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1、Consumption-based Heat Metering in GermanyRegulatory framework and implementation德国基于耗热量的热计量模式德国基于耗热量的热计量模式法律框架及具体做法法律框架及具体做法Ms.YIN Yuxia,Project Director,Sino-German Energy Partnership,GIZ尹玉霞女士,德国国际合作机构中德能源与能效合作伙伴关系项目主任2023年05月10日|10 May 2023内容内容Agenda10.05.20232供热转型目标和现状供热转型目标和现状 Targets and statu
2、s quoiii以耗热量为基础的计量模式以耗热量为基础的计量模式 Consumption-based heat meteringiii智能热计量智能热计量 Smart Heat Metering中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating ForumThe Sino-German Energy Partnership at a glance中德能源与能效合作伙伴关系概览中德能源与能效合作伙伴关系概览中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum10.05.2023Source:giz 2022资料来源:德国国际合作机构2022Worki
3、ng Groups 工作组工作组Partners 合作伙伴合作伙伴Political Partners:政府合作伙伴:Working Group“Energy”中德能源工作组中德能源工作组Electricity and spot market reform System integration of renewablesSustainable heating and coolingGreen hydrogenDecentralized energy generationBiomethaneWorking Group“Energy Efficiency”中德能效工作组中德能效工作组Energy
4、efficiency in industry and buildingsEnergy efficiency in citiesEnergy efficiency networksInnovative business and financing models工业和建筑节能和能效提升城镇节能能效网络小组创新商业和融资模式Implemented by:实施机构:in corporation with(excerpt):合作伙伴(部分):Background 背景背景and Renewable EnergiesEnergy Efficiency First!“are key to the energ
5、y transitions in Germany and China.中德两国能源转型的关键在于“能效优先”和发展可再生能源。As the German governments central instrument for foreign energy policythe energy partnership serves as a dialogue platform connecting politics and business,andfacilitate exchange on both countries energy transitions.作为德国政府对外能源政策的核心工具,能源伙
6、伴关系是连接政府和企业界的对话平台,致力于促进两国能源转型方面的交流。电力和现货市场改革可再生能源系统整合可持续供热和供冷绿氢分布式能源生物天然气中德能源合作支持中国可持续供热发展中德能源合作支持中国可持续供热发展GIZ and the Energy Partnership support sustainable heating in China中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum Policy and regulation,standards 政策建议、标准合作 Platform for exchange for policymakers,comp
7、anies and experts为政府决策者、企业和专家搭建交流平台 Publications研究报告、出版物10.05.2023Joint analysis on low-carbon(district)heating and policy recommendations by CHIC,GIZ and dena(forthcoming)GIZ与清洁供热产业委员会、德国能源署联合编写研究报告:集中供热低碳发展及政策建议Heating forum,experts workshops and round tables供热论坛、专家研讨会和企业圆桌讨论Group Standard:Heat pu
8、mp trigeneration heating,electricity,hot water团体标准:热泵三联供,供热、供电、供热水内容内容Agenda10.05.20235供热转型目标和现状供热转型目标和现状 Targets and status quoiii以耗热量为基础的计量模式以耗热量为基础的计量模式 Consumption-based heat meteringiii智能热计量智能热计量 Smart Heat Metering中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum2020年德国终端能源消费年德国终端能源消费 2342.3 TWhFinal e
9、nergy consumption in Germany in 2020:2342.3 TWhThe use of renewable energies in the heating&cooling and transport sectors needs to be increased 供热/制冷和交通部门的可再生能源利用有待提高中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum10.05.2023without electricity 不含电力15.2%(179.9 TWh)45.4%(251.0 TWh)6.4%(38.8 TWh)1Renewables sh
10、are可再生能源比例Sectoral final energy consumption 2020按部门分,2020年终端能源消费1Figure does not include renewable electricity in the transport sector.The 6.4%share is made up of biodiesel(4.9%),bioethanol(1.3%),and biomethane(0.2%).Including renewable electricity would increase the overall share to 7.3%;this value
