《荷兰企业管理局(RVO):2023荷兰海上风电创新指南(英文版)(47页).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《荷兰企业管理局(RVO):2023荷兰海上风电创新指南(英文版)(47页).pdf(47页珍藏版)》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。
1、Your guide to Dutch offshore wind policy,technologies and innovationsDutch Offshore Wind Innovation GuideIssue 2023windandwaterworks.nlIndex2Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide3 32Dutch Offshore Wind ManualIndex1.Harnessing the wind 6 1.1 Global overview offshore wind development 8 1.2 Europes poli
2、cy on offshore wind 8 1.3 Offshore wind policy development in the Netherlands 9 1.4 Results First Acceleration Phase:Roadmap 2023 10 1.5 Roadmap 2023:a kickstarter for energy transition 13 1.6 Kick-off Roadmap 2030:Hollandse Kust(west)Wind Farm Sites VI and VII 132.The Dutch Way:Government regulatio
3、ns and tender system explained 14 2.1 Current Dutch offshore wind policy in 10 steps 163.Wind&water works 22 3.1 An experienced Dutch supply chain 24 3.2 One-stop information Portal 24 3.3 Founding fathers of wind&water works 25 3.4 Introduction to the next chapters 254.Feasibility,design and develo
4、pment 26 4.1 Development and project management 28 4.2 Environmental impact assessments 30 4.3 Ecological surveys 31 4.4 Site investigations 325.Construction&Engineering 34 5.1 Turbine component supply,engineering 36 5.2 Turbine foundation supply 36 5.3 Sealing,corrosion protection 39 5.4 Subsea cab
5、les 39 5.5 Substations and foundations 396.Transport&Installation 40 6.1 Turbine and foundation installation 42 6.2 Substation installation 44 6.3 Cable laying 45 6.4 Installation tools 46 6.5 Vessel design,ship building,deck equipment 487.Operations&Maintenance 50 7.1 Operations 52 7.2 Maintenance
6、52 7.3 Inspections,repairs 54 7.4 Port development,logistics 548.Dutch offshore wind innovators 57 8.1 Main innovation actors 58 8.2 Low noise monopile installation 59 8.3 Low cost monopile installation 60 8.4 Balance of Plant innovations 61 8.5 Floating wind innovators 62 8.6 Offshore Wind to hydro
7、gen innovators 659.Wind and water works business partner catalogue 68 Wind farm development 70 Wind Turbines 74 Foundations 75 Substations,subsea cables 77 Transport and Installation 79 Operations&Maintenance 85The Netherlands Enterprise Agency(RVO.nl)developed this offshore wind policy and industry
8、 manual which was commissioned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade as a deliverable of the International Clean Energy Program(ICEP)on export promotion in the renewables energy sector.This document has been produced for information purposes only and is not intended to replace a
9、ny legal or formally communicated rules,regulations,or requirements.Thanks to rapid technological advances which have greatly reduced costs,offshore wind has become a mainstream source of renewable energy around the world.In a growing number of countries,offshore wind has become a key element of nat
10、ional plans to reduce the carbon intensity of their grid at a competitive price.Experiences in the Netherlands have shown that governments need to be proactive in order to successfully achieve affordable,large-scale offshore wind capacity,and reap the socioeconomic benefits that this industry offers
11、.Thanks to clear policy and continuous innovation,the cost of offshore wind power in the Netherlands has fallen to the point where zero-subsidy bids are now submitted in competitive tenders.Experiences with the Dutch policy framework and accumulated sector expertise are worth sharing internationally
12、,especially in order to multiply the effects of international know-how in developing new offshore wind markets.It is therefore my pleasure to present you with the 2023 edition of the Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide.In this annual flagship publication,the public-private partners in the wind&wate
13、r works campaign provide you with comprehensive overviews of the Dutch regulatory framework and Dutch supplying industries for offshore wind.The guide also highlights Dutch breakthrough innovations in offshore wind technologies and offshore wind-to-hydrogen development.The guide also includes press
14、articles showcasing recent export successes of Dutch companies.Last but not least,I am proud to recommend the wind&water works partners.All have their own unique expertise and experience,and are keen to help solve the challenges of the offshore energy transition.You will find their contact details i
15、n the business directory of this guide.I hope the guide will prove valuable for other governments building their offshore wind sectors,as well as for international developers and businesses looking to identify new cost-reducing technologies and services in offshore wind.Jules GerzonDeputy Director I
16、nternational Enterprise DepartmentMinistry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Dutch Design and Know-How in Offshore WindMore info on:5Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide4The Paris Climate Change Agreement,to which all countries in the world are signatories,seeks to maintain global
17、 warming at well below 2C,and much closer to 1.5C,above pre-industrial levels.To achieve this ambition,a vast expansion of renewable energy deployment is required on a global scale.Offshore wind will become the main renewable energy source(RES)that is commercially deployable with vast untapped poten
18、tial in the worlds seas.Offshore wind has a higher capacity and more consistent output than any other variable RES,with the International Energy Agency describing it as a unique variable baseload technology that could help to integrate the decarbonized energy systems of the future.Governments around
19、 the world recognize the role that offshore wind technology can play in kickstarting post-COVID economic recovery through large-scale investment,creating jobs and bringing economic development to coastal communities.1.Harnessing the wind6Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide71.1 Global overview offsh
20、ore wind developmentAs more countries in coastal regions plan to utilize their offshore wind potential,the Global Wind Energy Council(GWEC)saw the offshore wind market enjoying its best ever year in 2021.According to its Global Offshore Wind Report 2022,a total of 21.1 GW of new installations were a
21、dded to the global capacity,bringing it to 56 GW.China contributed nearly 17 GW(80%)of that offshore growth,the fourth year that China has led the way in new installations.Europe is the other only region which reported new offshore wind installations last year.The UK had a record year in 2021 with m
22、ore than 2.3 GW reaching grid connection,making it the largest European offshore wind market in 2021,followed by Denmark(608 MW)and the Netherlands(392 MW).Outside China and Europe,two other countries recorded new offshore wind installations in 2021:Vietnam(779 MW,intertidal only)and Taiwan(109 MW).
23、In the United States no offshore projects were built in 2021.However,the US offshore wind market continues to gain strong momentum in both state and federal waters.In 2022,a total of 23 GW capacity of offshore wind projects is under construction.China is the most active single market with 7.8 GW und
24、er construction,followed by the UK(5.6 GW),Netherlands(2.3 GW),Taiwan(2.1 GW),France(1.4 GW),and Germany(1.1 GW).On a global regional level,Europe is still a market leader in offshore wind project construction with 49.5 per cent market share,followed by Asia(46.4 per cent)and the US(4.1 per cent).In
25、 the near future,Asia is set to take over the leading position from Europe as the worlds largest offshore wind market.The other markets in the global top-five are:Germany,the Netherlands and Denmark.Based on the latest industry forecasts and declared national offshore wind targets,GWEC expects that
26、annual installations could reach 30 GW in 2027 and up to 50 GW in 2030,adding up to potentially 316 GW by the end of this decade and approx.370 GW end 2031.1.3 Offshore wind policy development in the NetherlandsToday,the Netherlands is a front-runner in cost-efficient offshore wind development and i
27、nstallation.To reach this position,however,the Dutch had to overcome significant challenges.As with other countries,the potential offshore wind offers had long been recognized in the Netherlands.Even so,up to 2017 only a few offshore wind farms were actually built in the Dutch Economic Zone of the N
28、orth Sea.Until then project developers were responsible for site selection and investigation,as well as having to go through the permitting process for projects with no guarantee projects would be approved.As a result,project developers faced high costs and risks before they could even apply for a s
29、ubsidy.Indeed,out of 80 initial applications,just four offshore wind farms with a combined capacity of less than 1 GW were actually built in the Dutch Economic Zone of the North Sea by that time.First acceleration phase:4.5 GW in 2023(Roadmap 2023)However,in 2013,the conditions for offshore wind dev
30、elopment changed significantly when a broad coalition of Government,employers associations,trade unions,environmental protection organizations and energy companies,accelerated climate ambitions and agreed to kick-off the Dutch energy transition.The resulting Energy 1.2 Europes policy on offshore win
31、dThe EUs Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy,issued in November 2020,sets out the goals of reaching at least 60GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030 and 300 GW by 2050.Together with the UK and Norway,Europe could have up to 450 GW of offshore wind in operation by 2050.This implies a massive change of
32、scale for the sector at an unprecedented speed.The current Offshore Wind installed capacity in the North Sea is just 15 GW and the supply chain produces only 3 GW of turbines to be added per year,a rate that is expected to reach 7 GW per year after 2030.To meet such ambitious targets,the EU and memb
33、er states will also have to facilitate cross-border marine spatial planning,grid infrastructure development and,last but not least,both good permitting and PPA(Power Purchase Agreements)practices.EU Fit-for-55(2021)To keep pace with the ambitions of the Paris Climate Change Agreement,the EUs Fit for
34、 55 package aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55%by 2030,compared to 1990 levels.Under this strategy,offshore wind will become the number one source of electricity in the EU,taking optimal advantage of the potential in Europes seas from the North Sea and Baltic to the Black Sea,and
35、 from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean.REPowerEU(2022)In an effort to strengthen Europes energy security and cut its reliance on Russian fossil fuels well before 2030,the EU launched the REPowerEU action plan in May 2022.For offshore wind,the EU calls for an additional 30 GW of offshore wind energy
36、 by 2030 to replace Russian fossil fuel imports before the end of this decade.This will be on top of the previous targets for offshore wind(60 GW by 2030 and 300 GW by 2050)already established in the Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy.Together with the UK and Norway,Europe could have up to 450 GW of
37、 offshore wind in operation by 2050.Esbjerg Declaration(2022)In response to this call Belgium,Denmark,Germany,and the Netherlands committed in the so-called Esbjerg Declaration to a joint offshore wind target of having at least 65 GW of generation capacity installed by 2030 and 150 GW by 2050.With t
38、his 150 GW pledge for 2050,the four EU member states have a joint target of half of the 300 GW capacity aimed for the entire EU by that time under the EU Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy,issued in November 2020.The four countries have also signed a declaration on realizing and advancing plans for
39、energy islands in the North Sea,with one of the first steps being expanding the worlds first energy island to its maximum potential capacity of 10 GW at 2040 at the latest.Agreement for Sustainable Growth(Energy Agreement)included ambitious provisions on energy conservation and targets to raise rene
40、wable shares in the energy mix to 14%by 2020 and 16%by 2023.Regarding offshore wind,the Government committed to setting up a Roadmap in order to assign and develop three offshore wind zones Borssele,Hollandse Kust zuid(Dutch Coast south)and Hollandse Kust noord(Dutch Coast north)in the Dutch sector
41、of the North Sea,potentially increasing the offshore wind capacity by up to 4.5 GW in 2023.Second acceleration phase:11.5 GW in 2030 (Roadmap 2030)In June 2019 the National Energy Agreement merged to a comprehensive National Climate Agreement under the then newly introduced Climate Act.With regard t
42、o offshore wind,three extra offshore wind zones were added for offshore wind development,raising the previous capacity target from 4.5 GW in 2023 to 11,5 GW by end 2030.Under the Roadmap 2030,the additional wind farm zones are Hollandse Kust West(Dutch Coast West,1.4 GW),Ten Noorden van de Waddeneil
