253.27 2UK85.11 348.87 336.24 3Germany65.65 438.30 427.35 4France45.39 526.00 519.39 5Italy41.05 624.81 616.24 7Australia39.60 723.34 716.26 6Spain35.54 821.07 814.47 8Canada34.31 920.34 913.97 9Switzerland28.86 1016.31 1212.55 10Japan28.25 1117.12 1111.1312India26.50 1218.47 108.03 13Neth
37、erlands26.16 1314.20 1311.96 11Brazil18.57 1411.30 147.27 15South Korea15.85 159.74 156.11 18Sweden15.68 168.92 166.76 16Belgium15.62 178.35 177.27 14Denmark15.02 188.27 186.75 17South Africa13.63 197.64 195.99 19Russia12.85 207.44 205.41 2010Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesTable
38、 2 compares the Research Leadership Index(RLICi)of the USA,China,the UK,Germany,and France in 2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,and 2022,and the proportion relative to the USA.From 2017 to 2020,the above five countries consistently ranked among the top five.The USA scores 281.11,227.39,204.89,226.63,209.23,a
39、nd 194.89,respectively in the six years,maintaining 1st place.China ranks 2nd with 118.84,118.38,139.68,151.29,191.43,and 148.34 points in six years,rising steadily,and the gap between China and the USA in RLICi is gradually narrowing.The analysis also calculates the ratio of other countries to the
40、USA at 100%per year.The ratio of China to the USA is 42.28%,52.06%,68.18%,66.76%,91.50%,and 76.11%for the six years.Thus,the proportion of China to the USA has increased significantly,especially in 2021,reaching 91.50%(a rise related to the surge of research on the COVID-19 epidemic).In 2022,the rat
41、io of China to the USA drops to 76.12%.Although Chinas score declined compared with 2021,it still increased by nearly 10%compared with the ratio in 2020.Meanwhile,the UK and Germany rank 3rd and 4th for six years,with little change compared with the USA.France ranks 5th from 2017 to 2020.However,in
42、2021,France fell to 6th and Italy won 5th.France returned to the 5th place in 2022.Table 2.Research Leadership Index(RLICi)for Top 20 Countries in 11 broad research areas with 165 Research Fronts,for each of five years,2017 to 2022IndicatorsYearUSAChinaUK GermanyFranceResearch Leadership Index(RLICi
43、)Score 2017281.11 118.84 96.90 90.98 60.08 2018227.39 118.38 78.62 75.12 51.20 2019204.89 139.68 80.85 67.52 46.30 2020226.63 151.29 79.59 75.31 46.19 2021209.23 191.43 85.59 64.13 48.66 2022194.89 148.34 85.11 65.65 45.39%2017100.00%42.28%34.47%32.36%21.37%2018100.00%52.06%34.57%33.04%22.52%2019100
44、.00%68.18%39.46%32.95%22.60%2020100.00%66.76%34.95%33.07%20.29%2021100.00%91.50%40.91%30.65%23.26%2022100.00%76.12%43.67%33.68%23.29%11Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries281.11118.8496.9090.9860.082017 ScoreUSAChinaUK FranceGermany227.39118.3878.6275.1251.202018 ScoreUSAChinaUK Fran
45、ceGermany204.89139.6880.8567.5246.302019 ScoreUSAChinaUK FranceGermany226.63151.2979.5975.3146.192020 ScoreUSAChinaUK FranceGermany209.23191.4385.5964.1348.662021 ScoreUSAChinaUK FranceGermany194.89148.3485.1165.6545.392022 ScoreUSAChinaUK FranceGermany12Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Co