11、 would be in linewith international standards and reporting obligations,and is normally published by AGEE-Stat.1不包括交通部门的可再生电力。6.4%的份额是由生物柴油(4.9%)、生物乙醇(1.3%)和生物甲烷(0.2%)组成的。如包括可再生电力将使总体份额增加到7.3%,该数值符合国际标准和报告义务,通常由德国可再生能源平衡工作组(AGEE-Stat)公布。without international aviation不含国际航空552.9 TWh(23.6%)1,185.9 TWh
12、(50.6%)603.5 TWh(25.7%)Heating&cooling供供热/制冷制冷Electricity 电力力Transport 交通交通居民供暖能源结构居民供暖能源结构Energy mix of household heat supply中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum有别于电力系统低碳化发展,供热领域仍是化石能源主导While decarbonisation of power is advanced,fossil fuels dominate heating in Germany天然气Natural Gas,49.3%燃油Mine
13、ral oil,24.7%集中供热District heating,14.2%热泵Heat pumps,3.0%电力Electricity,2.6%其他Other,6.2%Source:BDEW;Dec 2022,at https:/www.bdew.de/media/documents/Jahresbericht_2022_final_20Dez2022.pdf1)德国有供热设施的住房数量2022年德国居民供热结构年德国居民供热结构(%为住户数量占比)为住户数量占比)Heating mix of residential units in Germany 2022(%of housing un
14、its)约有75%的住房是靠燃油和天然气供暖75%of unitsheated by gas or oil2022年:50.2%的新建建筑使用了热泵!2022:50.2%of newly built buildings use heat pumps!10.05.2023住房数量4290万Wohnungsbestand42,9 Mio.)德国的集中供热德国的集中供热District heating in Germany中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum天然气Natural Gas,46.7%硬煤Hard Coal,5.9%褐煤Lignite,13.9
15、%废弃物Waste,8.4%燃油Mineral oil,1.2%余热Waste heat,6.1%其他Other,0.6%可再生Renewable Sources,17.3%化石能源主导集中供热Fossil fuels also dominate in district heating2021年集中供热的能源结构年集中供热的能源结构District heating mix in Germany 2021约有66%是天然气和煤炭供热66%from gas or coal退煤、摆脱燃气和其他雄心目标会改变现状的结构图Coal phase-out,move away from gas and amb
16、itious targets will change the pictureSource:BDEW;May 2022,at https:/www.bdew.de/service/daten-und-grafiken/nettowaermeerzeugung-nach-energietraegern/1)德国有供热设施的住房数量供热领域去碳化供热领域去碳化 现状和目标现状和目标Decarbonisation of heating status quo and targets新一届联邦政府的目标和措施:气候目标气候目标:到2030年温室气体在1990年的基础上减排65%,2045年气候中和;供热目
17、标供热目标:到2030年,实现50%可再生能源供热2024年1月1日起,新安装的供暖系统必须至少由65%的可再生能源驱动集中供热系统的扩建与低碳发展;扩大热泵使用规模(在2020年约140万台的基础上,2030年扩大到600万台)德国政府制定了极具雄心的气候行动和供热转型目标The German government has set ambitious targets for climate action and the heating transition中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum10.05.2023Ziele und Manahmen
18、der neuen Bundesregierung:Climate targets:-65%of 1990 emissions by2030,climate neutrality 2045Heating target:50%of heating demand fromRE by 2030From January 1,2024,every newly installed heating system must be powered by 65%renewable energyExpansion and decarbonization of district heating system,scal
19、e up of heat pumps(6 million installed heat pumps intended by 2030 status 2020:circa 1.4 million)内容内容Agenda10供热转型目标和现状供热转型目标和现状 Targets and status quoiii以耗热量为基础的计量模式以耗热量为基础的计量模式 Consumption-based heat meteringiii智能热计量智能热计量 Smart Heat Metering中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum10.05.2023以耗热量为基础的
20、计量模式以耗热量为基础的计量模式 Consumption-based heat metering中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum基于热量的收费助推能效和供需互动,通过改变用热行为节能Billing based on consumption promotes efficiency and provides feedback about behaviour德国不同供热系统的计量:德国不同供热系统的计量:Various Heat Metering Methods in GER:热源热源 Energy supply供热系统供热系统 Heating Sys