43、anden(North of Wadden Sea Islands,0.7 GW)and IJmuiden Ver(IJmuiden Far,4 GW).Third acceleration phase:21 GW around 2030 (roadmap 2030+)After taking office in January 2022,the current Dutch government committed to even more ambitious targets for offshore wind development.In order to meet the EUs goal
44、 8Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide9of reducing CO2 emissions by 55 per cent by 2030 compared to the 1990 levels,the Government announced acceleration plans that nearly double the countrys offshore wind target from the current 11.5 GW to approximately 21 GW of operating offshore wind capacity aro
45、und 2030,equivalent to around 75 per cent of the countrys current electricity consumption.In March and June 2022 the government subsequently disclosed the additional Wind Farm Zones and site specific tendering timelines for eight additional offshore wind farms with a total of at least 10.7 GW to be
46、put out to tender before the end of 2027 and to be up and running around 2030.The eight new projects,located to the north and northwest of the Netherlands,include the IJmuiden Ver(noord)V and VI,each with a capacity of 1 GW,the 2 GW Nederwiek(zuid)I,the 2 GW Nederwiek(noord)II,the 2 GW Nederwiek(noo
47、rd)III,the 700 MW Hollandse Kust(west)VIII,the 2 GW Doordewind I,and the 2 GW Doordewind II.It is expected that the Netherlands will need at least 38GW of operating offshore wind capacity to reach the climate-neutral status by 2050.This implies that the Dutch government plans to develop another16 GW
48、 of offshore wind capacity between 2030 and 2050.These efforts are already included in the Esbjerg Declaration in which Belgium,Denmark Germany and the Netherlands vowed to bring at least 65 GW of offshore wind by 2030 and 150 GW by 2050.were won by Dong Energy(known today as rsted),based on a winni
49、ng bid of 7.27 Euro cents per kilowatt hour.The offshore wind farm supplied power for the first time through TenneTs offshore grid in November 2020 and was officially opened in September 2021.Currently Norges Bank Investment Management(NBIM)is 50%co-owner of the Borssele 1&2 windfarm.Borssele WFZ 3&
50、4(731,5 MW)Towards the end of 2016,the Blauwwind consortium,comprising Partners Group(45%),Shell(20%),Diamond Generation Europe(full subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation,15%),Eneco Group(10%)and Van Oord(10%,also being the BP contractor),won the second permit and subsidy to build and operate the Bor
51、ssele 3&4 offshore wind farm sites,featuring 77 Vestas 9.5 MW turbines,with a winning bid of 5.45 Euro cents per kilowatt hour.With Borssele III&IV,the subsidy savings were even higher than for the Borssele I&II projects which,at the time,was set to be the worlds cheapest offshore wind farm.The seco
52、nd Borssele offshore wind farm was constructed and operated with a subsidy of just EUR 0.3 billion,meaning that it can potentially be operated without subsidy after 7.5 years.The originally anticipated subsidy was EUR 5 billion.The final wind turbine at the Borssele 3&4 offshore wind sites was insta
53、lled in November 2020.Borssele III&IV are expected to produce around 3 TWh of electricity per year,1.4 Results First Acceleration Phase:Roadmap 2023Under the 2013 Energy Agreement and 2019 Climate Agreement,the Government spurred the actual development of offshore wind farms by issuing a steady roll
54、 out plan in 2017 the Roadmap 2023 and in 2019 the Roadmap 2030.These Roadmaps set out the rollout sequence in which the Wind Farm zones and included sites will be developed,the projected generation capacity of the individual sites and the year of tendering for installation and operation.Under the R
55、oadmap 2023,which had its final tender in 2020,there were successful tenders between 2016 and 2019 for five largescale offshore wind farms and one small innovation farm divided over three designated offshore wind zones.Borssele WFZ 1&2(752 MW)In 2016,the first sites in the Borssele Wind Farm zone,lo
56、cated 55 kilometres from the Port of Vlissingen,wer tendered.Fierce competition between companies in the public tender to secure the permit and associated subsidy to build and operate the wind farm(38 bids),resulted in achieving a far lower than anticipated price(max.12.4 Euro cents per kilowatt hou
57、r),making the project at the time the cheapest worldwide.The permit and accompanying subsidy for the Borssele 1&2 offshore wind farm sites enough to power the equivalent of 825,000 Dutch households,or to meet up to 2.3 per cent of total Dutch electricity demand.Today,Borsseles shareholders are Shell
58、,Eneco,INPEX,Swiss Life Asset Managers and Luxcara.Borssele WFZ 5(19 MW)The Borssele WFZ V site,designated as a small-scale demonstration site for offshore wind innovations,was won by the Two Towers consortium,comprising Van Oord,Investri Offshore and Green Giraffe in 2018.Situated within site III o
59、f the Borssele Wind Farm Zone,Borssele V features two Vestas 9.5-MW turbines and several innovations,one of which is a submerged Slip Joint,a new method for securing turbine foundations which has traditionally a flanged or a grouted connection,significantly reducing both installation costs and time.
60、The design and manufacturing of the Slip Joint were certified by DNV GL in the autumn of 2019.Other innovations include Thermally Sprayed Aluminum(TSA),Impressed Current Cathodic Protection(ICCP)optimization,and oval cable entry holes.Finally,the seabed surrounding the two Borssele WFZ V wind turbin
61、es is fitted with eco-friendly scour protection.1 1 Scour protection:rocks placed on the seabed around the foundations to avoid seabed erosion.10Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide11This technology is used to explore how nature and renewable energy generation can be mutually enhancing.Oysters will
62、be placed on the protective layer of rock on the seabed to improve erosion protection as well as biodiversity and the natural habitat for aquatic wildlife.In June 2022 Van Oord has sold its shares in the Borssele V wind farm to Octopus Energy Generation,one of Europes largest investors in renewables
63、.Hollandse Kust(zuid)1&2(760 MW)and 3&4(760 MW)In 2018 and 2019,Swedish Vattenfall won both tenders for building and operating the Hollandse Kust(zuid)wind farms,some 18-35 kilometres off the Dutch coast,in the area between The Hague and Zandvoort.The 1.5 GW Hollandse Kunst(zuid)project marks a seri
64、es of firsts for the offshore wind industry.Firstly,these will be the first wind turbines ever to be installed on a subsidy-free offshore wind farm seeing that Vattenfall is constructing Hollandse Kust Zuid without financial assistance from the Dutch government.Secondly,the 140 Siemens Gamesa 11 MW
65、wind turbines will be the largest and the most powerful commercial wind turbines to be installed on any wind farm in the world.The wind turbines have a rotor diameter of 200 metres and a total height from sea level to the top of the blade of 225 metres.And thirdly,this marks the start of the turbine
66、 installation phase on what will become the largest offshore wind farm in operation once commissioned in the summer of 2023.Last but not least,with a combined weight of 115,000 tons,the 140 monopiles are designed in such a manner that they do not require transition pieces.This design allows faster i
67、nstallation and cost reductions.Currently,BASF and Allianz are co-owners of the Hollandse Kust Zuid windfarms.Hollandse Kust(noord)(760 MW)In 2020 the CrossWind consortium,a collaboration between Shell(80%)and Eneco(20%),won the tender to build and operate the fifth and last offshore wind farm under
68、 the Roadmap 2023.This windfarm is located 18.5 kilometres from the coast of Egmond aan Zee in the Netherlands.As with the wind farms in Hollandse Kust(zuid),the 760-MW Hollandse Kust(noord)wind farm was also tendered based on zero-subsidy conditions.Similarly to Hollandse Kust(zuid),approximately 2
69、5 percent of Hollandse Kust(noord)is located within the twelve-mile zone of the Dutch territories.This means a seabed lease,as well as a rental agreement for the infield cabling,will be established between the wind farm operator and The Central Government Real Estate Agency and TSO TenneT.The consor
70、tium plans to have the Hollandse Kust(noord),featuring 69 Siemens Gamesa 11 MW turbines,operational by mid-2023 with an installed capacity of 760 MW,generating at least 3.3 TWh per year.Apart from building and operating the wind farm,the CrossWind consortium also deploys a series of innovations(tech
71、nology demonstrations),such as a floating solar farm,short-term battery storage,turbines that are tuned to minimize the wake effect that turbines can have on one another,green hydrogen produced through electrolysis,and the combination of these individual measures to ensure a continuous power supply
72、regardless of the wind.Furthermore,the monopiles are of a TP-less type,which means that they are designed in such a manner that they do not require transition pieces.The design is said to allow faster installation and cost reductions.Last but not least,Shell Nederland and Shell Overseas Investments,
73、both subsidiaries of Shell,took the Final Investment Decision(FID)to build Holland Hydrogen I,which is said to be Europes largest renewable hydrogen plant once operational in 2025.The hydrogen production will be powered by electricity coming from the Hollandse Kust Noord offshore wind farm which is
74、expected to become operational in 2023,from when it will be generating at least 3.3 TWh per year.1.5 Roadmap 2023:a kickstarter for energy transition Looking back at the results of the Roadmap 2023,it is safe to conclude that the Energy Agreement proved to be a game changer for the development of of
75、fshore wind in the Netherlands.Under the old policy up to 2013,there was little activity in offshore wind,with just under 1 GW capacity installed in total.With the more proactive current policy approach,a legal framework was introduced and a total of 3.5 GW has been successfully tendered between 201
76、6 and 2019,with an additional 17 GW now scheduled under the revised Roadmap 2030+,which will result in a combined installed Dutch offshore wind capacity of approximately 21 GW around 2030.The cost of wind energy has even gone down substantially faster than targeted.In the Energieakkoord 2013 the cos
77、t reduction was initially targeted at 40%by 2020 compared to price levels in 2010.The target price for 2020 was set to 100/MWh.However,in 2016 the price level for Borssele I&II was already substantially lower than the target for 2020.The latest tenders for the Hollandse Kust Zuid and Noord resulted
78、in prices even without subsidy,only grid connection cost are subsidized/publicly funded.In an evaluation of the Energy Agreement 2023,the independent Netherlands Court of Audit found that the costs for offshore have even dropped 80%.As a consequence also the expected subsidies have dropped substanti
79、ally,from an expected maximum of 18 billion in 2015 to approximately 5-6 billion expected today.It proves the importance of a strong public-private process guided by the Government,whilst setting parameters for the pace at which the proposed new capacity will be developed,the maximum capacity of the
80、 wind farms,planning and zoning,site investigations and,last but not least,the grid connection.By regulating all conditions for the construction of the wind farms,the Dutch Government reduces project risk,financing and societal costs.1.6 Kick-off Roadmap 2030:Hollandse Kust(west)Wind Farm Sites VI a
81、nd VIIOn 14 April 2022,the Dutch government kicked-off the current Roadmap 2030 by launching the tender for Sites VI and VII of Hollandse Kust(west)Wind Farm Zone(HKWWFZ).Located 53 kilometers from the coast,the Hollandse Kust West tenders will award permits to develop two individual 700 MW sites wi
82、thin the wind farm zone.The maximum number of turbines to be installed at each site is 60,with an individual rated capacity of at least 14MW.Transmission system operator TenneT will construct two offshore platforms with two grid connections within the zone.If the winning bids go for a full build-out
83、,the zones could have a total combined capacity of at least 1,680 MW.The project or projects are expected to be operational by 2025-2026.As with the previous tenders,the winning bidder will be selected on the basis of a comparative assessment.Under site specific rules of the tenders,to win the right
84、s for Site VI,the bidders had to include ecological measures in their concept,whereas Site VII required investments and innovations which are beneficial for the Dutch energy system integration.A new element in this tender will be a one-off financial bid by a potential developer.The financial bid in