46、untries2.2 The USA shows obvious strength in leading seven areas,while China has outstanding performance in four areasFor the 11 broad research areas,the USAs RLICi scores are 1st in seven of the main areas:“Geosciences”,“Clinical medicine”,“Biological sciences”,“Astronomy and astrophysics”,“Mathema
47、tics”,“Information science”,and“Economics,psychology and other social sciences”,and 2nd in the other four areas.The figures indicate that,overall,the USA is exceptionally active in basic research.Chinas RLICi scores ranks 1st in four areas“Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”,“Ecology and environ
48、mental sciences”,“Chemistry and materials science”,and“Physics”.China ranks 2nd in five areas:“Geosciences”,“Biological sciences”,“Mathematics”,“Information science”,and“Economics,psychology and other social sciences”,while ranks 7th in“Astronomy and astrophysics”.“Clinical medicine”and“Astronomy an
49、d astrophysics”have always been relatively weak areas for China.From a historical perspective,we compare the changes of RLICi in these two areas in the last six years.From 2017 to 2022,China ranked 10th,13th,9th,12th,1st,and 4th in terms of RLICi in the area of“Clinical medicine”,in which the resear
50、ch on COVID-19 in 2021 and 2022 accounted for a large proportion,directly elevating Chinas ranking in the area of“Clinical medicine”.However,whether Chinas non COVID-19-related research in“Clinical medicine”has truly made significant progress needs further analysis.China ranked 11th,19th,11th,8th,8t
51、h,and 7th respectively in“Astronomy and astrophysics”for the last six years,from 11th in 2017 to 7th in 2022.Although,compared with other areas,Chinas ranking in this area is still relatively low,the nations significant progress is obvious.13Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesTable
52、3.The score and rank of RLICi and RLICik of Top20 Countries11 broad research areasAgricultural,plant and animal sciencesEcology and environmental scienceGeosciencesClinical medicineBiological scienceChemistry and materials sciencePhysicsAstronomy and astrophysics.MathematicsInformation scienceEconom
53、ics,psychology and other social sciencesCountriesScoreRankScoreRankScoreRankScore Rank Score Rank Score Rank ScoreRankScore Rank ScoreRankScoreRankScore Rank ScoreRankUSA194.89 1 8.67 2 7.17 2 16.02 1 39.14 1 25.671 9.57 2 12.74 2 24.64 1 23.03 1 11.28 1 16.96 1 China148.34 2 15.55 1 14.32 1 10.28 2
54、 10.45 4 20.232 23.82 1 14.80 1 7.00 7 8.16 2 9.59 2 14.13 2 UK85.11 3 2.27 7 4.95 4 9.17 3 16.30 2 13.613 1.83 6 4.99 5 11.19 3 5.00 4 5.90 3 9.88 3 Germany65.65 4 2.51 6 3.70 5 5.62 5 11.42 3 8.494 2.09 3 6.67 3 13.40 2 5.75 3 1.86 9 4.13 7 France45.39 5 1.81 10 1.69 12 6.66 4 8.25 6 3.22 10 0.77
55、13 2.45 11 9.98 4 2.67 6 3.26 6 4.64 6 Italy41.05 6 2.02 9 1.57 13 3.29 10 9.89 5 4.13 7 0.91 11 3.95 6 7.62 5 1.47 9 2.09 8 4.11 8 Australia39.60 7 3.21 4 6.25 3 5.49 6 3.65 14 5.28 5 1.63 7 0.42 36 5.28 10 1.72 7 1.18 11 5.50 5 Spain35.54 8 5.18 3 2.08 11 2.11 17 7.92 7 1.27 20 0.37 22 3.31 8 6.14
56、 8 1.58 8 2.46 7 3.12 11 Canada34.31 9 1.53 12 2.94 6 4.93 7 5.82 9 1.90 15 1.24 9 2.61 10 4.85 11 0.69 18 3.89 4 3.92 9 Switzerland28.86 10 0.52 27 1.20 14 3.56 9 5.26 11 3.29 8 1.41 8 2.82 9 5.47 9 3.04 5 0.74 15 1.57 22 Japan28.25 11 0.99 17 1.00 17 4.91 8 3.38 15 1.54 17 1.84 5 6.25 4 4.61 12 1.
