《牛津经济研究院:2022年谷歌数据中心在欧洲的经济影响分析报告(英文版)(48页).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《牛津经济研究院:2022年谷歌数据中心在欧洲的经济影响分析报告(英文版)(48页).pdf(48页珍藏版)》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。
1、THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GOOGLE DATA CENTERSIN EUROPENOVEMBER 20222 The economic impact of Google data centers in EuropeNOVEMBER 2022All data shown in tables and charts are Oxford Economics own data,except where otherwise stated and cited in footnotes,and are copyright Oxford Economics Ltd.The modelin
2、g and results presented here are based on information provided by third parties,upon which Oxford Economics has relied in producing its report and forecasts in good faith.Any subsequent revision or update of those data will affect the assessments and projections shown.To discuss the report further p
3、lease contact:Hamilton GallowayHead of Consultancy,AmericasOxford Economics5 Hanover Square,8th FloorNew York,NY 10004Tel:(646)503-ABOUT OXFORD ECONOMICSOxford Economics was founded in 1981 as a commercial venture with Oxford Universitys business college to provide economic forecasting and modeling
4、toUK companies and financial institutions expanding abroad.Since then,we have become one of the worlds foremost independent global advisory firms,providing reports,forecasts,and analytical tools on more than 200 countries,250industrial sectors,and 7,000 cities and regions.Our best-in-class global ec
5、onomic and industry models and analytical tools give us an unparalleled ability to forecast external market trends andassess their economic,social,and business impact.Headquartered in Oxford,England,with regional centers in New York,London,Frankfurt,and Singapore,OxfordEconomics has offices across t
6、he globe in Belfast,Boston,Cape Town,Chicago,Dubai,Dublin,Hong Kong,Los Angeles,Melbourne,Mexico City,Milan,Paris,Philadelphia,Stockholm,Sydney,Tokyo,and Toronto.Weemploy 400 full-time staff,including more than 300professional economists,industry experts,and business editorsone of the largest teams
7、of macroeconomists and thought leadership specialists.Our global team is highly skilled in a full range of research techniques and thought leadership capabilities from econometric modeling,scenario framing,and economic impact analysis to market surveys,case studies,expert panels,and web analytics.Ox
8、ford Economics is a key adviser to corporate,financial,and government decision-makers.Our worldwide client base now comprises more than 2,000international organizations,including leading blue-chip companies,central banks and key government departments,trade associations,and leading universities.3Exe
9、cutive summaryEXECUTIVE SUMMARYDigital transformation continues to foster significant opportunities for global economies,providing continued innovation,improving processes and services,all while maintaining reliability for businesses and people around the world.As the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated,
10、digital transformation is occurring at an accelerated pace.School and work shifted to remote,governments required expanded online services,and companies needed reliable and affordable products as their business models shifted.To support the digital transformation shift and acceleration,considerable
11、infrastructure,including Googles six European data centers,was required.In calculating the 2020 economic impact attributable to Googles hyperscale data center investments in Europe,we considered three business activities:Data center operations Construction and investment at the data centers Clean en
12、ergy projectsIn addition,in this report are case studies that illustrate examples of Googles community contributions.Data centers are a critical component of the digital transformation,providing the physical infrastructure of the internet.At the macro level,data centers allow Google to provide custo
13、mers with search,cloud computing,education,workplace productivity,and other internet-related services on which so much economic activity depends.Locally,data centers contribute to economic development.Googles procurement of clean energy enables investments in clean energy projects,delivering signifi
14、cant carbon emission savings and adding to the companys economic impact.For example,Googles long-term procurement agreements with wind and solar projects throughout the region have contributed to the growth of the clean energy industry in Europe.Googles capital investments in its data centers also s
15、ignificantly contribute to local economic impact.For example,in addition to the large upfront cost associated with the initial construction of a data center,Google makes ongoing capital investments in each data center campus.These investments support jobs(particularly in construction)at the local le
16、vel.Google has invested over$8.2 billion in six European data center campuses.Network infrastructure being developed by Google connects the European data centers to other countries throughout the world.4Executive summaryFor every job supported by data center operations,three more jobs are supported
17、through Googles capital investments and clean energy commitments.Data centers produce jobs in all three economic impact channels:direct,indirect(supply chain),and induced(spillover).When all three channels are considered,Google data centers in 2020 supported 22,211 jobs in Europe.In fact,just over 5
18、0%of these jobs are in European countries that do not even host a Google data center.We can attribute this wide distribution of jobs to the capital investments made by Google for data center development and the energy generation capacity needed to support Googles clean energy commitments.These each
19、require large amounts of physical and human capital that is sourced throughout the continent.For example,of the 11,671 jobs located in countries throughout Europe that do not host data centers,1,014 are in Sweden or Norway(investments enabled by Googles clean energy procurements),and another 1,920 a
20、re in Germany or the United Kingdom(supported by Googles capital commitments).FIGURE 1:Jobs supported by Googles key activities in Europe(2020)2323+1515+6262+A3,25713,7525,202Total jobs 22,211Clean energy projectsCapital investmentsData center operationsSource:Oxford EconomicsIn 2020,over 22,211 job
21、s in the region were supported by Googles operations,clean energy commitments,and capital investment in the data centers.Throughout Europe,Google operations during 2020 generated$1.1 billion in income for workers.5Executive summaryAt the heart of Googles economic impact are the data centers themselv
22、es.Data center operations support 5,202 total jobs in Europe(see Figure 1).The total income associated with these jobs is$302 million.The broad spillover effects of Googles data center operations and investments translate to economic activity for the region at large.In 2020,income supported by Googl
23、es recurring operations and related investments generated approximately$1.1 billion in income for workers throughout Europe and added$2.2 billion in economic activity as measured by GDP.The jobs supported by Googles clean energy and data center operations are widely distributed,and many are in indus
24、tries not normally associated with data center operations.As Figure 3 shows,the impact on jobs was spread across 11 sectors led by information,communication and telecom(1,888),trade and transportation(1,285),and mining and manufacturing(977).In reviewing the figure below,please note that because of
25、the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting travel restrictions,Googles normally high impact in the hotel and restaurant industries was dramatically reduced during 2020.These restrictions limited the normally high level of travel to and from the data centers by vendors,contractors,and employees.At Frederici
26、a,Denmark,travel was down 44%from the prior year;and at St.Ghislain,Belgium,it was down 85%.As travel returns to pre-pandemic levels,Googles impact in the hospitality industries is expected to substantially increase.Just over half of all jobs supported by the Google data centers are in European coun
27、tries that do not host a data center campus.FIGURE 2:Jobs distributed by geographySource:Oxford EconomicsTotal jobs 22,211Rest of region11,671Belgium2,550Denmark1,955Finland1,983Ireland832Netherlands3,2206Executive summaryIn the figure above,we distinguish between the more than 800 utility jobs supp
28、orted by Googles clean energy commitments and the approximately 300 utility jobs supported through grid electricity consumption and infrastructure needed to support data center campuses both directly and through supply-chain impacts.This reflects the relative importance of the clean energy industry
29、to Google data centers.In Figure 4 below,we more specifically examine how Googles data centers support jobs in the clean energy industry.Included in this figure are 718 jobs held directly by those in the industry and another 1,557 jobs in companies providing equipment and services to the clean energ
30、y industry(i.e.,“supply chain”).Taken together,2,275 jobs are supported by Google in the clean energy industry in Europe.These jobs are widely distributed and include countries that supply equipment and services needed to operate and maintain the clean energy projects but do not host a data center.F
31、or example,Sweden and Norway each host wind projects supported by Googles clean energy commitments.When full spillover effects are considered,the total jobs supported by Googles clean energy commitments in Europe total 3,257.Jobs supported by Google are widely distributed,and most are in industries
32、not normally associated with data center operations.2222+1515+1111+1111+1010+99+88+44+44+33+33+ATotal jobs8,459(excludes capital investment)1,8871,2859778347326779227FIGURE 3:Sector analysis:data center operations and clean energyTotal jobs supported by GoogleInformation,communication,tel