85、this tender is capped at EUR 50 million.This means the maximum score for the financial bid is achieved if a developer bids EUR 50 million for the permit,RVO said.A relative number of points is awarded for a lower bid,in steps of EUR 2.5 million per point.The competition for the rights to build and o
86、perate the Hollandse Kust West Site VI and/or Site VII,which closed on 12 May 2022,attracted bids from major developers such as Ocean Winds(joint venture ENGIE and EDP Renewables),RWE,rsted and TotalEnergies,Shell and Eneco,SSE Renewables and Brookfield,bp,and Vattenfall and BASF.The bidders for the
87、 Hollandse Kust West Site VI and/or Site VII included several innovative elements in their proposals.SSE Renewables and Brookfield will include a Power Purchase Agreement(PPA)in their bis,securing consumption of a large part of the electricity produced by the 760 MW offshore wind farm for a period o
88、f 15 years,which will then be used to power a range of innovative projects including electrolytic production of hydrogen and electric boilers.The partnership between Shell and Eneco,as well as the one between rsted and TotalEnergies,and RWE have included green hydrogen production in their Hollandse
89、Kust West proposals.Vattenfall proposed the development of self-sufficient offshore hydrogen turbines to produce offshore hydrogen,so without any need to connect to the electricity grid.RWE and Dutch floating solar technology provider Solar Duck offered to test offshore floating solar parks with int
90、egrated storage in the companys bid for the Hollandse Kust West(HKW)site VII in the Netherlands.12Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide132.The Dutch Way:Government regulations and tender system explainedAs the global energy transition is well underway,challenges remain,which is certainly the case in
91、the Netherlands too.However,the Dutch Government is committed to achieving the goals laid down in international agreements.European climate targets have been enshrined in Dutch law and translated into a comprehensive Climate Agreement in which the public and private sectors and NGOs plotted a detail
92、ed transition path.This chapter explains the current Dutch Government approach as a transition path for the economic feasible deployment of offshore wind farms.This comprises a 10-step approach,designed in close consultation with the wind energy sector.14Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide152.1 Cur
93、rent Dutch offshore wind policy in 10 stepsTodays regulatory and tender framework for offshore wind,tackles the disadvantages of the previous policy approach,in place until 2013,when wind farm developers were responsible for site selection and investigation,permitting process and grid connection.In
94、contrast,the current policy approach is much more proactive:by regulating conditions for the construction of the wind farms i.e.exact location,a long-term tender schedule,clear consenting procedures and the State being responsible for offshore grid connections,the Dutch Government helps to reduce pr
95、e-bid investment risks,financing and societal costs.To ensure trusted site survey data and environmental impact information,fair tendering and timely permitting,the Netherlands Enterprise Agency(RVO.nl)acts as the coordinating administrator (one-stop shop)under the Ministry of Economic Affairs and C
96、limate Policy.The current policy approach can best be explained in 10steps,demonstrating a leading role for the Government and favorable market and tender conditions for project developers.2.1.1 Step 1.Designating the wind farm areas The Dutch legislative offshore wind framework starts with early sp
97、atial planning.Through the National Water Plan,the legal base of which is encompassed in the Water Act,the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy and the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment allocated the areas for future offshore wind farm development in the Dutch territory of the No
98、rth Sea.Each area can include one or more wind farm sites.The development of offshore wind farms will be restricted to these areas;permits will not be awarded for wind farms outside these areas.2.1.2 Step 2.Drawing Up Offshore Wind Farm Tender Roadmaps(rollout plans)In the Offshore Wind Energy Roadm
99、ap a schedule is provided for:the specific rollout sequence in which the Wind Farm areas and included sites will be developed,the projected installed generation capacity of the individual sites,and the year request of tendering for installation and operation.The law Wind Energy at Sea,on which the R
100、oadmap is legally based,was introduced in 2015 in close consultation with the wind energy sector.The purpose of this law is to guarantee optimal efficiency in the use of marine space and provide a decade-long pipeline of tenders as an assurance for project developers.So far,two offshore wind farm Ro
101、admaps have been issued by the Government:Roadmap:2023 As planned under the National Energy Agreement(2013),in 2015,the Dutch Government published an initial Roadmap(2015-2023),aimed at adding a total of 3.5GW of offshore wind power capacity by 2023.The Roadmap outlined plans for five offshore wind
102、farms,all to be tendered between 2016 and 2019,with the last one expected to be in operation in 2023.Roadmap:2030 Encouraged by the successful rollout of tenders in the first road map,the Government released another Roadmap in 2018,outlining an additional 7 GW of offshore wind development before the
103、 end of 2030.The second Roadmap schedules the release of wind farms,with tendering between 2021 and 2026,with the last one in operation in 2030.The second Roadmap includes the zones Hollandse Kust(west),Ten Noorden van de Waddeneilanden and IJmuiden Ver.Roadmap 2030+After taking office in January 20
104、22,the current Government committed to even more ambitious plans for offshore wind development,in order to meet the EUs goal of reducing CO2 emissions by 55 per cent by 2030.The Government announced additional plans to nearly double the countrys offshore wind target from the current 11.5 GW to appro
105、ximately 21 GW of operating offshore wind capacity by 2030.The additional offshore wind capacity will be developed within newly designated,as well as within already existing zones.Newly designated zones(named Nederwiek,lagelander and Doordewind)are to additionally accommodate 8 GW of offshore wind c
106、apacity,the reconfirmed areas IJmuiden Ver North (2 GW),and the remaining 700 MW zone within the southern part of Hollandse Kust(west)area will complete the extra capacity push.2.1.3 Step 3.Conducting studies Following the parliamentary approval for the Roadmap,the foreseeable offshore wind farm sit
107、es are subject to a comprehensive environmental impact assessment,leading to a ministerial wind farm site decision(to be explained in step 5).Also,a series of geo-physical site studies are executed in step 3.Environmental impact assessment To analyze and if necessary deal with the economic,social,an
108、d ecological impacts of the wind farm(s),the site decisions are legally subject to an environmental impact assessment(EIA),commissioned by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency on behalf of the Ministry of Economic Figure 1.The areas for offshore wind development in the Dutch territorial waters(Economic
109、 Zone)of the North Sea are pictured in redSite V Two Towers,19 MWSite III and IV Blauwwind,731,5 MWSite I and II rsted,752 MWBorssele1Site III and IVVattenfall,760 MWSite I and II Vattenfall,760 MWLuchterduinen 129 MWHollandse Kust(zuid)2 Nederwiek6.000 MWtender site I:2025tender(s)sites II and III:
110、2026 (indicative)7 Doordewind4.000 MWtender(s)sites I and II:2027(indicative)8 Hollandse Kust(west)2.100 MWtender sites VI and VII:2022tender site VIII:to be determined4Hollandse Kust(noord)Egmond aan Zee 108 MWPrinses Amalia 120 MWSite V CrossWind,759 MW3 IJmuiden Ver6.000 MWtender(s)sites I to IV:
111、2023tender(s)sites V and VI:20256Ten noorden van de Waddeneilanden 700 MW tender to be determinedGemini 600 MW5June 2022SeaCoast5662,50 km21467853LegendTotal 21,5 GW Existing wind farms 2,5 GW Future wind farms 11 GW Wind farms still to be tendered 8 GW35124786Site I and II Vattenfall,760
112、 MWLuchterduinen 129 MWHollandse Kust(zuid)2 Nederwiek6.000 MWtender site I:2025tender(s)sites II and III:2026 (indicative)7 Doordewind4.000 MWtender(s)sites I and II:2027(indicative)8 Hollandse Kust(west)2.100 MWtender sites VI and VII:2022tender site VIII:to be determined4Offshore Wind Energy Road
113、map16Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide17Affairs and Climate Policy and the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment.The EIA results are published in the site decision(step 5),available for public inspection(and appeal),after which this becomes irrevocable.Site studies The Government also conduc
114、ts a series of local site studies(investigating soil-wind-and water conditions).Examples are the meteorological and oceanographic survey,the soil survey,the ecological soil survey,the archaeological survey and UXO surveys.As with the EIA,the outcomes of these site data studies are made available for
115、 project developers to help with their FEED studies,enabling them to optimize project plans and submit competitive bids in the tendering(also see step 6).Project developers therefore do not have to conduct an EIA,nor perform their own site studies(or bear the associated costs for them)before decidin
116、g whether a project may be viable or not.The costs for these surveys is borne by the State and not the competing project developers.The Netherlands Enterprise Agency(RVO)will commission and publish the site data packages.All studies and investigations are officially and independently certified and q
117、uality approved.For more information on offshore wind farm site assessment and selection,please refer to:www.windandwaterworks.nl/cases/offshore-wind-farm-site-assessment-selection).For more information on minimizing environmental impact of offshore wind farm(installations),please visit:www.windandw
118、aterworks.nl/cases/minimising-environmentalimpact2.1.4 Step 4.Installing the grid connection The Dutch national electricity Transmission System Operator(TSO)TenneT has legally been appointed to be responsible for the connection of the wind farms to the onshore electricity grid.As the planning and in
119、stallation of this offshore grid network generally takes 8 to 10 years(depending on the distance,technique,and permit procedures and EIA),the grid installation decision is made as early as possible in the process.The permit for TenneT is made publicly available for inspection(and appeal)by all parti
120、es,after which it becomes irrevocable.700 MW AC offshore substationinter-array cables(AC)offshore windfarmTenneT offshore grid 66 kV cable alternating current(AC)220 kV cable alternating current(AC)380 kV cable alternating current(AC)offshore cables(AC)land cables(AC)offshore grid substationhigh vol
121、tage gridsubstationTenneT onshore gridinter-array cables(AC)offshore windfarmTenneT onshore grid 66 kV cable alternating current(AC)525 kV cable direct current(DC)380 kV cable alternating current(AC)offshore cables(DC)land cables(DC)/cables(AC)high voltage gridTenneT offshore gridsubstationoffshore
122、grid converterstationAC DCDC AC2 GW offshore converterstationFigure 3 In case of relatively short distance to the onshore connection sites and the relatively limited size of the capacity to be provided,the offshore grid can be configured for alternating current(AC)Figure 4 In view of the relatively
123、large distance(70 km)to the onshore connection sites and the large capacity to be connected(approximately 4 GW),the IJmuiden Ver Wind Farm Zone will be connected using direct current technology(HVDC).The choice of TenneT,as the offshore grid system operator,has clear advantages over individual grid
124、connections installed by project developers.The advantages are both strategically(critical/vital infrastructure for national security)as well as financially motivated.The financial advantages relate to economies of scale following standardization in substation design,purchasing,maintenance and knowl
125、edge development.Grid operation by TenneT also simplifies compensating grid fluctuations,flow management,and balancing supply and demand,whilst integral grid operation also leads to a clear distribution of tasks and responsibilities in the electricity system.To create the cost-saving economies of sc
126、ale,standardized AC substations with an individual capacity of 700 MW,have been designed to connect the wind farms to the national grid,using two 220-kV export cables.2 As soon as 380-kV subsea cables become available,these will be utilized to further reduce the number of cables required.In the even
127、t that DC substations are required(such as for the wind farm zone IJmuiden Ver,scheduled in Roadmap 2030),the connected transmission capacity is approximately 2 GW and an onshore converter station via two 525-kilovolt cables will be part of the offshore grid.3The inter-array(infield)cables,which con