57、36 10 0.46 24 1.91 18 India26.50 12 3.15 5 2.26 8 2.07 18 2.91 17 4.25 6 0.76 14 1.62 14 2.61 19 0.30 21 0.62 20 5.95 4 Netherlands26.16 13 0.92 20 2.57 7 2.94 11 3.79 13 2.84 13 0.09 35 0.62 24 7.56 6 0.88 16 0.57 21 3.38 10 Brazil18.57 14 1.69 11 2.17 10 0.20 35 5.33 10 3.19 11 0.15 30 1.07 16 3.1
58、6 15 0.25 24 0.18 35 1.17 30 South Korea15.85 15 1.40 13 0.42 31 1.53 21 1.17 27 2.77 14 1.97 4 1.56 15 2.02 23 0.33 20 1.64 10 1.03 35 Sweden15.68 16 0.31 39 0.85 19 2.30 14 1.86 19 1.49 18 0.68 15 1.88 12 3.24 14 0.36 19 1.06 12 1.66 20 Belgium15.62 17 0.99 18 0.67 24 1.14 24 3.15 16 3.25 9 0.45 1
59、8 0.81 21 3.09 16 1.13 12 0.19 34 0.76 41 Denmark15.02 18 0.22 43 0.35 36 2.44 12 5.84 8 1.84 16 0.06 39 0.53 29 2.48 20 0.09 37 0.20 33 0.97 37 South Africa13.63 19 0.58 23 0.81 21 0.40 31 3.82 12 3.01 12 0.04 44 0.28 39 1.59 30 0.02 56 0.03 52 3.05 12 Russia12.85 20 0.22 42 0.39 33 1.79 19 0.68 39
60、 0.97 23 0.24 25 3.75 7 2.15 21 0.91 14 0.68 18 1.06 34 14Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesAmong the 110 hot Research Fronts and 55 emerging Research Fronts in 11 broad research areas,the USA ranks 1st in 79,accounting for 47.88%of the 165 Research Fronts.China earns the top spot
61、in 52 fronts,or 31.52%.The UK is tops in eight Research Fronts,Germany ranks 1st in five,while France can claim the top ranking in one front(Table 4).The USA and China account for about 79.39%of the 165 fronts while the UK and Germany together account for about 7.88%,while the other 12.73%is shared
62、by 14 countries.Of the 11 broad research areas,there are 10 fronts within“Chemistry and materials science”and eight fronts within“Ecology and environmental sciences”in which China ranks 1st,compared to only two and one,respectively,for the USA.China is showing absolute advantage in the area of“Chemi
63、stry and materials science”and is also demonstrating rising advantage in the area of“Ecology and environmental sciences”.In the areas of“Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”and“Physics”,the number of fronts in which China ranks 1st is six,while that of the USA is four.In the five areas of“Geoscie
64、nces”,“Biological sciences”,“Mathematics”,“Information science”,and“Economics,psychology and other social sciences”,the number of fronts in which China ranks 1st is less than that of the USA.Among the 27 fronts in“Clinical medicine”,the USA ranks 1st in 20,while China leads in only three fronts,indi
65、cating a huge gap between China and the USA in the index.Among the 12 fronts in the area of“Astronomy and astrophysics”,the USA ranks 1st in 11 fronts,while China has none(Table 4).This relative gap is unlikely to narrow in the short term.Table 4.The numbers and ratios of the Research Fronts in whic
66、h the respective Top 5 countries rank first,out of 165 fronts in 11 broad research areas(based on RLICi)AreasNumbers of RFsNumbers of ranking 1st RFsRatiosUSAChinaUK Germany FranceUSAChinaUK Germany France11 broad research areas total7.88%31.52%4.85%3.03%0.61%Agricultural,plant and animal
67、 sciences124600033.33%50.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%Ecology and environmental sciences12180108.33%66.67%0.00%8.33%0.00%Geosciences116210054.55%18.18%9.09%0.00%0.00%Clinical medicine2720321074.07%11.11%7.41%3.70%0.00%Biological sciences2110620047.62%28.57%9.52%0.00%0.00%Chemistry and materials science13210000
68、15.38%76.92%0.00%0.00%0.00%Physics124600033.33%50.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%Astronomy and astrophysics1211001091.67%0.00%0.00%8.33%0.00%Mathematics128201066.67%16.67%0.00%8.33%0.00%Information science125410041.67%33.33%8.33%0.00%0.00%Economics,psychology and other social sciences218521138.10%23.81%9.52%4.76
69、%4.76%15Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries7952851Numbers of ranking 1st RFs based on RLICiUSAChinaUKGermanyFranceAmong countries ranking among the top three performers in the 165 Research Fronts(Table 5),the USA earns that distinction in 130 fronts,or 78.79%,China in 86 Research Fr
70、onts(52.12%),the UK in 58,Germany in 37,and France in 18,with the latter three countries able to boast the achievement in 35.15%,22.42%,and 10.91%of the total number of Research Fronts.Table 5.The numbers and ratios of nations ranking among the top three performers in Research Fronts,among the Top 5