33、ecomTrade and transportationMining and manufacturingProfessional servicesUtilities(clean energy)HealthAgricultureLeisure(hotels,restaurants,arts)Utilities(other)Finance and real estateOtherSource:Oxford EconomicsFIGURE 4:Distribution of jobs in the clean energy sectorLocationDirectly employed by ind
34、ustryEmployed in industrys supply chainInduced (spillover)jobsBelgium10012053Denmark41612Finland142227115Ireland023Netherlands9113958Norway779245Sweden304340156Rest of region0621540European total7181,557982Source:Oxford Economics7Executive summaryOxford Economics was provided with detailed informati
35、on on 23 wind and solar projects in Europe that are the result of Googles clean energy commitments.The 2,275 jobs described above are the workers required each year to maintain and operate these clean energy projects.However,the initial building of this clean energy infrastructure generated its own
36、economic impact.In fact,we estimate that each of these projects required 541 workers employed for an average of three years building,installing,and making these facilities operational.When all projects are aggregated,over 37,000 people-years have been spent building and installing the clean energy i
37、nfrastructure needed to satisfy Googles clean energy commitments.Thus,Googles carbon-free energy commitments help Europe build and sustain its clean energy industry.Googles investments help build and sustain Europes clean energy infrastructure,including more than 700 jobs in the clean energy industr
38、y annually.8Executive summaryWe also examined the economic impact of data center capital investments made by Google.Capital investments refer to the physical infrastructure put in place to create and improve a given data center.It includes activities such as construction of new buildings and infrast
39、ructure and in improvements made to existing structures.Capital investments also include the purchases of equipment used on-site.Each year,Google makes significant capital investments to its data centers,and when these are made,the economic impact is sizable.At each data center,however,the amount of
40、 capital investment fluctuates a great deal year by year.To address this fluctuation,we calculated the average annual amount of capital investment that Google has made at each data center since that campus opened.Using this annual average,we calculated the annual average amount of economic impact as
41、sociated with the capital investment that has occurred at each data center.Based on that methodology,we estimate that each year,capital improvements at Google data centers support(on average)nearly 14,000 jobs throughout Europe(see Figure 1).These include jobs in construction,plus those involved in
42、the manufacturing of equipment used at the data center,as well as spillover effects as these workers spend their earnings in the broader economy.In our report,we describe the particular contribution made by construction jobs in the communities where data centers are located.Beyond these measurable e
43、ffects,Google data centers contribute to workforce,educational,and other community development initiatives that deliver consequential benefits throughout the region.For example,Google partners with local educators to help design and implement programs that explore imaginative new ways to teach about
44、 science and technology;or help workers transition from old-economy to new-economy work-skills.Additionally,during the COVID-19 pandemic,Google implemented substantial actions to help communities in Europe such as aiding local not-for-profits that provided critical assistance to folks suddenly unabl
45、e to support themselves.Our report includes a series of case studies that illustrate these softer impacts on the communities in which Google data centers are located.9Table of contentsCONTENTSExecutive summary 31.Introduction 102.Europe 152.1 Clean energy 173.Belgium 193.1 Belgium national 193.2The
46、Wallonne Region and Hainaut Province 204.Denmark 244.1 Denmark national 244.2Syddanmark Region and Sydjyland(South Jutland)255.Finland 295.1 Finland national 295.2Etel-Suomi(Southern Finland)and Kymenlaakso 306.Ireland 346.1 Ireland national 346.2The Eastern and Midland Region and Dublin 357.The Net
47、herlands 397.1 The Netherlands national 397.2Noord Nederland and Groningen 417.3West Nederland and Noord Holland 428.Conclusion 439.Appendix:Methodology 459.1 Input-output models and assumptions 459.2Treatment of proprietary information 469.3Clean energy calculations 469.4Data center capital investm
48、ent 47101.Introduction1.INTRODUCTION1 More specifically,sub-national regions examined in this report correspond to the Nomenclature des Units Territoriales Statistiques(“NUTs”)with region generally corresponding to the relevant NUTs 2 level,and city to the relevant NUTs-level.This study examines the
49、 economic impact of six European Google data centers in the five countries where they are located(Belgium,Denmark,Finland,Ireland,and the Netherlands)and throughout Europe.The report also examines the local economic impact in the regions where the data centers are located.In each of these five count
50、ries,we also calculated the economic impact at sub-national levels,including regional or provincial,as well as the local or city level.1 In addition,our model allows us to consider cross-border effects.When Google buys goods and services for its data centers,the products and services it purchases of
51、ten originate in a country not hosting a data center.By considering these cross-border effects,we calculate Googles economic impact throughout Europe.FIGURE 5:Google data centers:$8.2 billion invested to dateLocationYear openedTotal investment(billions)St.GhislainBelgium2010$1.8FredericiaDenmark2020
52、$0.7HaminaFinland2011$2.3DublinIreland2012$0.6MiddenmeerNetherlands2019$2.8EeemshavenNetherlands2016Source:Google,LLC111.IntroductionIn general,our analysis is focused on the recurring economic benefit that results each year from Googles data center operations and clean energy commitments.However,th
53、ere are also economic benefits that result from capital expenditures made by Google in its data centers and supporting infrastructure.These include,for example,both construction at the data center campuses themselves(discussed below)and the one-time benefit that results from new wind or solar projec
54、ts made in response to Googles clean energy commitments.The one-time capital expenditure economic impacts associated with the initial construction of the clean energy investments are discussed in the next chapter on Europe.In describing our results,we refer to three“channels”of economic activity:Dir
55、ect:On-site workforce at the data center.Indirect:The economic activity associated with the supply-chain purchases made by Google to vendors who provide services that support the data center.This is the business-to-business network that supplies Google with the goods and services associated with dat
56、a center operations.Induced:This channel measures the spillover effects that result as on-site workers at the data center plus those of the businesses in Googles supply chain spend their wages and earnings throughout the broader economy.The following schematic depicts the relationship among these th
57、ree channels:FIGURE 6:An economic impact overviewThese are the total impacts in each economy that result from the direct,indirect,and induced channels(combined).TOTAL IMPACTINDUCED IMPACTActivity supported throughout each economy as those employed directly and indirectly by Google spend wages and ea
58、rnings.INDIRECT IMPACTGoogles supply-chain purchases in each host countryincluding professional services,utilities,and facilities.Economic activity taking place at the data center campus.Includes both Google employees and on-site contractors.DIRECT IMPACT121.IntroductionIn this report,we examine how
59、 Google data centers generate economic impact from three different business activities:operations of the data centers;clean energy projects supported by Google procurement;and on-site capital investment including construction.Each of these activities generates economic impact through the three chann
60、els described above.The economic impact that results from each activity is independently calculated because each requires unique modeling and assumptions.Googles total economic impact is the sum of the economic impacts calculated for each activityas depicted in the figure below:Most of our focus is
61、on the recurring operational impact associated with the Google data centers.By recurring,we mean the economic impact that is expected to repeat in subsequent years.Included in our estimates of recurring impacts are those resulting from an average amount of expected capital investment at each data ce
62、nter.In addition to large upfront capital investment associated with the initial construction of a data center,Google also makes ongoing capital investments in each data center campus.The amount of these ongoing investments fluctuates from year to year.To account for this fluctuation in spending,we
63、calculated an annual average amount of capital investment at each of the European data centers.Our estimate of recurring economic impact includes the economic impact associated with the average annual amount of capital investment that has historically occurred at each data center.FIGURE 7:Total econ
64、omic impact:Capital investments,operations,and clean energy projectsGOOGLES TOTAL ECONOMIC IMPACTCapital investments (including construction)Data center operationsClean energy projects131.IntroductionInterpreting economic impact resultsIn general,the size of the country or regional economic impact v
65、aries based on the data center size and the amount of Googles supply chain that is located in that specific geography:Size:The larger the data center,the larger the impact the data center will have,especially when including the network of businesses in its supply chain.Concentration:The greater the