128、nect the wind turbines to the substation,remain the responsibility of the project developer.The wind turbines will be connected to the TenneT platform through 66-kV infield cables,making the Dutch offshore wind farms the first in the world to be connected by a voltage level of 66 kV instead of 33 kV
129、.Offshore grid development framework To plan the public investments in the offshore grid,the Government provides guidance through a development framework.This framework outlines the design and construction of the offshore grid and its main functional and technical requirements.It also stipulates the
130、 tasks of TenneT as offshore transmission system operator,provides the sequence of the development of the sites and sets the timetable for commissioning the connection for the sites.On the basis of the development framework,TenneT draws up an investment plan every two years,setting out the envisaged
131、 investments,performance targets,deadlines and plans for capacity expansion.The investment plan needs approval from the Dutch regulator,the Authority for Consumers&Markets.2 Given the relatively short distance to the onshore connection sites and the relatively limited size of the capacity to be prov
132、ided,the offshore grid for the Borssele,Hollandse Kust Wind Farm Zones and the North of the Frisian Islands Wind Farm Zone have been configured for alternating current(AC).3 In view of the relatively large distance(70 km)to the onshore connection sites and the large capacity to be connected(approxim
133、ately 4 GW),the IJmuiden Ver Wind Farm Zone will be connected using direct current technology(HVDC).Connection&Transmission Agreement TenneT and the offshore wind farm operators sign a Realization Agreement as well as a Connection and Transmission Agreement.The agreements set out the terms and condi
134、tions regarding the development of the connection for the wind farm,addressing aspects such as the basic design and technical specifications of the connection and the substation,as well as operational arrangements and the exchange of information between TenneT and the wind farm developer.In the even
135、t of a delay or unavailability of the offshore grid,TenneT is legally committed to compensate the wind farm owner for postponed or missed(subsidy)revenues from electricity sales and consequential damages.For more information on offshore grid connection,please visit:www.windandwaterworks.nl/cases/off
136、shore-grid-connection2.1.5 Step 5.Consenting:taking the wind farm site decision After all the above steps have been taken,the Government is now ready to publish the Wind Farm Site Decision(WFSD).The WFSD is the cornerstone of the Dutch Law Wind Energy at Sea.This law,which received final parliamenta
137、ry approval in June 2021,stipulates that offshore wind farms can only be built after a permit,based on the site decision,has been issued.A WFSD is,therefore,the necessary consent required to build a wind farm.It specifies the location for the wind farm and the conditions under which it may be constr
138、ucted and operated,taking into consideration issues such as ecology and decommissioning of the wind farm.These conditions can be related to wind turbines(minimum power,maximum tip height,minimum tip height)and infield cables(prohibited outside wind farm site boundaries).The site decision,however,lea
139、ves some flexibility for the design of the wind farm.This means that project developers have the opportunity to choose the latest technical innovations within the natural and environmental framework to develop and operate the wind farm at the lowest possible cost.The site decision is subject to publ
140、ic consultation and potentially an appeal.At the end of the consultation and appeal phase,the Wind Farm Site Decision becomes irrevocable,meaning it is final and no further appeals can be made.18Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide192.1.6 Step 6.Organizing the tender Once the WFSD is irrevocable,the
141、 Government starts the tender process,coordinated by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency.All tenders kick off with a Ministerial Order,outlining the tender rules for the relevant offshore wind sites.Examples of tender rules are the timing of the tender,the deadline for full commissioning of the wind f
142、arm,the maximum tender amount and base electricity price,the minimum and maximum capacity of the wind farm and tender eligibility criteria,and criteria for ranking the bids.After the tender closes,the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy will appoint the winner within 13 weeks,a period wh
143、ich may be extended by another 13 weeks if required.The award decision is subject to objection and appeal proceedings by competing tender participants.Objections must be filed within six weeks of the date of the tender award.Subsequent appeals can be filed within six weeks of the date of the decisio
144、n concerning the objection.The current legislative tender framework distinguishes three optional tender models to select for future use:the tender based on lowest subsidy bid,best feasibility (+financial)offer or highest auction price.Model 1:Tender for lowest subsidy bid In terms of this tender mod
145、el with revenue support,used in 2016 for both Borssele WFZ tenders,the permit and associated subsidy are awarded to the party that tenders the lowest subsidy amount.The subsidy amount will be based on the so-called Stimulation of Sustainable Energy Production Scheme(SDE).The SDE offers an operating(
146、premium feed-in-tariff)subsidy for renewable energy.Under this electricity price support scheme,producers receive financial compensation for the electricity they generate at times of low-cost prices for fossil energy,over a maximum period of 15 years.SDE compensates the difference between the produc
147、tion cost price of renewable energy(the“base amount”)and the cost price for fossil energy(the“correction amount”).Accordingly,the SDE contribution depends on the correction amount and,therefore,on the evolution of the energy price.Eligible tender applications will be ranked on the basis of the tende
148、r amounts,with the subsidy awarded to the one with the lowest tender amount.4 4 The maximum subsidy is based on the indicated capacity and the maximum number of full load hours of the offshore wind farm.The final subsidy payments are calculated per year,based on the actual amount of energy produced
149、and the actual energy price.If the maximum production eligible for subsidy in a certain year has not been used,the remaining production capacity eligible for subsidy can be used in the following year.On top of the subsidy period of 15 years,another whole year can be taken to reach the remaining unus
150、ed production eligible for subsidy,in effect stretching the subsidy period to a total of 16 years(forward banking).On the other hand,if production in a certain year exceeds the maximum production eligible for subsidy in that year,the excess production can be used in a following year if production is
151、 lower than expected in the later year,provided that this form of banking is restricted to no more than 25%of the annual production eligible for subsidy(backward banking).As an example(also see the graph below):the Borssele WFZ 3 and 4 tender in 2016 was won by the Blauwwind consortium(Shell,Eneco G
152、roup and others)with a winning low of 5.45 Euro cents per kilowatt hour(auction price in graph below).For a maximum period of 15 years,the consortium will receive electricity tariff support(subsidy)in times when the wholesale market price(also called correction price)is below 5.45 Euro cents per kil
153、owatt hour(pictured as blue bars in the graph).If the wholesale or correction price falls below a pre-set minimum cost price(also called base electricity price,3 Euro cents per kilowatt hour in 2016),no additional subsidy will be provided(pictured in red bars).In the times that the future market pri
154、ce rises above the winning auction price of 5.45Euro cents per kilowatt hour(green bars),no subsidies will be provided either,as the developer now profits commercially from the offshore wind farm.5Future use of the subsidy tender will only be considered as a backstop in the event of insufficient dev
155、eloper interest in the subsidy-free tender.If future Dutch offshore wind projects remain viable in a merchant environment,meaning that Offshore wind production costs are likely to be reduced to(less than)5 Euro cents per kWh in 2024 and 3 to 4 Euro cents per kWh in 2030,the Government plans to remov
156、e the subsidy backstop from 2025 onwards.5 The Dutch SDE subsidy differs slightly from the popular Contract for Difference(CfD)mechanism,which many countries use to finance offshore wind development.CfDs provide both a guaranteed minimum price for the electricity generated to protect developers proj
157、ect finance,as well as a financial reward(fee)if the wholesale price exceeds the strike price to compensate the Government.Project developers generally consider CfD to be the optimal system for revenue stabilization.However,the SDE model has the potential to be even more attractive for developers pr
158、oject finance,as the Dutch subsidy system guarantees a minimum price,but demands no compensation fee when electricity prices are high.The SDE model is therefore sometimes also called a One Sided CfD.Model 2a Subsidy free tender:best feasibility(comparative assessment)Because of the strong interest a
159、nd competition for the Borssele WFZ tenders,strike prices dropped rapidly.So much so that in 2018 and 2019,the Hollandse Kust(zuid)and Hollandse Kust(noord)tenders,permits could be granted subsidy free and based on a comparative feasibility assessment instead.12In this tender model,applications will
160、 be subject to a differentiated feasibility assessment.The most important feasibility criteria in this model are the assurance of the actual wind farm construction/operation and the contribution of the wind farm to the national energy mix.Depending on the local specifics of the wind farm,additional
161、criteria may apply when deemed relevant.Such specific criteria may relate to nature,aquaculture,fishery,safety,or shipping issues.For the 2022 tender Hollandse Kust West,additional ranking criteria were drawn on ecological innovation for Site VI and on system integration for Site VII.A team of indep
162、endent experts whose names will remain confidential to prevent potential interference by market parties will be appointed to assess the quality criteria.The wind permit will be granted to the offer with the highest ranking.As no subsidy is involved,the winning developer will not have to sign an impl
163、ementation agreement with the Dutch State or provide a bank guarantee.However,to ensure the timely development of the wind farm(s)in accordance with the wind permit,the Minister has the authority to impose a penalty for non-compliance.The amount of such penalty will be proportionate to the loss incu
164、rred by the Dutch State as a result of the noncompliance and is expected to equal the applicable penalties in the tender scheme with subsidy.Model 2b:Subsidy free tender:best feasibility+financial bid Building on the experiences of previous subsidy-free procedures as described in model 2a,market com
165、petition between wind farm developers who apply for the same permit can further be promoted through the addition of a financial bid.This model was introduced for permitting the Hollandse Kust(west)sites VI and VII in 2022.Additional to the two main permitting criteria(the provided certainty that the
166、 wind farm will be built and the wind farms contribution to energy supply),a financial bid was added to the selection process.The financial bid in this tender was capped at EUR 50 million,meaning the maximum score for the financial bid is achieved if a party bids EUR 50 million for the permit.A rela
167、tive number of points is awarded for a lower bid,in steps of EUR 2.5 million per point.Model 3:Tender for highest auction price As from 2021,use of the auction model is also a legal option for the Dutch Government.In this model,the winning auction bid is considered to be a negative subsidy to cover(
168、some of)the socialized costs of the grid infrastructure,the pre-development EIA and site studies and the costs of consenting.The specific procedure and timing of each auction will later be decided by the Government.2.1.7 Step 7.Granting the permit Immediately after winning the tender,the Government
169、grants the permit for the construction,operation,and the removal of the wind farm.With this permit,the winning developer can immediately start constructing the wind farm.The permit states that the wind farm must be constructed within four(possibly five years)and is valid for a maximum of 40 years.2.