71、 countries in 11 broad research areas with 165 Research Fronts(based on RLICi)AreasNumbers of RFsNumbers of ranking Top three RFsRatiosUSA China UK Germany FranceUSAChinaUK Germany France11 broad research areas total71878.79%52.12%35.15%22.42%10.91%Agricultural,plant and animal sciences12
72、61120050.00%91.67%16.67%0.00%0.00%Ecology and environmental sciences126842050.00%66.67%33.33%16.67%0.00%Geosciences119443281.82%36.36%36.36%27.27%18.18%Clinical medicine27259127592.59%33.33%44.44%25.93%18.52%Biological sciences21181296085.71%57.14%42.86%28.57%0.00%Chemistry and materials science1310
73、1222076.92%92.31%15.38%15.38%0.00%Physics128724166.67%58.33%16.67%33.33%8.33%Astronomy and astrophysics.00%8.33%41.67%58.33%16.67%16Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesNumbers of ranking Top three RFs6040200AreasNumbers of RFsNumbers of ranking Top th
74、ree RFsRatiosUSA China UK Germany FranceUSAChinaUK Germany FranceMathematics.00%50.00%33.33%25.00%8.33%Information science1210851383.33%66.67%41.67%8.33%25.00%Economics,psychology and other social sciences2114892466.67%38.10%42.86%9.52%19.05%The USA makes the top three in more than 50%of
75、the respective Research Fronts associated with each of the 11 broad research areas.In the two areas of“Astronomy and astrophysics”and“Mathematics”,the USA ranks among the top three performers in 100%of the pertinent Research Fronts.This notably superior performance also carries over into“Clinical me
76、dicine”,in which the USA ranks among the top three in 92.59%.The lowest proportion for the USA is in the two areas of“Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”and“Ecology and environmental sciences”,accounting for 50%.In the other five areas,meanwhile,the USAs proportions of top three account range fr
77、om 66.67%to 85.71%.Chinas proportion of top-three placements ratio reaches more than 50%in seven major specialty areas,of which the highest proportion is in“Chemistry and material science”and“Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”,accounting for 92.31%and 91.67%.China registers among the top three
78、in the range of 66.67%in“Information science”and“Ecology and environmental sciences”.In the area of“Biological sciences”and“Physics”,the proportion of top-three placements ratio register at 57.14%and 58.33%.In the USAChinaUK FranceGermany17Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countriesarea of“
79、Mathematics”,the Chinas presence in the top three accounts for 50%of Research Fronts,which is the closest to the average level of 52.12%in all areas.Chinas ratio of top three fronts in the three areas of“Geosciences”,“Clinical medicine”,and“Economics,psychology and other social sciences”is 36.36%,33
80、.33%,and 38.10%.Chinas proportion of top three placements in“Astronomy and astrophysics”is 8.33%.However,compared with the gap in this indicator in 2021 and before,China has achieved breakthrough.120.00%92.31%76.92%50.00%50.00%91.67%66.67%66.67%66.67%38.10%36.36%81.82%92.59%33.33%8.33%100.00%66.67%8
81、5.71%100.00%50.00%57.14%58.33%83.33%100.00%80.00%60.00%40.00%20.00%0.00%Figure 3.The ratios of the ranking top three Research Fronts for China and the USA in 11 broad research areas with 165 Research Fronts(based on RLICi)Astronomy and astrophysicsGeosciencesBiological SciencesEconomics,psychology a
82、nd other social sciencesPhysicsClinical medicineAgricultural,plant and animal sciencesInformation scienceEcology and environmental sciencesMathematicsChemistry and materials scienceUSAChina18Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesAstronomy and astrophysicsGeosciencesBiological SciencesE
83、conomics,psychology and other social sciencesPhysicsClinical medicineAgricultural,plant and animal sciencesInformation scienceEcology and environmental sciencesMathematicsChemistry and materials scienceThe percentage of UKs top three Research Fronts in the 11 areas are all below 50%,registering amon
84、g the top three by proportions ranging from 15.38%and 16.67%of the Research Fronts in three broad specialty areas:“Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”,“Chemistry and materials science”,and“Physics”.In the other eight areas,the UKs presence in the top three ranges from 33.33%to 44.44%of Research
85、Fronts.Germany has its highest proportion of top three Research Fonts in the area of“Astronomy and astrophysics”,accounting for 58.33%,representing the nations dominant performance.Germany ranks in the top three no more than 33.33%of Research Fronts in the other ten areas.Among them,Germany,does not