66、concentration of the data centers supply chain that is located in the economy being examined,the greater the economic impact in that location.This specifically influences the indirect effects generated through data center spending.Differences in either size or concentration get amplified as we consi
67、der the induced effects occurring in the broader economy.That is because the more workers located in the area(whether direct employees or those in the supply chain),the more likely it is that economic benefit will spill over to the broader(local)economy as these workers spend their wages where they
68、live.Capital investments(data centers):The expenditures made by Google in property,plant,and equipment at its data center campuses.Most significant is the construction or renovation of infrastructure put in place at each data center campus,including the construction of the data center building itsel
69、f.Capital investments(clean energy projects):The capital expenditures allocated to wind and solar projects as a result of Googles clean energy commitments.Each wind or solar project constructed is a one-time occurrence,and hence the economic impact associated with the manufacture and installation of
70、 each wind or solar project is also treated as a one-time,non-recurring occurrence.Clean energy commitments:Google enters into agreements to purchase clean energy.As noted above,these commitments result in the construction of wind and solar projects.Gross Domestic Product(GDP):GDP is defined as the
71、total market value of all final goods and services produced within a region during a given time period(usually annually).As a broad measure of overall domestic production,it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of a regions economic health.Income:Includes all forms of employment income,including e
72、mployee compensation(wages,salaries,and benefits)and proprietor(or self-employment)income.COMMONLY USED TERMS 141.IntroductionFor readers interested in our technical modeling assumptions we have included a separate chapter on methodology found at the end of this report.To complete our calculations,G
73、oogle provided us with data regarding its operations,clean energy commitments,and capital investment.However,all analytic findings and conclusions presented herein are the result of independent research conducted by Oxford Economics.Please note that in addition to the data centers included in this r
74、eport,Google has other operations in Europe that were not part of our analysis.People-years:Throughout our report,a job supported by Google is generally understood to be one that will be supported year after year given Googles current operations.We treat jobs attributable to the capital investment o
75、f clean energy projects differently because once the project is completed the job is no longer supported by the investment(i.e.,it does not recur year after year).To account for this finite duration,we count each job supported during the construction period as one person-year for each year that the
76、project is being constructed.For example,one person employed for two years of construction employment would be counted as two people-years.Rest of region:Googles economic impact spills over to countries not hosting a data center.This is largely attributable to Googles supply chain.Countries not host
77、ing a data center but benefiting from Googles European economic impact are often grouped together in a cohort labeled rest of region.Most of the economic impact for this cohort is in other European countries.Some,however,is attributable to African or Middle Eastern countries which were also consider
78、ed in our modeling for this region.Because the non-European impacts were small,they are not broken out separately in our report.COMMONLY USED TERMS 152.Europe2.EUROPEGoogle opened its first European data center in Belgium in 2008 and has since opened new data center campuses in Finland(2011),Ireland
79、(2012),Denmark(2020),and two in the Netherlands(2016 and 2019).In addition to its investments in the data centers,Google continually strengthens and expands network infrastructure that consists of fiber links spanning Europe.This infrastructure connects these data centers to countries throughout the
80、 world.The data centers generate significant economic impact in the countries and localities where they are located through both data center operations and capital investment,especially construction.In this chapter we will explore how the economic impact also reaches other countries throughout the r
81、egion.Much of the region-wide economic impact is the result of the region-wide supply chain that supports Googles data center operations.These are the businesses throughout Europe that supply the data centers with equipment or provide services that support data center operations.For example,when Goo
82、gle invests in the physical infrastructure of its data center campuses portions of the materials used in making that investment are sourced throughout Europe.In the methodology section at the end of this report is a detailed discussion on how supply-chain impacts are calculated.Another example of a
83、region-wide supply chain is found in the jobs supported by Googles clean energy commitments.Because the resulting economic impact is widely dispersed throughout Europe,we give it particular attention in this chapter.In total,Googles data center operations,clean energy commitments,and capital investm
84、ents supported over 22,000 jobs,generated$1.1 billion in income for workers,and added$2.2 billion to GDP in the region.Googles European data centers are located in Belgium,Denmark,Finland,Ireland,and the Netherlands.162.EuropeAt the heart of Googles economic impact are the data centers themselves.Th
85、ese are captured in what we label the“operations”impact and support 5,202 jobs.Reflecting on the nature of the data centers themselves,over one-third(1,822)of the jobs are in the Information,Communication and Telecom sector.The remainder of these 3,380 jobs are distributed among a variety of industr
86、ies,including Trade and Transportation(692),Professional Services(530),and Mining and Manufacturing(521).In examining Figure 8(above)one striking feature to note is that the enormous investments that Google makes in supporting infrastructure generate even more economic impact than do data centers op
87、erations themselves.In Europe,for every job supported by operations at the data centers,three additional jobs are supported through the companys clean energy and capital investments.FIGURE 8:The 2020 economic impact of Google in EuropeSource:Oxford EconomicsCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCLEAN ENERGY PROJECTSOP
88、ERATIONSJobsTOTAL3,2575,20213,75222,211Income(millions)TOTAL$1,061$166$593$302GDP(millions)TOTAL$2,168$428$1,123$6173 additional jobs are supported by Googles clean energy and capital investments.For each job supported by data center operations,172.EuropeOne quick note on the impact of COVID-19.In o
89、ther economic studies that Oxford Economics has completed for Google,2 we found that data center operations typically generate a great deal of travel-related economic impact as vendors,contractors,and employees travel to and from the data center campuses.During 2020,however,travel-related economic i
90、mpact was quite small due to widespread pandemic-related travel restrictions and supported only 224 jobs in the hotel and restaurant industry.As a result,our estimate of 5,202 jobs supported by data center operations is likely a conservative estimate that is expected to increase as travel restrictio
91、ns are lifted.2.1 CLEAN ENERGYGoogles purchases of wind and solar power have resulted in the company being one of the largest corporate purchasers of clean energy.3 The companys clean energy commitments generate substantial economic impact and in 2020 supported over 3,000 jobs throughout the broader
92、 economy.Of these,more than 700 are in the clean energy industry itself,while many more are in fields that support clean energy investment and production such as trade and transportation(593),mining and manufacturing(455),or professional services(382).Moreover,when we examine where the over 3,257 jo
93、bs attributable to Googles clean energy commitments from all channels(direct,indirect,and induced)are geographically located,we find that roughly two-thirds are located in countries that do not host a Google data center.One reason for this widespread distribution is that several wind projects associ
94、ated with Googles clean energy commitments are located in Sweden;and another is that much equipment for the clean energy projects is manufactured throughout Europe.42 Google Data Centers:Economic Impact and Community Benefit.Oxford Economics,April 2018.3 Schechner,Sam.“Amazon and other tech giants r
95、ace to buy up renewable energy.”The Wall Street Journal,June 23,2021.4 Google has a stated goal to operate on 24/7 carbon-free energy,everywhere and at all times by 2030.It is expected that Google will increasingly be sourcing clean and carbon-free energy in the same countries where it has data cent
96、er operations to enable the company to meet its commitment to source carbon-free energy on the same grids where it operates its data centers.Source:Oxford EconomicsFIGURE 9:Total recurring jobs supported by Googles clean energy commitmentsEach year,Googles clean energy commitments support 3,257 jobs
97、 throughout Europe.3333+3131+3636+A3,257 total clean energy jobsRest of region 1,161Sweden&Norway 1,014Countries hosting a data center1,082182.EuropeGoogles clean energy commitments have resulted in the investment of new wind and solar projects across Europe.Google provided Oxford Economics with dat
98、a on 23 wind and solar projects in the region that are supported by its clean energy commitments.Each year,these projects require people to operate and maintain the infrastructure and keep the electricity produced by these projects connected to the electrical grid.The 3,257 workers described in Figu