21、tem计量方式计量方式 Metering Method天然气天然气 Gas Heating 独户建筑或住宅的锅炉Boiler in a single house or dwelling燃气表Gas meter多户住宅的集中锅炉Central Boiler in multi-family house总燃气表Central gas meter住宅中每个暖器/回路的热表Heat meter per radiator/circuit in the dwellings燃料或生物质颗粒燃料或生物质颗粒Fuel or biomass(pellets)独户住宅的锅炉Boiler in a single fam
22、ily house个人采购燃料Individual purchase多户住宅的集中锅炉Central Boiler in multi-family house集中采购Central purchase住宅中每个暖器/回路的热表Heat meter per radiator/circuit in the dwellings集中供热集中供热District heating 热交换器Heat Exchanger总热表Central metering住宅中每个暖器/回路的热表Heat meter per radiator/circuit in the dwellings热泵热泵Heat Pump 独户或
23、多户住宅的中央单元Central unit for single house or multi-family house单独电表Dedicated electricity meter住宅中每个暖器/回路的热表Heat meter per radiator/circuit in the dwellings10.05.2023Regulatory framework:The Heating Costs Ordinance(HeizkostenV)法律框架:法律框架:采暖费条例采暖费条例(HeizkostenV)中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum适用范围
24、:适用范围:区域供热的建筑通过集中供热的多住户建筑Who must comply?Buildings supplied by districtheatingBuildings with centralheating systems supplyingseveral units10.05.2023计费方法:计费方法:按楼计量、按户分配热量将总供热费用根据每个楼的总热表的读数,分摊到各个楼根据各用户热分配表读数把整楼的供热费用分摊到各户Billing methods:Metering by building,heat allocation by household Total heating co
25、st apportioned to each building based on the reading of the total heat meter for each building Heating cost of the whole building to each household according to the reading of the heat distribution meter of each customer按户分摊的采暖费由两部分构成:按户分摊的采暖费由两部分构成:1.运行价格:住户实际消耗的热量费,即热分配表的读数,这部分费用是浮动的,取决于住户的消费行为,该部
26、分至少应占到采暖费的至少应占到采暖费的50%。如果房东未遵守该要求,租户可以扣除暖费的15%。2.基本价格:基于供热公司在供热合同中约定的为用户提供的最大供热容量,取决于住宅面积The heating charge assessed on a household basis consists of two components:1.Consumption-based price:cost of heat actually consumed by the household,i.e.,the reading of the heat distribution meter,which is vari
27、able and depends on individual consumer behavior and which should account for min.50%of the heating bill.If the landlord does not adhere to this requirement,tenants can deduct 15%of the cost.2.Basic price:based on max.heating capacity agreed by the heating company in the heating contract for the cus
28、tomer,depending on square meters or number of occupants德国通过立法及颁布相关规定实现以热耗为基础的计量模式,其中最重要的条例是采暖费条例采暖费条例(1981年颁布、2009年修订、2021年2023年调整),它规定了供暖和热水的收费标准。Germany implements the consumption-based heat metering through legislation and relevant regulations.The most important one is the Heating Costs Ordinance
29、(enacted in 1981,revised in 2009、2021 and 2023)and it regulates the billing of heating and water cost:如何测量?如何测量?建筑业主方/出租方负责记录并有提供给租户信息的义务,可委托计量服务公司官方许可的热表How is it measured?Recorded by buildingownerOfficially approvedmetersRegulatory framework:The Heating Costs Ordinance(HeizkostenV)法律框架:法律框架:采暖费条例采
30、暖费条例(HeizkostenV)中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum热费账单上的信息有什么?热费账单上的信息有什么?2022年1月1日起,用户每月热耗量,以kWh为单位当月与之前的耗热量对比同类型用户平均耗热量的对标信息What is measured?Consumption of user in kWh in certain time interval(monthly since 1.1.2022)Comparison with last time intervalComparison with benchmarked average for s