86、 rank in the top three in the area of“Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”.15.38%70.00%0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%16.67%16.67%33.33%33.33%33.33%16.67%0.00%8.33%41.67%42.86%42.86%36.36%44.44%58.33%41.67%25.93%27.27%9.52%28.57%25.00%Figure 4.The ratios of Research Fronts in which the
87、UK and Germany rank among the top three performers,in 11 broad research areas comprising 165 Research Fronts(based on RLICi)UKGermany15.558.675.183.213.15The score of RLICik3.Analysis of the Research Leadership Index(RLICik)of countries in different areasThis section highlights the scores and rankin
88、gs obtained via the RLICik measurement,exploring the Research Front activity and influence of various countries in specific areas,and analyzing the respective sources of national vitality in scientific and technical innovation.3.1 AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES:China has an obvious advantage
89、;the USA is 2nd;Spain,Australia,and India are the 3rd,4th,and 5thIn the area of“Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”,China is the most active according to its RLICik score of 15.55,ranking 1st(Table 6).The USA scores 8.67,ranking 2nd.Spain scores 5.18,ranking 3rd.Australia and India post scores c
90、lose to each other,ranking 4th and 5th,respectively.As can be seen from Table 6,the ranking according to RFIICik and RFOICik is the same as RLICik for China,the USA and Spain.By contrast,the rankings for Spain,Australia and India vary slightly according to the three indicators.USAChinaSpainAustralia
91、India19Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries20Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesTable 6.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of “Agricultural,plant and animal sciences”IndicatorsScoreRankChinaUSASpainAustraliaIndia
92、ChinaUSASpainAustraliaIndiaRLICik15.55 8.67 5.18 3.21 3.15 12345 RFOICik9.81 5.38 2.94 1.91 2.19 12354 RFIICik5.74 3.29 2.24 1.30 0.96 123473.2 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES:China leads;the USA is 2nd;Australia,the UK,and Germany rank 3rd,4th,and 5thIn the area of“Ecology and environmental scie
93、nces”(Table 7),China scores 14.32 in RLICik,ranking 1st,demonstrating the most activity.The USA scores 7.17,ranking 2nd.Chinas score is about twice that of the USA,with a leading position.Australia scores 6.25,ranking 3rd.The UK and Germany are in 4th and 5th place,with respective scores of 4.95 and
94、 3.70.The rank order of China,the UK,and Germany remains the same for all three indicators:RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik.Meanwhile,the rankings of the RFOICik indicator for the USA and Australia fluctuate somewhat compared to the other two measures.21Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries
95、Table 8.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Geosciences”IndicatorsScoreRankUSAChinaUKFranceGermanyUSAChinaUKFranceGermanyRLICik16.02 10.28 9.17 6.66 5.62 12345 RFOICik9.36 6.95 5.32 3.49 3.15 12346 RFIICik6.66 3.32 3.85 3.17 2.48 132453.3 Geos
96、ciences:The USA ranks 1st;China and the UK are close;France and Germany are equally accomplishedIn the area of“Geosciences”,the USA scores 16.02 in RLICik,ranking 1st,far ahead of other countries.China and the UK score close at 10.28 and 9.17,ranking 2nd and 3rd,respectively.France and Germany regis
97、ter at 6.66 and 5.62,ranking 4th and 5th,respectively.As can be seen in Table 8,the USA and France rank in the same order according to all three indicators.China,the UK,and Germanys placements vary slightly according to the three indicators.Table 7.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on
98、RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of “Ecology and environmental sciences”IndicatorsScoreRankChinaUSAAustraliaUKGermanyChinaUSAAustraliaUKGermanyRLICik14.32 7.17 6.25 4.95 3.70 12345 RFOICik9.14 4.63 3.65 2.98 2.09 12345 RFIICik5.17 2.54 2.60 1.97 1.61 1324514.327.176.254.953.70USAUKChinaAustral
99、iaGermanyThe score of RLICik22Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries3.4 CLINICAL MEDICINE:The USA far exceeds other countries,the UK ranks 2nd;Germany,China,and Italy have close scoresUSAUKChinaGermanyFrance16.0210.289.176.665.62The score of RLICikIn the area of“Clinical medicine”,the