99、re 9 are those workers throughout Europe who are directly involved in this effort,or who benefit as economic activity spills over to the broader economy.This is an ongoing effort and hence these are recurring jobs.In addition to the recurring jobs described above,the construction and installation of
100、 each clean energy project also generates significant one-time economic impact.To analyze that economic impact,we examined the capital investment made in each one of the 23 projects and calculated an average investment cost for each project.We estimated that on average a project took three years to
101、complete from the time construction began on its components until it was fully operational and connected to the grid.Based on that methodology we found that each project generated the following economic impact during each of the three years that it was being developed:We found that on average,each n
102、ew wind or solar project supported by Google generated 541 jobs,nearly$27 million in income,and contributed$49 million to GDP during each of the three years that the project was in development.When all these projects are considered,we calculate that Googles clean energy commitments have supported th
103、e equivalent of 37,299 people working for one year building and installing clean energy projects in Europe.In a concrete way,Google investments are helping to build the clean energy industry in Europe.FIGURE 10:Building clean energy infrastructure:Per-project annual impactJobs541Source:Oxford Econom
104、icsIncome(millions)$26.7GDP(millions)$49.1Over 37,000 people-years were spent building and installing wind and solar projects supported by Google clean energy investments in Europe.193.Belgium3.BELGIUM3.1 BELGIUM NATIONALGoogles first data center in Europe became fully operational in 2010 near the c
105、ity of St.Ghislain in Belgium.Since initial construction activities began,the company has invested a total of$1.8 billion at the data center site.As part of that investment,the data center uses an advanced evaporative cooling system rather than older refrigeration methods.The new water purification
106、system draws grey water from a nearby industrial canal,rather than relying on the communitys water supply.In 2018,St.Ghislain became Googles first data center to have a fully operational solar plant on site.As a result,the Belgium data center has moved a bit closer to the goal of round-the-clock car
107、bon-free energy sourcing in all locations.In addition,Google supports Belgiums network infrastructure development goals through its investments in fiber that connect Europe to other regions throughout the globe.FIGURE 11:Googles 2020 economic impact in BelgiumCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCLEAN ENERGY PROJECTS
108、OPERATIONSJobsTOTAL2738551,4222,550Income(millions)TOTAL$147.8$18.2$65.8$63.8GDP(millions)TOTAL$273.0$36.7$124.1$112.2Source:Oxford Economics203.BelgiumAs a result of these efforts in 2020,Googles data center operations supported 855 total jobs in Belgium and another 273 in the clean energy sector.I
109、n addition,since the data center opened,Googles ongoing capital investments in the facility have each year supported an average of 1,422 additional jobs.Figure 11 above includes the total economic impact from all channels(direct,indirect,and induced).3.2THE WALLONNE REGION AND HAINAUT PROVINCEIn exa
110、mining the economic impact of the St.Ghislain data center in the Wallonne Region and Hainaut Province,we focus more on understanding the three channels of economic impact.This gives perspective on how the data centers economic impact spreads throughout the local economy.At these sub-national levels,
111、we examine only the operational and capital investment impacts since our data were not granular enough to examine clean energy at these levels.At the regional level,the St.Ghislain data center supports 627 jobs and generates$51 million in annual income for workers.FIGURE 12:Googles operational impac
112、t in the Wallonne Region5 The figures for direct impacts have been adjusted to accommodate public disclosure concerns,but this does not affect any of the total amounts presented in this or any other table(see the methodology chapter for more detail).ChannelDirect5 IndirectInducedTotalJobs35017610162
113、7Income(millions)$32.5$13.3$5.2$51.0GDP(millions)$49.7$25.6$9.9$85.2Source:Oxford EconomicsGoogle data centers in Belgium support 2,550 total jobs and generate$148 million in income.213.BelgiumAlmost all of Googles regional economic impact in the Wallonne Region is locally concentrated near the data
114、 center in Hainaut Province as seen in the following chart:Capital investment is especially important at the local level because it results in construction jobs that are not normally associated with data centers,and these generate significant local economic impact.Based on the amount of total capita
115、l investment made by Google in the St.Ghislain data center since it opened,we estimate that during an average year,541 construction jobs are supported in the Province,with another 305 jobs resulting from spillover effects in the broader local economy.FIGURE 13:Local impact in Hainaut ProvinceSource:
116、Oxford EconomicsIncome(millions)$48.8GDP(millions)$80.6Jobs600FIGURE 14:Construction impacts in Hainaut ProvinceChannelDirectIndirectInducedTotalJobs54123471846Income(millions)$20.5$13.1$3.7$37.3GDP(millions)$39.2$23.7$6.9$69.8Source:Oxford Economics223.BelgiumThe Crazy Machine ChallengeMaxime Dumen
117、ils job is to make science and engineering interesting and accessible to a diverse group of people.A department head for MUMONS,the museum at Belgiums University of Mons,Mr.Dumenil is building on the universitys rich tradition of teaching applied science by focusing on STEM disciplines(science,techn
118、ology,engineering,and math)a priority even for well-educated countries like Belgium as they seek to develop a next-generation workforce.One successful way of engaging the public across the city of Mons has been the Crazy Machine Challenge,an annual competition run by the university with financial su
119、pport from Googles data center in nearby St.Ghislain.Contestants design and build Rube Goldberg machinescontraptions intentionally created to perform a simple task in an indirect and overly complicated manner.Picture,for example,a rubber ball gliding down a metal ramp and striking a boot,which hits
120、a golf ball that proceeds down a wooden track to tip over a milk bottle.The result is entertaining to watch,but bringing it to life requires some study of physics,mechanics,and engineering.Ideally,students sign up for the fun part and stick around to study the underlying disciplines.“Weve always wan
121、ted to encourage learning in STEM and thought the idea of building Goldberg machines was a good way to do STEM in a very fun way,”says Mr.Dumenil.The public agrees:before the pandemic,some 5,000 visitors jammed a large exhibition hall in Mons each year to see about 340 participants,ranging from eigh
122、t years old to adulthood,compete in the Challenge,where a wide array of mechanical contraptions were put through their paces.Winners are judged by a list of criteria relevant to their machines.“How many objects connect to one another,the originality of the way the pieces connect to one anotherwe eve
123、n evaluate the beauty of the machine,so the participants have to decorate their machines around a theme,”says Mr.Dumenil.Many of the projects demand a working knowledge of scientific and engineering subjects,and designing these fanciful machines offers students a hands-on opportunity to experiment w
124、ith a variety of approaches.The competition also represents a meaningful partnership between Google and an educational institution to promote their common interests in creating a tech-savvy workforce.“The University of Mons was already trying to promote science 233.Belgiumand technology training for
125、 young people,so they seemed like an ideal partner,”says Xavier Thirionet,administrative business partner for Googles data center office in Belgium.The two organizations brainstormed together on ways to boost student interest in STEM activities and landed on the Crazy Machine Challenge to capture th
126、e imagination of young people.“We thought if we created a competition around Rube Goldberg machines,it could take the students in a variety of different directions,”says Mr.Dumenil.Google contributed about US$30,000 to help kickstart the program.Competition boosts social interactionOrganizers view t
127、he competition as a way to encourage participants to develop teamwork and communication skills,and as a means of inspiring educators with imaginative new ways to teach about science and technology.“The most interesting feedback we received is that some pupils who have been somewhat socially withdraw
128、n in the classroom got more interested and found a role within a team,”says Mr.Dumenil.“We also heard from the teachers that it gives them new ways to explain how things in the physical world connect to one another.”As one student said when interviewed by a Belgian television station during the cont
129、est two years ago,“Not all students are at the same level,not all students have the same ideas,so in terms of socialization its something quite remarkable.”The COVID pandemic,which put in-school learning on hiatus across Belgium,sidelined the Crazy Machine Challenge for the last two springs.A virtua
130、l version of the event that required participants to develop projects on their own,at home,did not attract a great deal of support,Mr.Dumenil says.But the series will resume when conditions improveperhaps in a compressed version where teams are given identical sets of parts and tools and asked to bu