170、1.8 Step 8.Monitoring wind farm preparation Once the wind farm developer is granted the permit,it must comply with its plan for the construction and operation of the wind farm as submitted in its tender bid.As stated in step 5,the permit remains flexible for innovation and therefore allows for certa
171、in permit changes in relation to the development or operation of the wind farm.This is to enable the use of the most up-to-date technology and pursue cost reductions through innovation.Examples of changes allowed to the production installations include the number of turbines of the production instal
172、lation,the positioning of the turbines,the hub height,type of turbine and type of foundation.A request for an exemption must be accompanied by an explanation of the effect of the change on the aspects set out above,as well as by an amended wind energy yield calculation(if applicable).Any deviation f
173、rom the original plan requires an exemption granted by the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy.2.1.9 Step 9.Monitoring wind farm construction The Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management(Rijkswaterstaat)monitors the planning,construction,and operation of wind farms.The m
174、onitoring activities vary per phase.The planning phase mainly includes the assessment of the work plans drawn up by the permit holder.During the construction phase,inspections are performed via ships and aircraft of the Netherlands Coastguard and the State Supervision of Mines.2.1.10 Step 10.Monitor
175、ing wind farm operation The wind farm operation results in the generation of electricity.During the operational phase,the Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management(Rijkswaterstaat)monitors the operations management and maintenance activities.6 4 After a maximum of 40years,the wind fa
176、rm will be decommissioned and removed.The permit is no longer valid after that period.6 Rijkswaterstaat is part of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management and responsible for the design,construction,management and maintenance of the main infrastructure facilities in the Netherlands
177、.Euro/MWh 1112 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 24 25YearSDE+tenderNo additional subsidySubsidy amountAdditional profit20Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide21The Dutch have a strong offshore supply chain from decades of supporting the maritime and oil and gas industries.Whereas other Euro
178、pean countries have strong skills as project developers or wind turbine manufacturers,the Dutch play an important role in many phases of the offshore wind farm lifecycle,with a particularly strong track record in all activities related to offshore transport and installation.To strengthen internation
179、al awareness of the solutions and innovative competences of Dutch businesses within offshore wind energy,the wind industry and the Netherlands Enterprise Agency(RVO)operate under a common brand name,wind&water works.This chapter introduces the wind&water works campaign as the main gateway for intern
180、ational stakeholders to learn more about the Dutch industry offerings to offshore wind.The subsequent chapters will elaborate more on the Dutch supply chain and showcase some of their recent export successes in the international target markets.The official partners of wind and water works are presen
181、ted in the business catalogue in this Guide.3.Wind&water works22Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide233.1 An experienced Dutch supply chain For centuries,Dutch companies have worked offshore gaining a deep understanding of the specific conditions above and below sea level that can make or break a pr
182、oject.That experience means the Netherlands is home to some of most successful and innovative offshore wind businesses,maritime companies,and research institutes in the world.Our supply chain is a strong one with global reach and its here to help you develop your own offshore wind industry with conf
183、idence.In the Netherlands,the Government has taken on the task of developing offshore wind energy in the Dutch North Sea itself.It has introduced a stable policy environment with clear project pipelines.There are flexible rules and regulations in place.High quality site data is provided by the Nethe
184、rlands Enterprise Agency to prospective developers of designated wind farm sites.Transmission system operator,TenneT,is responsible for all grid connection infrastructure.Meantime,Rijkswaterstaat grants consents for wind farm sites and monitors environmental impact.This approach provides greater cer
185、tainty for developers,increases investor confidence,and has been proven to foster innovation and drive down overall costs for offshore wind projects.Combined,this array of Dutch private and public sector expertise can provide international neighbors with the right solutions for offshore wind in diff
186、erent site conditions around the world.We have proven experience working in the global wind industry to support its growth in a proactive,sustainable,and successful way and we are willing to share the lessons learned.Through the wind&water works gateway,our aim is to share this expertise and forge s
187、trong international partnerships to ensure the successful development of the offshore wind sector around the world.We are ready,willing,and able to work with you,so lets connect to maximize the full global potential of offshore wind.3.2 One-stop information Portal At the heart of the wind&water work
188、s campaign is the one-stop offshore wind information portal:www.windandwaterworks.nl and associated social media channels via#windandwaterworks.Featuring the latest offshore wind news,project showcases and company profiles,the website shares Dutch expertise and provides practical information to help
189、 other countries successfully develop their offshore wind markets.Through the wind&water works gateway,Dutch businesses share their expertise and forge strong international partnerships to ensure the successful development of the offshore wind sector around the world.Meanwhile,wind&water works also
190、provides news and updates on export opportunities for Dutch companies hoping to increase their international activities.Dutch presence at international events and trade missions as well as public-private partnerships aimed at enhancing international trade are all featured.Company profiles and busine
191、ss links are also included under the Partners section of the website.More than 60 companies from across the Dutch wind industry have joined wind&water works as a partner already.We will continue to welcome additional partners and add new insights and information across the website as the wind&water
192、works campaign gathers momentum.3.3 Founding fathers of wind&water works Wind&water works is a public-private partnership between the Dutch government and leading business associations in offshore wind:Holland Home of Wind Energy(HHWE),the Association of Dutch Suppliers in the Offshore Energy Indust
193、ry(IRO),Netherlands Maritime Technology(NMT)and the Netherlands Wind Energy Association(NWEA).The main goal is to inform and establish relations with stakeholders in the international offshore wind community.Through sharing of Dutch knowledge,experience and innovations,the wind&water works stakehold
194、ers aim at enhancing their international visibility and reinforcing their network as part of the international wind community.3.4 Introduction to the next chapters The next chapters will elaborate in more detail on the specific expertise the Dutch wind&water works partners can provide in the interna
195、tional offshore wind supply chain.The chapters follow the consecutive stages of the wind farms lifecycle:1.Feasibility,design and development 2.Construction and Engineering 3.Transport and Installation 4.Operations&Maintenance To highlight the international track record of the Dutch expertise,a sele
196、ction of recent export successes will also be presented in news items.These showcases are derived from international media coverage through industry news outlets,such as offshore WIND.biz by Navingo.HHWE:Holland Home of Wind Energy is an independent exporters association representing the interests o
197、f Dutch wind power companies abroad.HHWEs mission is to initiate and support marketing and promotional activities that will positively influence the image of the Dutch wind energy sector on emerging wind energy markets.www.hhwe.euIRO:the Association of Dutch Suppliers in the Offshore Energy Industry
198、 is an independent non-profit organization that supports and promotes the interests of Dutch suppliers within the offshore energy industry.www.iro.nlNMT:The Netherlands Maritime Technology trade association represents Dutch shipyards,maritime suppliers and maritime service providers in the fields of
199、(inter)national trade,Innovation and Human Capital.www.maritimetechnology.nlNWEA:The Netherlands Wind Energy Association(NWEA)is the Dutch sector association working to increase sustainable wind energy on land and at sea.NWEA unites the wind sector in the Netherlands and accelerates the transition t
200、owards a renewable energy supply by spurring businesses and governments to invest in wind energy.www.nwea.nl24Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide254.Feasibility,design and developmentIn many international markets,especially those without any spatial planning for wind farm zones,the first step for p
201、roject developers towards a new offshore wind farm is to find the right location.As potential offshore wind farm sites need detailed technical,financial,and environmental assessments,specialists are needed across all stages of the development process.And although only few international offshore wind
202、 farm developers,such as Shell,are headquartered in the Netherlands,Dutch companies and knowledge institutes are called upon throughout the world to assess the location and impact of potential offshore wind farms and the subsequent project development.26Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide274.1 Deve
203、lopment and project management Although most wind farm utilities develop the initial offshore wind farm concept in-house during the pre-Front End Engineering Design stage(or pre-FEED),many consultancy and project management services are often subcontracted to third parties.Support includes legal adv
204、ice,financial advice,planning,consenting,engineering consultancy,risk management and logistics.Dutch consultants are internationally renowned at this early stage of project development in terms of consenting and development services and project management.A wide range of services are already provide
205、d by Dutch consultants to the development and project management area,such as legal and financial services.The Dutch consultancy experience in wind farm development mostly lies in contract management support and project management.Renowned project investment consultants include:AMSCAP(investment,str
206、ategic consultancy);Green Giraffe(investment consultancy,tender support);Rebel(financial consultancy,co-developer)Voltiq(debt and equity,transactions and modelling).Renowned Dutch consultants in feasibility,site selections and project management include:BLIX Consultancy(contract and project manageme