100、USA score 39.14 in RLICik,respectively,ranking 1st,far ahead of other countries.The UK register at 16.30,less than half of America,ranking 2nd.Germany,China,and Italy score close to one another at 11.42,10.45 and 9.89,ranking 3rd to 5th.The respective rankings of the USA and the UK in RLICik are ide
101、ntical to those in RFOICik and RFIICik.Germany,China,and Italys placements vary slightly according to the three indicators.Table 9.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Clinical medicine”IndicatorsScoreRankUSAUKGermanyChinaItalyUSAUKGermanyChina
102、ItalyRLICik39.14 16.30 11.42 10.45 9.89 12345 RFOICik23.52 9.24 6.83 5.63 6.39 12354 RFIICik15.62 7.07 4.59 4.82 3.50 1243523Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries3.5 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES:The USA leads substantially,China is 2nd,with its RLICik very close to the USA,while Germany,the UK
103、 and Australia rank 3rd to 5thIn the area of“Biological sciences”,the USA and China register at 25.67 and 20.23 in RLICik,placing 1st and 2nd,with the scores far exceeding those of other countries.The UK scores 13.61,ranking 3rd.Germany and Australia score 8.49 and 5.28 respectively,ranking 4th,and
104、5th.The top four countries maintain the same rank order according to the three indicators.Table 10.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Biological sciences”IndicatorsScoreRankUSAChinaUKGermanyAustraliaUSAChinaUKGermanyAustraliaRLICik25.67 20.23
105、 13.61 8.49 5.28 12345 RFOICik15.45 12.19 7.30 4.52 2.61 12346 RFIICik10.22 8.05 6.32 3.97 2.66 1234539.14 16.30 11.42 10.45 9.89 The score of RLICikUSAUKChinaItalyGermany24Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries25.67 20.23 13.61 8.49 5.28 USAUKChinaAustraliaGermanyThe score of RLICik3.
106、6 CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE:Chinas RLICik is 2.5 times that of the USA;China demonstrates outstanding advantages;Germany,South Korea,and Japan rank 3rd to 5thIn the area of“Chemistry and materials science”,Chinas RLICik score is 23.82,which is 2.5 times that of the USA,earning China 1st place(
107、Table 11).The USA scores 9.57,ranking 2nd.These scores indicate a significant activity gap between the USA and China in this area.Although the USA lags China by a large margin,it still far exceeds other countries.Germany,South Korea,and Japan post marks of 2.09,1.97,and 1.84 respectively,ranking 3rd
108、 to 5th.The rankings based on the indicators RLICik,RFOICik,and RFIICik for China and the USA are the same,while the rankings of Germany,South Korea,and Japan vary slightly among the three indicators.25Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries9.57 2.09 1.971.84 23.82Table 11.The score and
109、 rank of Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Chemistry and materials science”IndicatorsScoreRankChinaUSAGermanySouth KoreaJapanChinaUSAGermanySouth KoreaJapanRLICik23.82 9.57 2.09 1.97 1.84 12345 RFOICik15.52 5.52 1.37 1.08 1.25 12364 RFIICik8.30 4.05 0.72 0.89 0.59 12
110、4393.7 PHYSICS:China ranks 1st;the USA is 2nd,the RLICik score of the USA is very close to China;Japan,Germany,and the UK are 3rd,4th,and 5thIn the area of“Physics”,China posts the highest degree of activity with an RLICik of 14.80,and the USA scores 12.74,ranking 2nd.China and the USA showing an ov
111、erall leading trend,while Germany and Japan score close at 6.67 and 6.25,respectively.The UK scores 4.99,ranking in 5th place.Germany,Japan,and the UK rank the same across all three indicators,while for China and the USA,the rankings based on the RFIICik indicator display some variance.USASouth Kore
112、aChinaJapanGermanyThe score of RLICik26Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesTable 12.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Physics”IndicatorsScoreRankChinaUSAGermanyJapanUKChinaUSAGermanyJapanUKRLICik14.80 12.74 6.67 6.25 4.99 123
113、45 RFOICik9.61 7.47 3.82 3.51 2.79 12345 RFIICik5.19 5.27 2.85 2.74 2.20 2134514.8012.74 6.67 6.254.99USAUKChinaJapanGermanyThe score of RLICik27Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesTable 13.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“A
114、stronomy and astrophysics”IndicatorsScoreRankUSAGermanyUKFranceItalyChinaUSAGermanyUKFranceItalyChinaRLICik24.64 13.40 11.19 9.98 7.62 7.00 123457 RFOICik14.85 7.71 6.68 5.60 4.48 4.30 123456 RFIICik9.79 5.69 4.51 4.38 3.14 2.70 12346824.6413.40 11.19 9.98 7.62 7.00 The score of RLICikUSAChinaGerman