131、ild a working machine in one day.THE CRAZY MACHINE CHALLENGE,continued244.Denmark4.DENMARK4.1 DENMARK NATIONALGoogle selected Fredericia,Denmark for its fifth European data center due to the high-quality digital infrastructure at the location and its ability to support the companys commitment to cle
132、an energy.With this infrastructure in place,Google was able to build an energy-efficient data center that is now Googles highest-scoring European data center on an hourly carbon-free-energy basis.In addition,Google also supports the development of network infrastructure in Denmark through its invest
133、ments in fiber that connect Europe to other regions throughout the world.Google broke ground on this site in 2018,and the data center opened in 2020.As such,the site was not fully operational during the period being analyzed in this report.To date,Google has invested$684 million in the facility.Empl
134、oyment at the FIGURE 15:Googles 2020 economic impact in DenmarkCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCLEAN ENERGY PROJECTSOPERATIONSJobsTOTAL321421,7811,955Income(millions)TOTAL$127.1$2.2$113.6$11.3GDP(millions)TOTAL$198.0$5.5$175.1$17.4Source:Oxford Economics254.Denmarksite has grown in size since the 2020 figures in
135、cluded in this report and is currently supporting 142 direct workers on site.Reflecting on the relatively low employment at the data center itself in 2020 and the very high average annual capital investment that is the result of the data center being newly opened,construction impacts at the site are
136、 considerably large in comparison to those resulting directly from the data centers operations.In 2020,operations and construction investments at the data center plus Googles clean energy commitments in Denmark supported 1,955 jobs,generated$127 million in income for workers,and added$198 million to
137、 economic activity(GDP).Figure 15 above includes the total economic impact from all channels(direct,indirect,and induced).4.2SYDDANMARK REGION AND SYDJYLAND(SOUTH JUTLAND)In examining the economic impact of the Fredericia data center in the Syddanmark Region and more locally in Sydjyland,we focus mo
138、re on the three channels of economic impact.This gives perspective on how the data centers economic impact spreads throughout the local economy.At these sub-national levels,we examine only the operational and construction impacts since our data were not granular enough to examine clean energy at the
139、se levels.At the regional level,the Fredericia data center supports 111 jobs and generates nearly$9 million in annual income for workers.Google data centers in Denmark support 1,955 total jobs and generate$127 million in income.FIGURE 16:Googles operational impact in the Syddanmark RegionChannelDire
140、ctIndirectInducedTotalJobs771816111Income(millions)$6.5$1.3$1.0$8.8GDP(millions)$8.6$2.0$1.8$12.4Source:Oxford Economics264.DenmarkAlmost all of Googles regional economic impact in the Syddanmark Region is locally concentrated nearer the data center in Sydjyland as seen in the following chart:Capita
141、l investment is especially important at the local level because it results in construction jobs that are not normally associated with data centers and generate significant local economic impact.Based on the average annual amount of capital investment made by Google in the Fredericia data center sinc
142、e it opened,we calculate that during an average year,construction directly supports 784 jobs in Sydjyland,with another 376 jobs resulting from spillover effects in the broader local economy.FIGURE 18:Construction impacts in SydjylandChannelDirectIndirectInducedTotalJobs7842411341,159Income(millions)
143、$47.3$16.8$8.6$72.7GDP(millions)$63.1$27.7$15.3$106.1Source:Oxford EconomicsFIGURE 17:Local impact in SydjylandSource:Oxford EconomicsIncome(millions)$8.7GDP(millions)$12.3Jobs110274.DenmarkSailing into the data economyRector Jens Frgemand Mikkelsen never imagined that his role preparing students fo
144、r careers in Denmarks venerable shipping industry would translate so easily to training them for jobs in the digital economy.“We heard that data centers would be coming to Denmark,”says Mr.Mikkelsen,rector of the Fredericia College of Marine and Technical Engineering(FMS)on Denmarks Jutland peninsul
145、a.“But we didnt know that our education and training programs would fit in so well with their needs.”FMS has been training students for a professional bachelors degree for more than a century to operate boilers,maintain engine rooms,and troubleshoot dozens of critical components aboard the ships tha
146、t power the nations vital maritime industry.Even today,ocean transport,along with offshore oil exploration,is among Denmarks leading employers.The construction of a Google data center in Fredericia represents a fresh opportunity for the school to prepare students for the future.After Google invited
147、Mr.Mikkelsen to tour a similar facility in Finland,the need to create a pipeline of students with the skills to operate data centers seemed obviousand it was a need FMS found itself surprisingly well positioned to meet.It turns out that many of the conceptual,operational,and technical skills require
148、d to keep a big ship running around the clock are similar to those needed to maintain a data center.“When you are a marine engineer on a ship you have to take care of all the equipment,and you have to be able to manage complex problems,”says Mr.Mikkelsen.“A data center has similar needs.”Google also
149、 actively collaborated with the school on the creation of its data center management curriculum.“We started discussing FMS needs and their strategy,and we helped them to understand the industry and the business case and what they need to do to get their customers,the students,interested in a program
150、 like this,”says Arni Jonsson,the site lead for Googles data center in Denmark.Yet the company was careful to respect FMS ownership of the process.“They needed to drive it,”says Mr.Jonsson.284.DenmarkWith$100,000 of direct financial support from Google,FMS installed a small data center in a classroo
151、m on its campus to offer hands-on training in maintenance and operations.It includes a solar power supply configuration and a raised floor to allow ventilation of the servers,just as larger commercial data centers do.This is the first such learning lab in the country,and Mr.Mikkelsen expects its gra
152、duates to find jobs without delay.Creating a vocational pipelineCreating the new curriculum required the staff at FMS to educate itself first.Mr.Mikkelsen says the school did not have a full understanding of the basic functions of a data center when conversations about collaborating with Google firs
153、t started in 2019.“Honestly,we had never heard much about the data center industry,”he says.“We had no conception of what it was.”Yet similarities between traditional coursework and next-generation training surfaced quickly.For example,maintaining power under all circumstances is a priority for both
154、 shipboard and data center engineers.And both disciplines focus on fire suppression,since data centers also need to properly maintain the vast cooling systems required to remove heat.Google has also helped connect FMS to other schools in the Nordic region and Holland,which are themselves creating cu
155、rricula to produce a growing cohort of data center workers.“It was really an eye-opener and made us more internationally minded in a very positive way,”says Mr.Mikkelsen.While the school teaches its courses in Danish,the new data center training program is taught in Englishan advantage,he says,for s
156、tudents preparing for a global economy.As his first wave of data center students begin to seek internships and,upon graduation,move on to full-time employment in the field,Mr.Mikkelsens own focus has broadened to include aiding with job placement in a new industry.It is a long way from launching shi
157、pboard engineers on their careers,but at the same time a familiar role.SAILING INTO THE DATA ECONOMY,continued295.Finland5.FINLAND5.1 FINLAND NATIONALGoogle purchased a previously closed paper mill in Hamina,Finland and converted the building into a data center that opened in 2011.As detailed in the
158、 following case study,this not only refurbished vacant real estate,but also presented significant employment opportunities to the community that had previously been lost by the mills closure.Google has invested over$2.3 billion in this data center,which is one of the companys most energy efficient l
159、ocations.The data center uses a technologically advanced cooling system that draws seawater from the Baltic Sea,which reduces energy use,and was the first of its kind anywhere in the world.The result is that the data center is successfully running on or above 90%carbon-free energy.In addition,Google
160、 investments in fiber support the development of network infrastructure in Finland that connect Europe to points throughout the world.FIGURE 19:Googles 2020 economic impact in FinlandCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCLEAN ENERGY PROJECTSOPERATIONSJobsTOTAL4849035961,983Income(millions)TOTAL$113.9$28.9$33.0$52.0GD
161、P(millions)TOTAL$234.4$82.3$55.1$97.0Source:Oxford Economics305.FinlandIn 2020,Googles data center operations supported 903 total jobs in Finland and another 484 jobs are supported through Googles clean energy commitments.Of note,Finland has provided multiple opportunities for Google to invest in cl
162、ean energy through the development of wind projects.In addition,since the data center opened,Googles ongoing investments in the facility have each year supported 596 additional jobs based on an estimated average level of capital investment at the site.Figure 19 above includes the total economic impa
163、ct from all channels(direct,indirect,and induced).5.2ETEL-SUOMI(SOUTHERN FINLAND)AND KYMENLAAKSOIn examining the economic impact of the Hamina data center in the Etel-Suomi region and more locally in Kymenlaakso,we focus more on the three channels of economic impact.This gives perspective on how the