207、nt,tender and survey consultancy);DNV-GL Arnhem(contractor selection for project developers,certifications);IX Wind(project development consultancy);Outsmart(production optimization,offtake agreements);Pondera Consult(project developer,consultancy);Royal Haskoning DHV(feasibility,consenting,permitti
208、ng);Ventolines(development,contracting,installation supervision,asset management).In the news 2022 IX Wind and Foxwell Energy enter into long term cooperation for offshore wind in TaiwanSource:windpower.nlIX Wind,with its headquarters in the Netherlands,and Foxwell Energy,a subsidiary of Taiwanese r
209、enewables company Shinfox Energy,have officially entered into a cooperation.Entering this new,formal agreement ensures a long term commitment and stability in the realization of the Taiwan Power Company(TPC/Taipower)Offshore Wind Power Generation Phase II Project in Changhua County Waihai,Taiwan.The
210、 project for Foxwell involves the full scope of engineering,procurement,construction,installation and operation and maintenance for the following years.Foxwell Energy is the first company in Taiwan to execute a full EPCI contract.The specific demands that are implied with a state owned company proje
211、ct can form a challenge,as well as complying with the Taiwanese local content demands.Role IX WindIn the past,IX Wind has already been executing the role of advisor for Foxwell and is leading the procurement of the Wind Turbine Generators.One of the new roles of IX Wind is expanding the Taipower Pha
212、se II OWF project team with experts,package leads and senior management.The experts that will be reinforcing the project team originate from both IX Wind,as well as from IX Winds international network.Since December 2020 the project team has gone through significant developments.The team is expanded
213、 to continuously improve.In the news 2022 BLIX To prepare Estonian Offshore wind farm Source:Baltic WindEnefit,a developer,has signed a contract to prepare a conceptual engineering design for a wind farm in the Gulf of Riga.The project is co-financed by the European Union.Margus Vals,a Member of Ene
214、fits Management Board,said there is a strong demand for renewable electricity throughout Europe.“An increase in renewable energy production is crucial for the environment,consumers and national security.The offshore wind farm in the Gulf of Riga will play a key role in Estonias energy supply and is
215、in line with the governments green transition goals.Upon successful completion of the planning phase,the wind farm could begin production as early as 2028 and cover half of the electricity consumed in Estonia”,said Vals.The project will be prepared by the international engineering and consulting fir
216、m BLIX Consultancy.BLIX will analyze alternative wind turbine options,as well as foundations,substation and onshore solutions for the wind farm.The project will also provide technical solutions as input to the ongoing environmental impact assessment.Albert van der Hem,Founder and Managing Director o
217、f BLIX Consultancy,said:“We will share more than 20 years of our experience in offshore wind development with Enefit and optimize the offshore wind farm project in the Gulf of Riga.We will incorporate not only relevant experience from recent offshore wind farm projects in northwestern Europe and Asi
218、a,but also from our recent assignments for clients in Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,Finland and Poland”.28Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide294.2 Environmental impact assessments Offshore wind farm developers have to cross critical path items,such as environmental and social impacts that need to be ass
219、essed in terms of public scrutiny and comment,subject to legal challenges.Examples of environmental impact relate to birds,bats,fish,and marine mammals(noise mitigation)during the development process.Other topics relate to aesthetic considerations,decommissioning requirements,and the impact on touri
220、sm,fishing,navigation,and transportation that arise in the planning,construction,and operation of an offshore wind project.Dutch suppliers are renowned for the execution of environmental impact assessments and include amongst others:Pondera Consult(EIA consultant);Royal Haskoning/DHV(EIA consultant)
221、.4.3 Ecological surveys Environmental surveys establish the distribution,density,diversity,and number of different species such as benthic,birds and marine mammals(acoustic impact during offshore piling).These studies take place early in the development process to provide information for the environ
222、mental impact assessment(EIA).Current Dutch suppliers include:Imares(ecological impacts on marine life);Robin Radar Systems(bird-detection systems);Wageningen Marine Research(WUR)(ecological impact on marine life);Bureau Waardenburg(marine biologist subsea research).In the news 2022Iberdrola and DP
223、Energy Power Ahead with Large-Scale Irish FloaterSource:OffshoreWIND.bizIberdrola and DP Energy have appointed Royal HaskoningDHV together with Mott MacDonald to lead the production of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report(EIAR)for the Inis Ealga Marine Energy Park project offshore Ireland.The 1
224、GW Inis Ealga Marine Energy Park is located off the South Coast of Ireland.Royal HaskoningDHV has been awarded the work as lead consultant,alongside Mott MacDonald as a partner consultant,which will be supporting the project from its Dublin and Cork offices.“This announcement is a significant step i
225、n the proposed development of the Inis Ealga Marine Energy Park and a significant contributor to Ireland reaching its climate action goals,”Adam Cronin,DP Energys Head of Offshore,said.DP Energy entered into a joint venture with Iberdrola in February 2021 for a 3 GW pipeline of offshore wind project
226、s.The Inis Ealga project is currently in its early development stage,with ecology surveys underway and site investigation surveys being planned.Once operational,the floating offshore wind farm will generate enough green energy to power the equivalent of nearly 860,000 Irish homes.The project is prog
227、rammed to be operational by 2030,the developers said.“Royal HaskoningDHV are industry leaders in delivering Environmental Impact Assessment Reports and this,coupled with Mott MacDonalds expertise and local knowledge,will enable us to complete this important project for the south west coast of Irelan
228、d.We look forward to working together in the years ahead.”Royal HaskoningDHV and Mott MacDonald will deliver a full Environmental Impact Assessment Report to examine the potential impacts of the proposed development on the surrounding environment including sea,land,and wildlife throughout the projec
229、t lifecycle from site investigations to construction and right through to operation and eventual decommissioning of the wind farm.In the news 2022Wind Turbines Offshore Netherlands Open to Sea LifeSource:offshore WIND.bizOffshore wind developer Vattenfall and De Rijke Noordzee(The Rich North Sea)are
230、 jointly investigating the effect of water replenishment holes in wind turbine foundations on the surrounding sea life.The research is being carried out on Vattenfalls 1.5 GW Hollandse Kust Zuid wind farm,the worlds first subsidy-free offshore wind farm.Hollandse Kust Zuid will also become the world
231、s largest operational offshore wind farm once commissioned in 2023.All 140 of the wind farms turbine monopile foundations are manufactured with elliptical openings located above the seabed and just below the water surface,which are approximately 30 centimetres by 1 metre in size.The openings are env
232、isaged as water replenishment holes in the hollow foundations of the wind turbines.These holes ensure that the water in the foundation flows well and is refreshed.The openings are also expected to allow fish and other sea life such as anemones,crabs,and shrimps to enter the wind turbine foundations
233、and potentially use them as shelter or to find food.The investigations are focused on assessing whether the living conditions,such as oxygen content and temperature,are suitable for the development of marine life in the foundations.The investigations will also cover the differences between the condi
234、tions inside and outside the foundations,as well as how marine life will develop in this environment over time.”If our expectations come true,it will boost biodiversity under water.Building with nature is the future.I am proud that we are working with Vattenfall on these kinds of innovative solution
235、s,with which we provide our country with sustainable energy and strengthening nature at the same time,”said Erwin Coolen,Program Director at De Rijke Noordzee.According to Vattenfall,this is the first time research is being carried out to determine how water replenishment holes can improve marine li
236、fe at offshore wind farms.30Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide314.4 Site investigations During the site selection,developers also call upon specialists to carry out site investigations,including geotechnical and geophysical studies to identify suitable locations for the wind farm and cable routes.
237、These investigations identify seabed topography and locate unexploded ordnance.Further geophysical surveys are often completed post-consent and pre-construction to determine turbine locations,foundation design and cable routes.Environmental studies such as wildlife impact assessments are sometimes c
238、ombined with the geophysical surveys.Site investigations are required at both the wind farm location and at the proposed onshore and offshore cable route and the onshore substation site.Depending on the survey type,the contract may involve both data collection and analysis,such as geotechnical surve
239、ys,or data collection only,where analysis is performed by the developer in-house,for example,meteorological and oceanographic(metocean)data.Geophysical surveys include bathymetric,cable route and unexploded ordnance surveys.These surveys plot the surface topography in support of the wind farm design
240、 and installation engineering.The Dutch have a long-standing strength in offshore site surveying,resulting from the involvement in oil and gas and other marine operations.Examples of Dutch suppliers are:Bodac(UXO survey,clearance);Deep BV(subsea data collection);Deltares(characterization of waves);F
241、ugro(seabed analysis);Geomil(soil studies,cone penetration testing);MARIN(behavior research of vessels and marine structures i.e.floating wind power);N-Sea(asset survey and inspection);NjordIC(EOD,UXO services);Reaseuro(UXO survey,clearance)investigation);Royal Haskoning/DHV(wave,current and tidal i
242、nstallations,wind port design).In the news 2022Fugro to Work on New Irish Offshore Wind ProjectsSource:offshoreWIND.bizFugro is set to kick off a geotechnical site survey campaign at the North Celtic Sea and South Irish Sea offshore wind projects at the end of July.Supply vessel Fugro Voyager is in
243、charge of carrying out the work which will include a downhole cone penetration test(CPT)and continuous sampling boreholes with geophysical logging.Activities are expected to be carried out from 30 July until 30 September on a 24-hour basis,weather dependent.The two offshore wind projects are being d
244、eveloped by Energia Group.The company decided back in 2019 to implement a EUR 3 billion investment program in Irelands renewable sector,which included the offshore wind market as well.The 800 MW North Celtic Sea project will be located between 10 kilometres and 25 kilometres off the Waterford coast.