115、yFranceItalyUK3.8 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS:The USA has a dominant position;Germany,the UK,France,and Italy rank 2nd to 5th;China is 7thIn the area of“Astronomy and astrophysics”(Table 13),the USA ranks 1st,with an RLICik score of 24.64.Germany ranks 2nd with a mark of 13.40,with the UK 3rd at 11.1
116、9,followed by France(9.98)and Italy(7.62).China places 7th with a score of 7.00,one place ahead of its showing in 2021.The top four countries rank in the same order on the three indicators,while Italy and Chinas placements vary according to the different measures.28Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields
117、,Leading CountriesUSAChinaGermanyUKSwitzerland3.9 MATHEMATICS:The USA is the most active;China is 2nd;Germany,the UK,and Switzerland are 3rd to 5thIn the area of“Mathematics”,the USA achieves the most active performance and ranks 1st,with a score of 23.03.Meanwhile,China posts a score of 8.16,rankin
118、g 2nd.China and the USA are ahead of other countries,but there is still a large gap between China and the USA.Germany and the UK score 5.75 and 5.00,respectively,ranking 3rd and 4th.Switzerland scores 3.04,ranking 5th.The rankings of the top five countries according to the three indicators are compl
119、etely consistent.Table 14.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Mathematics”IndicatorsScoreRankUSAChinaGermanyUKSwitzerlandUSAChinaGermanyUKSwitzerlandRLICik23.038.165.755.003.0412345 RFOICik12.925.583.352.891.7612345 RFIICik10.112.592.392.111.2
120、71234523.03 8.16 5.75 5.00 3.04The score of RLICik29Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading Countries11.289.595.903.893.57The score of RLICikUSAChinaCanadaUKSingapore3.10 INFORMATION SCIENCE:China and the USA are the most active;the UK,Canada,and Singapore rank 3rd to 5thIn this area of“Informati
121、on science”,the USA and China are the most active,with respective RLICik scores of 11.28 and 9.59.The UK scores 5.90,ranking 3rd.Canada,and Singapore score 3.89 and 3.57,ranking 4th to 5th,respectively.The rankings based on the three indicators for the top five countries tend to vary.Table 15.The sc
122、ore and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Information science”IndicatorsScoreRankUSAChinaUKCanadaSingaporeUSAChinaUKCanadaSingaporeRLICik11.28 9.59 5.90 3.89 3.57 12345 RFOICik6.53 7.18 3.33 2.34 1.83 21345 RFIICik4.75 2.42 2.57 1.55 1.75 1325430Research
123、Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesUSAChinaIndiaUKAustralia3.11 ECONOMICS,PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES:The scores of the USA and China are close;the UK,India,and Australia rank 3rd to 5thIn this area of“Economics,psychology and other social sciences”,the RLICik scores of the USA and
124、China are very close,at 16.96 and 14.13,respectively.The UK scores 9.88,ranking 3rd.India and Australia rank 4th and 5th with 5.95 and 5.50,respectively.For the USA,China,the UK,and India,the rankings based on the indicators RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik are the same across the board,contrasting with t
125、he varying placements by Australia according to the three measures.Table 16.The score and rank of the Top 5 countries based on RLICik,RFOICik and RFIICik in the area of“Economics,psychology and other social sciences”IndicatorsScoreRankUSAChinaUKIndiaAustraliaUSAChinaUKIndiaAustraliaRLICik16.96 14.13
126、 9.88 5.95 5.50 12345 RFOICik10.76 9.16 5.66 3.73 3.58 12345 RFIICik6.19 4.97 4.22 2.22 1.92 1234616.96 14.139.88 5.955.50The score of RLICik31Research Fronts 2022:Active Fields,Leading CountriesResearch Fronts:Active Fields,Leading Countries2022Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy
127、of SciencesNo.15 ZhongGuanCunBeiYiTiao Alley,Haidian District,Beijing P.R.China 100190http:/ http:/ PAN,Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of SciencesIndicator designer:Fuhai LENG,Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of SciencesData analyst and Report writer:Qiuju
128、 ZHOU,Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of SciencesEnglish reviewer:Weiping YUE,Christopher M.KING Clarivate Gate-keeper:Fuhai LENG,Fan YANG Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences Weiping YUE,Na WANG Clarivate Consultant:Feng ZHANG Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences Li WANG Clarivate