164、 data centers economic impact spreads throughout the local economy.At these sub-national levels,we examine only the operational and construction impacts since our data were not granular enough to examine clean energy at these levels.At the regional level,the Hamina data center supports 693 jobs and
165、generates$41 million in annual income for workers.FIGURE 20:Googles operational impact in Etel-Suomi6 The figures for direct impacts have been adjusted to accommodate public disclosure concerns,but this does not affect any of the total amounts presented in this or any other table(see the methodology
166、 chapter for more detail).ChannelDirect6 IndirectInducedTotalJobs45015588693Income(millions)$27.6$9.0$4.4$41.0GDP(millions)$44.1$19.6$8.4$72.1Source:Oxford EconomicsGoogle data centers in Finland support 1,983 total jobs and generate$114 million in income.315.FinlandAlmost all of Googles regional ec
167、onomic impact in Etel-Suomi is locally concentrated near the data center in Kymenlaakso as seen in the following chart:Capital investment is especially important at the local level because it results in construction jobs that are not normally associated with data centers and generate significant loc
168、al economic impact.Based on the average annual amount of capital investment made by Google in the Hamina data center since it opened,we calculate that during an average year,construction directly supports 214 jobs in Kymenlaakso,with another 93 jobs resulting from spillover effects in the broader lo
169、cal economy.FIGURE 22:Construction impacts in KymenlaaksoChannelDirectIndirectInducedTotalJobs2145538307Income(millions)$12.8$3.2$1.9$17.9GDP(millions)$18.1$5.2$3.6$26.9Source:Oxford EconomicsFIGURE 21:Local impacts in KymenlaaksoSource:Oxford EconomicsIncome(millions)$40.2GDP(millions)$69.0Jobs6833
170、25.FinlandBuilding beyond construction jobsHarri Eela,a project manager for Cursor Oy,the non-profit economic development agency in the Kotka-Hamina subregion of Finland,was uncertain about the impact of a large data center project when Google announced plans to build in the area 10 years ago.“We di
171、dnt know anything about data centers,we didnt understand what this kind of business was like,”he says.“Its been an eye-opening process.”At that time,Hamina,an industrial town in the southeastern part of the country,was at an economic crossroads.Its largest paper mill had closed,and the communitywher
172、e employment had long centered around manufacturing chemicals and turning raw timber into pulp and paperwas searching for the right mix of industries to enable a prosperous future.Since then,Googles local presence has proven to be a robust economic engine in ways far beyond its initial large outlay
173、for data center construction.The company has helped create jobs,while supporting educational partnerships and other industries,including clean energy and healthcare.“People here are very proud and happy to see the creation of new opportunities,”says Mr.Eela.“Google wants to be a good partner in this
174、 community,and the results have been widely appreciated.”That is not to underplay the initial investment in construction,which was substantial and created numerous jobs.This impact on the building trades has included ongoing work from expansions to the original facility.“Its been a really big boost
175、for local construction companies,”says Mr.Eela.These local businesses have also benefited from other work sparked by Googles presence.“They are changing old facilities to support the regions new activities.”In addition to construction-based employment opportunities,the data center has created a myri
176、ad of permanent jobs,including positions operating and maintaining the facility.This has gone a long way to offset the loss of the old mill,which had 460 employees.“Now,after the expansions,there are more than 400 people working directly for Googles data center in different roles,”says Mr.Eela.With
177、each expansion,Cursor Oy organizes events for 335.Finlandthe local companies to meet with Google and offer their operational and construction services for the data center.Additional new opportunities beyond employment with Google reach across various sectors of the economy,helping Hamina create jobs
178、 in areas that do not touch directly on the data center business.Benefiting supporting industriesOne way in which Google actively participates in the local community is through engaging in education partnerships.Several programs that the company supports at the Ekami education consortium in Finlands
179、 Kotka-Hamina region relate to local data center operations.“We have seen a large impact of Googles presence in terms of jobs being created around service providers and vendors,”says Sami Tikkanen,Ekamis CEO and Rector.“Google has given us the opportunity to provide on-the-job data center training f
180、or students.”Ekami organizes events on its campus to explain the purpose of the data center and the types of on-site employment opportunities,while also offering professional vocational training for Googles data center.Additionally,the college provides apprenticeship opportunities to students who ar
181、e interested in working with Googles service providers.Google also supports programs at Ekami that are less related to the data center but serve to increase awareness of advanced technology while providing wider community benefits.For example,students learning practical nursing skills for home healt
182、hcare are working with robots that provide remote monitoring capabilities.Google provided financial support for the purchase of these smart machines,with which about 200 students will train each year.The Kotka-Hamina area has seen the influence on local businesses of Googles commitment to clean ener
183、gy,which includes the goal of running its entire business,including data centers,on carbon-free energy at all times by 2030.This has inspired local entrepreneurial firms to focus on sustainability and explore opportunities to capitalize on Googles local clean energy efforts.These include companies w
184、orking in green energy,battery technology,and the use of seawater recovery in the cooling of the data center.Additional companies are investigating whether the heat generated by the data center can be reused effectively as an energy source.One additional benefit to the region has been increased reco
185、gnition across other industries looking to locate business units.The Google data center has put Hamina on the map with potential large employers,allowing Mr.Eela to effectively promote the region to attract new industries.“Today we are known as an area where Google is located and has built a huge da
186、ta center in Finland,”Mr.Eela says.“The ability to use Google as a reference and show that a big international company has already invested such a large amount of money in the area shows these companies they can safely come here.”BUILDING BEYOND CONSTRUCTION JOBS,continued346.Ireland6.IRELAND6.1 IRE
187、LAND NATIONALThe Dublin data center became operational in 2012 and is located in what was previously a warehouse.Google was able to transform the industrial site into an energy-efficient data center and to date has invested$570 million in the facility.In addition to the Dublin data center,which is i
188、ncluded in this report,Ireland is also home to Googles European headquarters.Google has been able to utilize Irelands weather conditions to implement an advanced cooling system that omits the need for air conditioning units.This system has not only proven to be economical in cutting costs,but it als
189、o is an environmentally friendly way to cool the servers.FIGURE 23:Googles 2020 economic impact in IrelandCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCLEAN ENERGY PROJECTSOPERATIONSJobsTOTAL5530297832Income(millions)TOTAL$61.6$0.7$18.9$42.0GDP(millions)TOTAL$153.1$2.0$42.7$108.4Source:Oxford Economics356.IrelandIn 2020,Goog
190、les data center operations supported 530 total jobs in Ireland,and another five jobs in Ireland are supported through Googles clean energy commitments.In addition,since the data center opened,Googles investments in the facility have each year supported 297 additional jobs based on an estimated annua
191、l average level of capital investment at the site.Figure 23 above includes the total economic impact from all channels(direct,indirect,and induced).6.2THE EASTERN AND MIDLAND REGION AND DUBLINIn examining the economic impact of the Dublin data center in the Eastern and Midland region and more locall
192、y in Dublin itself,we focus more on the three channels of economic impact.This gives perspective on how the data centers economic impact spreads throughout the local economy.At these sub-national levels,we examine the operational and construction impacts only since our data were not granular enough
193、to examine clean energy at these levels.At the regional level,the Dublin data center supports 480 jobs and generates over$39 million in annual income for workers.FIGURE 24:Googles operational impact in the Eastern and Midland Region7 The figures for direct impacts have been adjusted to accommodate p
194、ublic disclosure concerns,but this does not affect any of the total amounts presented in this or any other table(see the methodology chapter for more detail).ChannelDirect7 IndirectInducedTotalJobs30010773480Income(millions)$26.1$8.5$4.7$39.3GDP(millions)$64.8$23.2$11.0$99.0Source:Oxford EconomicsGo
195、ogle data centers in Ireland support 832 total jobs and generate$62 million in income.366.IrelandAlmost all of Googles regional economic impact in the Eastern and Midland Region is locally concentrated near the data center in Dublin as seen in the following chart:Capital investment is especially imp