245、Green Rebel carried out at the project earlier this year.The South Irish Sea wind farm,currently at the early stage of the environmental assessment process,is planned to have a generation capacity of between 600 MW and 800 MW.Ocean Infinity just recently started a geophysical survey campaign at the
246、wind farm site located at a minimum of 10 kilometres and up to 25 kilometres off the coasts of Wexford and south Wicklow.32Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide335.Construction&EngineeringThe absence of large wind turbine manufacturers does not mean that the Netherlands lacks expertise at this stage
247、of the offshore wind project development.On the contrary,Dutch companies are often involved in producing and improving wind turbine components,such as rotor blades and drive trains,aimed at larger wind turbines and higher capacities.Dutch companies and organizations are known all over the world for
248、their leading position in supply and development of technology to support wind turbine manufacturing.34Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide355.1 Turbine component supply,engineering Wind turbine manufacturers can best be seen as system integrators:designing the overall system and components such as
249、nacelle,rotor,and the tower,then assembling the components(mostly at the offshore site),which it may manufacture in-house or source from suppliers externally.Examples of suppliers from the Netherlands are:Bosch Rexroth(turbine drive and control technology);C1 Connections(wedge connections wind turbi
250、nes);Hetraco(special fasteners);Huikeshoven(mold heating rotor blades);LM Windpower(supplier of wind turbine blades)5;Pontis Engineering(rotor blade composite engineering);Sinus Jevi(electric heating system wind turbines);VDL Klima(turbine generator coolers);WE4CE(composite rotor blade design).5.2 T
251、urbine foundation supply Turbine foundations are one of the main elements of any offshore wind farm,accounting for over one fourth of the total equipment cost.Developers select a foundation type depending on the water depth,seabed conditions,wave and tidal loading,and turbine loading,mass and rotor
252、speed.The foundation types are listed and briefly summarized below:Monopiles;Jacket and tripod steel foundations;Suction piles/buckets;Gravity base foundations;Floating foundations.Monopiles To date,most offshore wind farms have steel monopile foundations,being selected in more than 60%of the worldw
253、ide offshore wind installations.The main characteristics in favor of monopiles are simplicity(easily standardized design to be manufactured in series without the need for high-end 3D cutting and welding technology)and adaptability(more easily adaptable to different installation site characteristics,
254、avoiding the need for a large amount of field data).The most common design has been a cylindrical monopile that is first driven into the seabed,with cylindrical transition piece mounted over it and grouted into position.The purpose of the transition piece is to provide access arrangements(these weld
255、ed appurtenances would not survive the piling activity)and levelling of the tower base interface.Increasingly large designs,with XL units up to 2.000t or more currently being deployed for deeper waters up to 60 70 meters.In the news 2022Sif Rolls Out First Dogger Bank HardwareSource:OffshoreWIND.biz
256、The Netherlands-based foundation manufacturer Sif Group has completed the first several monopiles for the worlds largest offshore wind farm under construction the 3.6 GW Dogger Bank in the UK.Sif manufactured the monopiles at its factory on Maasvlakte 2 in the Port of Rotterdam.The monopiles produce
257、d will be installed on the 1.2 GW Dogger Bank A,the phase one of the the three-phased project.95 units in total will be manufactured at Maasvlakte and delivered by Sif for Dogger Bank A.The monopiles have a diameter of 8.6 metres and will have an overall weight of 103,087 tons,Sif said.Sif is also i
258、n charge of manufacturing and delivering monopiles for Dogger B and Dogger Bank C.In total,the company will manufacture and deliver 277monopiles for the project.Besides the monopiles,Sif is responsible for the fabrication and supply of the primary steel for the transition pieces,and for the marshall
259、ing of all foundation components at its Maasvlakte 2 Rotterdam terminal.Smulders,Sifs partner on the project,will manufacture the secondary steel and assemble,coat,and test the fully equipped transition pieces.The foundations will be installed by OHTs newbuild Alfa Lift from 2022 to 2024.They will s
260、upport the GE Haliade-X 13 MW and GE Haliade-X 14 MW turbines scheduled to deliver the first electricity in 2023.The wind farm is slated for full commissioning in 2026.Dogger Bank Wind Farm is a joint venture project between SSE Renewables and Equinor.Monopiles not always an option Monopiles are use
261、d for almost all European developments because of their low cost(simplicity of fabrication and construction)and their ability to be hammered or vibrated deeply into the seabed,consisting of either sand,silt,medium to hard clays or a mixture.But many of the most promising areas around the world do no
262、t have such competent seabed stratum.They are instead characterized by soft marine clays,hard volcanic and sedimentary rocks,deep faulting,seismic activity,and loose deposits with liquefaction potential.This means that certain situations may require alternative foundation systems including piled jac
263、kets,suction buckets,or gravity-based structures.Jacket and tripod steel foundations There are several non-monopile steel foundation concepts for deeper water projects for which monopiles are not a feasible option:Jacket:structures typically used in O&G sector but optimized for the Offshore Wind Far
264、ms.It has a Transition Piece platform on top and the main structure is made of legs,braces,and pin piles to anchor the complete structure to the seabed.It can have four or three legs.Tripod:three-leg structure made of cylindrical steel tubes.The central steel shaft of the tripod makes the transition
265、 to the wind turbine tower.The base width and pile penetration depth can be adjusted to suit the actual environmental and soil conditions.There are no current Dutch suppliers with international interests known in this field.Suction piles/bucketsIn 2017,SPT Offshore(now part of DEME)launched a new wi
266、nd turbine suction pile foundation concept,as an alternative to jacket foundations.The foundation involves a star-shaped transition piece that is positioned in between the three(or potentially four)suction piles and the mono tubular.The suction bucket foundation creates a vacuum to secure the founda
267、tion to the sea floor.Pumping air back into the bucket reverses the suction process and aids the removal of the structure.This foundation is potentially cost saving as the mono tubular is inexpensive to fabricate,being some 3 times less expensive than jackets.Furthermore,the suction piles have sever
268、al advantages,including fast and noise-free installation.Also,suction piles do not cause any shocks to the foundation,so that single piece installation up to the work platform is possible.There is significant interest in suction piles/buckets as seabed connections as a means of lowering installation
269、 costs and the impact of piling on wildlife.36Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide37Gravity-based foundations Gravity-based structures(GBSs)are assembled onshore and installed without the need for piling.This avoids some of the noise restrictions faced by some projects to limit the impact on marine
270、mammals and eliminates the need for expensive heavy-lift vessels.Large quayside or dry dock facilities are required with heavy lift capabilities for manufacture.These are made from concrete or are steelconcrete hybrids.Requiring no piles and no specialized installation vessels,gravity-based structur
271、es maximize the use of both local labor and materials.They have the potential to be an attractive option for many locations in i.e.Asia.Examples of suppliers from the Netherlands are:BAM Group(self-floating gravity based foundation);Monobase wind(gravity base foundations).Sif SPT OffshoreIn the news
272、 2022First Suction Pile Jacket Installed at Changle Waihai OWFSource:OffshoreWIND.bizCCCC First Harbor Engineering Company has installed the first suction pile jacket at the Fujian Changle Waihai offshore wind project in China.CCCC installed the suction pile jacket on 21 February using SPT Offshores
273、 SAPS007S suction spread.The Netherlands-based SPT Offshore won a contract in August 2020 for the design and installation of suction pile jacket foundations at the project.Dongfang Electric Corporation(DEC)will deliver the turbines.The 300 MW Changle Area A will consist of 40 turbines,15 of which mo
274、unted on suction pile jacket foundations,while the 496 MW Changle Area C will feature 62 turbines all set to be installed on suction pile jackets.The wind farm is located in the east water area of Changle,Fuzhou City,3150 km from shore in water depths of 37 to 45 m,and is currently the farthest and
275、deepest offshore wind farm in China.5.3 Sealing,corrosion protectionFoundations for wind turbines and offshore substations require solid steel protection and bolting fixation,as bad sealings and corrosion can cause severe damage that is both expensive and difficult to repair.Examples of current Dutc
276、h suppliers are:CORROSION&Water Control BV(cathodic corrosion protection and anti-fouling);MME Group(cathodic corrosion protection);Trelleborg(inflatable grout sealing TP-foundations).5.4 Subsea cablesSubsea cables deliver the power from the turbines to the onshore grid.Array cables connect the turb
277、ines to an offshore substation from which the power is transmitted to an onshore substation via high-voltage(HV)export cables.The array cable technology is well established and has been extensively used in the power and oil and gas industries.To date,array cables have predominantly been medium volta
278、ge(MV)and rated at 33 kV.Dutch offshore wind farms will be connected through 66 kV cables,and this is expected to be a rapidly growing market elsewhere over the coming years.Export cables from substation to shore have a significantly higher capacity than array cables,ranging from 132 kV to 245 kV.Ex
279、port cable installation takes place early in the construction schedule and there are potentially long lead times.It is therefore one of the first Tier 1 contracts placed.Export cables can either be HV alternating current(HVAC)or HV direct current(HVDC).Most export cables have been alternating curren
280、t(AC),but as future projects tend to be further from shore,it is likely to lead to greater use of direct current(DC)systems.Current Dutch suppliers include:TKF(subsea cabling).5.5 Substations and foundationsModern commercial-scale offshore wind farms have at least one offshore substation,incorporati
281、ng electrical components such as reactive compensation systems,switchgear,transformers,back-up generators and converters where required.HVAC electrical systems have been the most common solution to date.For projects that are built further offshore,however,there is cost benefit in using HVDC systems
282、due to a reduction in electricity losses.Offshore substation electrical systems are mounted on platforms(topsides).Offshore substation platforms are large complex steel structures.An HVAC offshore substation platform weighs up to 2,000t and may include a helipad and emergency accommodation.HVDC subs
283、tations are much larger,with masses of up to 15,000t.Substation manufacturing is analogous to shipbuilding and offshore oil and gas platform fabrication.Both monopile and jacket foundations have been used to support these.Substation supply can be divided into the supply of electrical systems and the
284、 supply of the structures.Electrical systems comprise transformers,reactors switchgear,power electronics,cables within the substation and control and auxiliary systems.Offshore substation structures include the offshore platform and associated structures for access and accommodation,and the substati
285、on foundation.Both monopile and jacket foundations have been used to support these.Examples of current Dutch suppliers/engineers are:Hapam(high voltage equipment for substations);Heerema Fabrication(jacket structures);Heinen&Hopman(HVAC systems substations);HSM Offshore(construction substations);IV
286、Offshore&Energy(substation engineering);KCI(foundation,substation design).Transport and Installation38Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide396.Transport&InstallationThe Netherlands has a large and internationally renowned offshore services sector.Traditional Dutch offshore oil and gas contractors and
287、 dredging companies are now also world leaders in the installation of offshore turbines and foundations.With their strong market position and expanding track record,they offer either transport and installation or Balance of Plant packages,depending on the preference of the developer.In various partn
288、erships and consortia,these companies also focus on faster development,higher efficiency and environmentally friendly installation methods for turbines and foundations.40Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide416.1 Turbine and foundation installationTurbine installation is undertaken by main contractor
289、s using jack-up vessels which transport wind farm components from port to site.Recent projects have mostly used vessels which are purpose built for offshore wind.It takes two to three days on average to install a turbine,including transit time,weather downtime and mobilization/demobilization time.Th