31、ame user type10.05.2023热表在投入使用前会进行标准校准,校准期一般为6年。6年后热表必须更换或重新校准。Heatmetersarecalibratedtoastandardbeforetheyareputintoservice,and the calibration period isgenerally 6 years.After 6 years the heatmeter must be replaced or recalibrated.图片来源:代傲表计内容内容Agenda10.05.202314供热转型目标和现状供热转型目标和现状 Targets and statu
32、s quoiii以耗热量为基础的计量模式以耗热量为基础的计量模式 Consumption-based heat meteringiii智能热计量智能热计量 Smart Heat Metering中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating ForumSmart Heat Metering:Definition&goals智能热计量智能热计量:定义和目标定义和目标中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum10.05.2023智能热计量是指使用先进技术如远程通信、实时数据传输和智能数据分析来测量和收集耗热数据。Smart heat me
33、tering refers to the measurement and collection of data on heat consumption using advanced technologies such as remote communication,real-time data transfer,and intelligent data analysis.从2027年开始,热计量设施应具备远程读数功能,并符合数据安全法规要求。From 2027,every heat measuring device will have to be suitable for remote rea
34、ding in adherence with data security laws.从2032年,已安装的热计量设施也必须兼容智能表计网关。From 2032,compatibility with smart-meter-gateways will be mandatory for every installed heat meter devices as well.在德国,智能电表设备的强制推广将持续到2032年。它们由现代化的电力计量设备与智能电表网关组成。In Germany,there is a mandatory rollout of smart metering devices u
35、ntil 2032 for electricity.These consist of a modern electricity measuring device in combination with a smart-meter-gateway.智能电表网关是通信单元,是德国能源转型数字化的关键技术。Smart-meter-gateways are the communication unit and function as key technology for the digitization of the German energy transition.Smart Heat Meteri
36、ng:Benefits&relevance for sector coupling智能热计量智能热计量:益处益处&对实现部门耦合的意义对实现部门耦合的意义Benefits of Smart Heat Metering:Remote monitoring and managementIncreased accuracy in energy measurementImproved integration of renewable energies due to enhanced flexibility in energy management Improved customer experienc
37、e due to greatertransparency and control over energy usageGreater monitoring capacities lead toimproved energy efficiencyBetter energy management reduces energy waste andtherefore reduces carbon emissions10.05.2023智能热量计的益处智能热量计的益处:远程监测和管理提高能源计量的准确性通过能源管理的灵活性的提升,通过能源管理的灵活性的提升,更好地整合可再生能源更好地整合可再生能源提高透明
38、度和对用能的控制,提高用户体验更好的监测能力以提高能效大数据作为能源管理的基础,可提高能效,减少能源浪费,从而降低碳排放部门耦合部门耦合是以可再生能源为核心,整合电力生产和供热、交通和工业等用能部门;供热占德国总能耗的供热占德国总能耗的50%以上以上,目前热源仍以化石燃料为主,供热领域电气化是摆脱化石能源的重要路径;为了应对供需两侧特别是可再生能源的波动性,能源市场需要可调节灵活性容量智能热计量的大数据处理能力和远程控制功能有助于提智能热计量的大数据处理能力和远程控制功能有助于提高集中和区域供热领域的灵活性,实现供热和电力领域耦合高集中和区域供热领域的灵活性,实现供热和电力领域耦合Sector
39、 coupling aims to integrate electricity,heat,mobility and industrial processes with electricity from renewables as central pillarHeating 50%of total energy consumption,still dominated by fossil fuelsIn order to integrate fluctuate renewables,the wholeenergy system needs more flexible capacity smart
40、heat metering helps increasing flexibility of heating sector and enabling interconnection of power and heating sector联系人:联系人:尹玉霞中德能源与能效伙伴关系 项目主任yuxia.yingiz.de010-8527 5589 ext360联系人:联系人:Liliane Ronge中德能源与能效伙伴关系 技术顾问liliane.rongegiz.de010-8532 4758 ext 200联系人:联系人:原祯中德能源与能效伙伴关系 项目官员zhen.yuangiz.de010-8527 5589 ext311或关注中德能源合作(微信公众号):或关注中德能源合作(微信公众号):谢谢大家!谢谢大家!如希望进一步了解我们的项目,欢迎登录:如希望进一步了解我们的项目,欢迎登录:10.05.2023中德清洁供热论坛|Sino-German Clean Heating Forum