196、ortant at the local level because it results in construction jobs that are not normally associated with data centers and generate significant local economic impact.Based on the average annual amount of capital investment made by Google in the Dublin data center since it opened,we calculate that duri
197、ng an average year,construction directly supports 141 jobs in Dublin,with another 59 jobs resulting from spillover effects in the broader local economy.FIGURE 26:Construction impacts in DublinChannelDirectIndirectInducedTotalJobs1414019200Income(millions)$7.1$3.1$1.2$11.4GDP(millions)$11.3$8.2$2.8$2
198、2.3Source:Oxford EconomicsFIGURE 25:Local impact in DublinSource:Oxford EconomicsIncome(millions)GDP(millions)Jobs470$38.5$96.5376.IrelandThe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on South County,located just outside of Dublin City,was swift,hard,and multifaceted.“We were in an emergency,and the place was
199、 cracking up,”says Larry ONeill,CEO of the South County Dublin Partnership(SCDP),a non-governmental organization dedicated to economic and social development.The organization was already fully engaged serving an area of a quarter million residents,with relatively high unemployment,poverty,drug use,a
200、nd crime.Then the situation got even more challenging.“We had people literally on the margins of society,or maybe working in the gray economy who suddenly were no longer able to earn the money they needed to support themselves,”says Mr.ONeill.“They were locked down,and there was nowhere to turn for
201、people in our community who needed relief.”The SCDP rapidly established three food banks,an effort that was made possible with assistance from Google,which has operated a data center in the area since 2016.“So many in the community were struggling,”says Andrew Hyland,Googles head of data center publ
202、ic affairs for Europe and the Middle East.“We just felt it was important to create a fund to let the community do what it needed to do.”The companys contribution of 100,000 euros allowed the SCDP to respond rapidly to the unfolding crisis.The collaboration also established a help line that assisted
203、people not only with food delivery and housing problems but with counseling services for those confronting psychological issues and social isolation.“We werent just taking calls,we were solving problems,”Mr.ONeill says,noting that virtually every issue brought to the volunteer phone bank was resolve
204、d within 48 hours.“People are stressed to the nth degree,”Mr.ONeill says.Even now,he adds,“We are seeing a level of mental health issues weve never seen before.”Leveraging supportDealing with a crisis of this magnitude demanded a large and ongoing flow of resources,and the early grant from Google he
205、lped the SCDP attract matching funds from other organizations to expand its food and counseling outreach.“Getting 100,000 euros from Google created quite a lot of leverage,”says Mr.ONeill.“I could go to the local authority and say,Hey,Ive got a little bit of money to open a food bank.Will you match
206、that?”The grant provided the community with hope.“When you can tell the local authorities,were getting this support from Google,its a bit like a wildfire in the wind,”says Mr.ONeill.“It keeps fanning the flames,and that fanning of flames gives people a lot of heart and boosts morale.”The speed of Go
207、ogles response was helped by a pre-existing relationship between the companys local operation and the community-based SCDP.This included a collaborative program called“Inspiring the Future”that put Google employees in front of students at area schools to explain how even those without a background i
208、n data science or related fields could find employment at technology companies.“These young people can be anything they want to be,”says Triona Reid,who supervises the program for the SCPD.Hearing speakers in their The South Dublin County Partnership386.Irelandcommunity describe their own journeys f
209、rom the neighborhood and how they were able to begin their own careers is inspirational,she says.Ultimately,working together during tough times has strengthened the relationship between the South County Dublin Partnership and Google.Beyond the food bank,funding from Google allowed SDCP volunteers to
210、 deliver prescription medicines or food to elderly residents who found themselves restricted to their homes.The organization also published a“Booklet of Hope”that was distributed around the county,offering mindfulness tips and a guide to resources available to those needing assistance.Even when the
211、pandemic recedes,much work will remain to be done.Mr.ONeill hopes the SCDP will be able to expand face-to-face counseling across the community.“When youre doing mental health intervention,people need privacy,and you dont always have that at home,”Mr.ONeill notes.“We hope to establish safe spaces.”TH
212、E SOUTH DUBLIN COUNTY PARTNERSHIP,continued397.The Netherlands7.THE NETHERLANDS7.1 THE NETHERLANDS NATIONALGoogle opened its first data center in the Netherlands in 2016 in Groningen and then a second data center campus in Middenmeer in 2020.Taken together,the company has invested$2.8 billion in the
213、se facilities.One reason these locations were attractive to Google is the dedication of the Netherlands to developing its digital transformation presence.Google further supports this effort through its development of network infrastructure in the Netherlands,which helps to connect Europe to other re
214、gions throughout the globe.In addition,the Netherlands shares Googles commitment to carbon-free energy.In 2020,Googles data center operations supported 932 jobs in the Netherlands,and another 288 jobs are supported through Googles clean energy commitments.In addition,since the data centers have open
215、ed,Googles investments in its facilities have supported 2,000 additional jobs based on an estimated average level of capital investment at the site.FIGURE 27:Googles 2020 economic impact in the NetherlandsCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCLEAN ENERGY PROJECTSOPERATIONSJobsTOTAL2889322,0003,220Income(millions)TOTA
216、L$200.1$19.6$111.9$68.6GDP(millions)TOTAL$369.8$44.0$202.5$123.3Source:Oxford Economics407.The NetherlandsFigure 27 above includes the total economic impact from all channels(direct,indirect,and induced).Google data centers in the Netherlands support 3,220 total jobs and generate$200 million in inco
217、me.417.The Netherlands7.2NOORD NEDERLAND AND GRONINGENIn examining the economic impact of the Groningen data center in the Nord Nederland region and more locally in Groningen itself,we focus more on the three channels of economic impact.This gives perspective on how the data centers economic impact
218、spreads throughout the broader economy.At these sub-national levels,we examine the operational and construction impacts only since our data were not granular enough to examine clean energy at these levels.At the regional level,the Groningen data center supports 636 jobs and generates nearly$44 milli
219、on in annual income for workers.FIGURE 28:Googles operational impact in Noord Nederland8 The figures for direct impacts have been adjusted to accommodate public disclosure concerns,but this does not affect any of the total amounts presented in this or any other table(see the methodology chapter for
220、more detail).ChannelDirect8 IndirectInducedTotalJobs25030284636Income(millions)$17.6$21.7$4.6$43.9GDP(millions)$28.5$38.1$8.5$75.1Source:Oxford EconomicsAlmost all of Googles regional economic impact in the Noord Nederland Region is locally concentrated near the data center in Groningen as seen in t
221、he following chart:Capital investment is especially important at the local level because it results in construction jobs that are not normally associated with data centers and generate significant local economic impact.Based on the average annual amount of capital investment made by Google in the Gr
222、oningen data center since it opened,we calculate that during an average year,construction directly supports 728 jobs in Groningen,with another 319 jobs resulting from spillover effects in the broader local economy.FIGURE 29:Local impact in GroningenSource:Oxford EconomicsIncome(millions)$42.8GDP(mil
223、lions)$72.3Jobs623427.The Netherlands7.3WEST NEDERLAND AND NOORD HOLLANDThe Google data center in Middenmeer opened in 2020 and hence only limited construction detail was available for that year.Still even at these start-up levels,an examination of the three channels of economic impact gives an indi
224、cation of how the data centers local and regional impact will spill over throughout the broader economy as on-site employment increases.FIGURE 30:Construction impacts in GroningenChannelDirectIndirectInducedTotalJobs7282101091,047Income(millions)$38.3$13.2$5.9$57.4GDP(millions)$65.9$24.2$11.0$101.1S
225、ource:Oxford EconomicsFIGURE 31:Construction impacts in MiddenmeerChannelDirectIndirectInducedTotalJobs10182351Income(millions)$7.8$1.4$1.2$10.4GDP(millions)$12.6$3.3$2.3$18.2Source:Oxford Economics438.Conclusion8.CONCLUSIONIn 2020,Googles European data centers and related infrastructure investments
226、 supported 22,211 jobs and generated$1.1 billion in combined income throughout Europe.Nearly half of these positions are in the countries that host a data center.The jobs in countries without a Google data center are largely attributable to people working in businesses that supply equipment and prov
227、ide services that support the Google data centers,including those in the clean energy industry.The result of this integrated supply chain is that Googles economic impact cascades throughout Europe.Google data centers are at the heart of an economic ecosystem that connects users and customers with th
228、e digitalization that they rely on and supports job growth in a variety of key industries.During 2020,these jobs included nearly 1,900 in the Information,Communication and Telecom sector.Many of these positions are locally concentrated at the data centers themselves.Also,at the local level,we found