290、e turbine installation is undertaken by the original equipment manufacturer(OEM)but the vessel is often contracted by the developer.Turbine installation may well be part of a full balance of plant contract.For foundations,vessels may either transport the structures from port to site and undertake th
291、e installation or remain onsite with foundations transported to the site using feeder vessels.Some jack-up vessels are used for both turbine and foundation installation.Others are floating heavy lift vessels,which may be used for substations as in other maritime sectors.For jacket foundations,deck s
292、pace is the limiting factor for vessel choice,whereas for monopile foundations it is increasingly the crane capacity.It takes about three days to install a monopile and five days on average to install a jacket foundation,including transit time,weather downtime and mobilization/demobilization time.Th
293、e oil and gas industry is the origin of the Dutch expertise in turbine installation.As the offshore wind industry has matured,the vessels used have become increasingly bespoke and many are exclusively used in offshore wind.Today the Dutch have competitive contractors in the offshore wind turbine ins
294、tallation market.Examples of Dutch suppliers include:BigLift(heavy lift shipping);Boskalis(seabed preparation,installation of foundations&subsea cables,shipping);DEME(seabed preparation,installation of foundations&subsea cables);Heerema(installation of foundations&substations);Jack-up Barge(jack-up
295、platforms);Jumbo Offshore(heavy lift shipping);Mammoet(lifting&transportation);Seafox(self-elevating jack-up vessels);Seaway 7(installation of foundations&subsea cables);Van Oord(seabed preparation,installation of foundations&subsea cables).In the news 2022Heerema to Install XL Foundations at He Dre
296、iht Offshore Wind FarmSource:OffshoreWIND.bizEnBW has awarded Heerema Marine Contractors with the contract to transport and install the turbine foundations at the 900 MW He Dreiht offshore wind farm in the German North Sea.The work includes the transport and installation of 64monopiles and transitio
297、n pieces.During operations,Heerema will use the IHC IQIP double-walled noise mitigation system NMS-10,000 amongst other systems to reduce noise pollution,the company said.The monopile foundations will support Vestas flagship V236-15.0 MW wind turbines.He Dreiht will be the first project to feature t
298、his model,and the first wind farm to feature a turbine model with an individual capacity of 15 MW or more.Located 90 kilometers northwest of Borkum and about 110kilometres west of Heligoland,the subsidy-free He Dreiht is scheduled to go into operation in 2025.EnBW He Dreiht Project Director,Jrn Ding
299、haus said:“Heerema is a contractor with a high level of experience and excellent technological know-how.We look forward to working with Heerema to develop and install our first subsidy-free offshore windpark.”In the news 2022Van Oord and Kajima Win Big Offshore JapanSource:OffshoreWIND.bizKajima Cor
300、poration and Van Oord have been selected as the preferred Balance of Plant contractors for three offshore wind projects in Japan.In December 2021 the Government of Japan selected three consortia,all led by Mitsubishi Corporation Energy Solutions,as the operators for three offshore wind power project
301、s in Akita,northern Japan,and Chiba,near Tokyo.These are the 391 MW wind farm near Choshi in Chiba,the 479 MW wind project off the coast of Noshiro,Mitane,and Oga in Akita,and the 819 MW project off the coast of Yurihonjo in Akita.These three BoP projects cover the provision of all supporting compon
302、ents and auxiliary systems other than the wind turbines.Yurihonjo will be the largest wind farm in Japan once built.Execution of this portfolio of projects will take place over several years and is expected to start in the second half of this decade.In the news 2022Boskalis Completes First Phase of
303、Foundation Installation at Changfang and XidaoSource:OffshoreWIND.bizBoskalis has completed the first phase of the foundation installation work on the Changfang and Xidao offshore wind project in Taiwan.Ten three-legged jacket foundations and the accompanying pin piles were installed at the site in
304、the first phase of the project.The final seven jackets in this phase were transported from the Port of Taipei and installed at the site by Bokalift 2 which had joined the project recently after undergoing a conversion from a drillship into a DP2 crane vessel.The vessels next mission will be the inst
305、allation of the remaining pin piles and 52 jackets for this project,Boskalis said.Earlier this month,the first of the wind farms 62 Vestas V174-9.5 MW wind turbines was installed at the site some 15 kilometres off the coast of Changhua County.Offshore construction at the projects two sites started l
306、ast year and is expected to be completed at the beginning of 2024,when the wind farms are scheduled to be fully commissioned.For more information on offshore wind farm installation,please refer to:www.windandwaterworks.nl/cases/balance-of-plantBokalift 2 installing jacket foundations at Changfang an
307、d Xidao.Source:Boskalis42Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide43In the news 2022Van Oord Cracks US Market with Offshore Wind ContractSource:OffshoreWind.bizVan Oord has won a contract to transport and install wind turbines at an undisclosed wind farm offshore the East Coast of the USA.The company wil
308、l deploy the offshore installation vessel Aeolus on the project.The turbine installation work is scheduled to start in 2023.Van Oord said that this is the first contract for the company in the USA.There are two offshore projects on the East Coast of the USA which are scheduled to enter the turbine i
309、nstallation phase in 2023.The first project is the 804 MW Vineyard Wind 1 offshore Massachusetts.DEME Offshore US is in charge of transporting and installing the 63 GE Haliade-X 13 MW wind turbines at the wind farm.The installation vessel to be deployed on this project is the Sea Installer.The secon
310、d project is the 132 MW South Fork wind farm located 56 kilometres(35 miles)east of Montauk Point,New York,and some 30 kilometres(19 miles)southeast of Block Island.South Fork is being developed by the joint venture partners Eversource and rsted and is slated for full commissioning at the end of 202
311、3.In the news 2022Heerema to Install Dogger Bank C Offshore SubstationSource:OffshoreWIND.bizHeerema Marine Contractors will transport and install the Dogger Bank C offshore substation under a contract awarded to the company by the Dogger Bank Wind Farm joint venture partners SSE Renewables,Equinor,
312、and Eni.For the third phase of the 3.6 GW Dogger Bank Wind Farm,Heerema will transport and install the projects 3,500-tonne jacket foundation,four main piles,and the 9,500-tonne offshore substation topside.The company will perform offshore lifting to position the jacket foundation on the scour bed,u
313、sing main piles to provide jacket on-bottom stability.The offshore substation will be lifted from a barge prior to the set-down on the jacket foundation.“Installation of the offshore substation on the third phase of Dogger Bank Wind Farm will be a significant moment for our world-leading project.We
314、welcome Hereema to our strong team of tier-one suppliers,and we look forward to working with them to install this innovative platform on the DBC site”,said Steve Wilson,Project Director for Dogger Bank Wind Farm.Heeremas Wind Director,Jeroen van Oosten,said:“Installing sizeable offshore substations
315、is core business for Heerema Marine Contractors and we are looking forward to working together on the preparation and installation of Dogger Bank C”.6.2 Substation installationOffshore substation electrical systems are mounted on platforms.These structures are often similar to offshore oil and gas p
316、latforms,as is the installation process,although substations are typically in shallower water.Most topsides have typically been installed with a single lift from a barge.Both sheerleg(two-legged lifting device)and heavy lift vessels can undertake the lift from the barge.Substation foundations may be
317、 either jackets or monopiles,and the installation of these may form part of the turbine foundation installation contract and use the same vessels.Current Dutch suppliers are basically the same as those for the turbine and foundation installation.6.3 Cable layingCable installation can be undertaken e
318、ither in a single lay and burial process using a plough,or through a separate surface lay and subsequent burial approach using a jetting tool on a remotely operated vehicle(ROV).Installation of array cables is more challenging due to the large number of operations involved,with a pull-in at each fou
319、ndation.For nearshore installations,shallow-draft barges are often used,whilst large-scale projects further from shore typically use dynamically positioned cable ships.Export cables are typically installed as a single length of cable and thus larger vessels are used with the necessary storage.Unlike
320、 turbine and foundation installation,success in the cable installation market is driven as much by technical capability and track record as it is by vessel capability.Dutch suppliers have a good track record in undertaking cable installation and/or associated services,include amongst others:Boskalis
321、 Subsea Cables(cable installation);Blue Offshore(deck equipment cable installation);Crocworks(cable engineering);CP/NL Engineering(cable protection solutions);DEME Offshore Services(cable installation);ECE Offshore(cable lay engineering);Gouda Holland(cable management systems);MOVE Renewable(cable e
322、ngineering,cable protection);N-Sea(subsea services,inspections,repairs);Oceanteam Solutions(cable logistics);Primo Marine(subsea cable engineering);Van Oord(cable-laying vessel Nexus);Visser&Smit Hanab(cable installation);VPI(Vos Prodect Innovations)(subsea cable protection);WIND Cable Service(cable
323、 equipment transport,storage,and rental services).For more information on cable laying,please refer to:www.windandwaterworks.nl/cases/export-and-interarray-cable-installation In the news 2022Boskalis Wins Large Offshore Wind Cabling ContractSource:OffshoreWIND.bizBoskalis informed on 20 april 2022 t
324、hat the company won a contract for the transportation and installation of export cables for an offshore wind project,classifying the contract value as“significant”,which for Boskalis means it is worth between EUR 150-300 million.The company said the project for which it will install the export cable
325、 lines was“a large offshore wind farm development”,but left the project and its client unnamed.Boskalis has also not disclosed the project location.The contract scope comprises ocean transportation of export cables with the use of in-house heavy transport vessels.The installation scope includes thre
326、e 275 kV AC export cables with a combined total length in excess of 200kilometres and will tie up one of the N-class cable laying vessels for at least nine months,the company said.Preparatory works will commence in the second half of 2023 and the cable installation works will commence in 2024.“Boska
327、lis successful track record in offshore wind energy is founded in Europe and has expanded to Asia and the US.Boskalis strategy is aimed at leveraging on key macro-economic factors and supporting the energy transition.With this project and through its client,Boskalis is advancing the energy transitio
328、n by making offshore renewable energy available”,the company said.44Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide456.4 Installation tools This sub-element covers the lower tier activities which are undertaken in support of the primary(Tier 1)installation contracts.Equipment used during installation includes:
329、Cranes for loading components on the quayside;Sea fastenings and racks for securing components in transit;Foundation piling equipment such as templates,hammers,and handling equipment;Cable installation equipment such as carousels,tensioners,grapnels,trenching and burial tools,and cable retrieval too
330、ls;Turbine installation equipment,such as cranes and yokes.Equipment such as cranes and cable-handling equipment may be bought by the installation contractor and permanently installed on the vessel or rented from a supplier.There are some elements of the installation equipment that are designed and
331、manufactured based on the needs of the specific projects,examples include sea fastening equipment,blade racks and pile-handling tools.Dutch suppliers have a good track record in installation equipment,associated services and include amongst others:Cranes:Huisman Equipment(leg encircling cranes);Kenz
332、Figee(cranes,lifting equipment);SMST(offshore cranes);Bosch Rexroth(crane systems).Lifting equipment:Enduro(lifting gear,softslings);Enerpac(hydraulic bolting tools,lifting systems);FibreMax(lightweight synthetic cables);Franklin(synthetic and steel wire lifting ropes);Hendrik Veder(hoisting and lif
333、ting equipment);Polarttech(bearings,cradle and pile gripper linings).Hammers:Cape Holland(lifting and vibro hammering tools);Dieseko Offshore/ICE:vibro hammers);Dutch Drilling Consultants(solid rock drilling tools);IQIP(lifting,piling equipment).Customized installation equipment:Breman Machinery(piling templates,precision machinery);Eager-One(design&construction of lifting and handling equipment);