229、that Googles capital investments annually support an average of 2,400 construction workers who are employed building,upgrading,or expanding the data center campuses.Beyond the environmental benefit,Googles commitment to round-the-clock carbon-free energy has spurred economic gains that include more
230、than 700 workers in the clean energy industry itself and nearly another 1,600 working in the supply chain that supports clean energy in Europe.In addition,over 37,000 people-years of work were spent building,constructing,and installing the wind and solar projects that power Googles clean energy comm
231、itments.448.ConclusionThroughout Europe,Googles data center generates an economic impact that is broadly distributed among industries,benefits countries,and has helped construct and sustain the continents clean energy infrastructure.In a softer but no less important way,and as illustrated in the cas
232、e studies presented in this report,Googles active engagement in the communities where its data centers are located helps residents,schools,and businesses in those communities better meet todays challenges and prepare for the opportunities of today and tomorrow.Google data centers support jobs throug
233、hout Europe and in a wide range of industries:nearly 1,900 jobs are in the ICT sector,2,400 jobs in local construction,and 700 in the clean energy industry.459.Appendix:Methodology9.APPENDIX:METHODOLOGY9 Flegg,A.T.,Webber,C.D.and Elliott,M.V.,On the appropriate use of location quotients in generatin
234、g regional input-output tables,1995,Regional Studies 29,547-561.9.1 INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS AND ASSUMPTIONSGoogle provided Oxford Economics with a great deal of actual(2020)expenditure information specific to each data center campus and its investments in its clean energy commitments.This information wa
235、s not explicitly included in this report because of proprietary and trade secret concerns(see section 9.2)but was used to keep calculations robust.These and other inputs were analyzed using two different input-output(IO)modelsfirst a global model,used to develop national-level impacts;and second,a s
236、et of sub-national models to calculate local and regional impacts.National impacts were calculated using Oxford Economics proprietary Global Economic Impact Model(GEIM).The GEIM is constructed using IO tables made available at the country level by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Devel
237、opment(OECD)and related national-level data sources.The GEIM allows us to consider the cross-border economic impacts associated with supply-chain and wage-consumption expenditures.Importantly,this means that impacts reported at the national level include cross-border supply-chain spillovers from Goo
238、gles global data centers.For example,if a data center in Ireland purchases equipment or professional services from Germany,these purchases will be included as part of the“Rest of region”impact in Europe.Subnational impacts,by contrast,do not include spillovers from outside the region.Continental-lev
239、el impacts were calculated straightforwardly by summing national-level impacts,and so also include global spillovers.For certain spend categories,(e.g.,computer equipment),Google was not able to provide a breakdown of the location from which the purchased goods or services were sold,only the locatio
240、n of the data center for which it was purchased.For these spend categories,we built assumptions based on national-and industry-specific data within the GEIM IO tables themselves.Purchase locations therefore reflect industry spending patterns that may differ from Googles actual sourcing pattern.Sub-n
241、ational impacts were calculated differently in the United States and the rest of the world.For the United States,impacts were calculated using an input-output model developed by IMPLAN.IMPLAN provides data for assumptions regarding what share of total national expenditures were spent within the coun
242、ty and state in which each data center is located.This is most important for the data centers largest spend category:electricity.Certain other expenditures,like catering,were assumed to be 100%spent locally.For the sub-national modeling outside the United States,we constructed new IO tables for the
243、locality based on the national IO tables from GEIM using a methodology developed by Flegg and Webber.9 Where necessary(again,electricity being the prime example),assumptions about the share of national 469.Appendix:Methodologyspending occurring within the smaller regions are based on average values
244、for the data centers within the US based on IMPLAN data.Included in our direct employment calculations are all workers located on-site at each data center campus,which include both Google employees and third-party contractors.In previous work with Google,we developed profiles for the types of functi
245、ons and costs associated with the third-party contractor workforce at some of the companys US data centers.We relied on those earlier profiles to estimate the costs associated with third-party contractors at each of the data centers included in this study.9.2TREATMENT OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONAs no
246、ted previously,Google provided us with detailed operational and investment data that was used in producing all economic impact calculations presented throughout this report.However,operational information regarding Google data centers is largely confidential and not routinely disclosed by the compan
247、y.To accommodate this concern,we made one important modification in how we presented our results:specifically,with respect to direct employment on-campus.Our calculations were made using actual on-campus data.In our report,however,we present as direct employment only figures that are consistent with
248、 what the company has previously disclosed publicly about employment at the location.This adjustment in presentation did not affect any calculation that we made,nor did it alter any key conclusion presented but does result in small adjustments to the mix of direct and indirect channels that we prese
249、nt at some locations.Note that total economic impact results and presentation are unaffected by this accommodation.9.3CLEAN ENERGY CALCULATIONSTo sustain its commitment to clean energy,Google enters into financial arrangements that result in the construction of new wind or solar projects in many of
250、the countries where it operates its data centers.The nature of these financial commitments is not routinely disclosed publicly.Google provided us with detailed information regarding the amount,timing,and location of wind and solar projects established in response to Googles financial commitments.To
251、calculate the economic impact associated with these investments,we relied upon various statistics published by the International Renewable Energy Agency(see IRENA(2020)“Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019”).These included IRENA estimates for both solar and wind total installed costs by country,
252、and IRENA estimates for the levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)by country or region for both wind and solar projects.Through these published data,we estimated the amount of electrical output produced by these investments and the operating and maintenance costs associated with annual operations.Once
253、annual operational costs were estimated,they were further refined using cost breakouts published by (see“Big Turbines Push down O&M costs,”Milborrow,David.May 2020).Clean energy calculations were modeled using the European NACE codes corresponding to utilities,including those for electric power gene
254、ration and distribution.The data provided by Google was also used to calculate the economic impact of the capital expenditures associated with its clean energy commitments.In making these calculations,we calculated the average construction expenditure per year over the construction period,which we a
255、ssumed to be three years.479.Appendix:Methodology9.4DATA CENTER CAPITAL INVESTMENTGoogle regularly invests in expansions and improvements to its data center campuses,in addition to the initial investment to construct the data center in the first place.We were provided with data on these capital inve
256、stments.This data described the amount of construction investment that occurred at each of the European data centers each year from 2010 to 2020.We annualized the construction data specific to each data center by dividing the total amount of investment at each campus by the number of years that camp
257、us has been operational.Capital investment data was broken into spending on constructing the data center itself,purchases of computer and electronic equipment for the data center,and professional services in designing the data center.The construction expenditure was assumed to be 100%local.At the na
258、tional level,the equipment and professional services expenditures were allocated geographically for each data center based on national and industry-specific data in the GEIM IO tables.At the local level,we relied on a uniform set of regional and local shares that were based on US shares as derived f
259、rom shares reported in IMPLAN.Global headquartersOxford Economics Ltd Abbey House 121 St Aldates Oxford,OX1 1HBUKTel:+44(0)1865 268 900London4 MillbankWestminsterLondon,SW1P 3JA UKTel:+44(0)20 3910 8000FrankfurtMarienstr.1560329 Frankfurt am MainGermanyTel:+49 69 96 758 658New York5 Hanover Square,8
260、th Floor New York,NY 10004USATel:+1(646)503 3050Singapore6 Battery Road#38-05Singapore 049909Tel:+65 6850 0110Europe,Middle Eastand Africa OxfordLondonBelfastDublinFrankfurtParisMilanStockholmCape TownDubaiAmericasNew YorkPhiladelphiaBostonChicagoLos Angeles TorontoMexico CityAsia PacificSingaporeHong KongTokyoSydneyMelbourneEmail:Website:Further contact details: