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1、Editorial BoardConsultants:Li DianxunZhou HaibingDeputy Directors:Guo NingYu ZirongDirectors:Shen YumouGu XuemingXu XiangpingBoard members:Hu SongqiangMao XiaojingWang PengChen WeiLiu JianpingZheng YaoYang YiPeng ZhengZhang HaianMembers of the Writing Group:Li ZhengchunLi BingLiu GuoguangWang Huijie
2、He HuiziDeng YaliDai ShashaZhang ShupingYuan XiaohuiLiu MuxiLiu HuanHan ZhupingChen ChengLiu Ling Kong WeishengRuan SinuoSun GuoqiangXu XingLi ZhiYang QinHe KunWu RuiqiVII目录中非经贸关系报告(2023)Preface.71I.Overview.73II.Trade in Goods between China and Africa.75(I)Overall Situation.75(II)Chinas Exports to
3、Africa.77(III)Chinas Imports from Africa.79III.Trade in Services between China and Africa.82(I)Overall Situation.82(II)Financial Services.83(III)Air Transport.85(IV)Tourism.86(V)Information Technology.87(VI)Radio and Television.87IV.Chinas Investment in Africa.88(I)Overall Situation.88(II)Energy and
4、 Minerals.90(III)Manufacturing.90(IV)Agriculture.91(V)Construction of Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones.92(VI)Fund and Equity Investment.95V.China-Africa Infrastructure Cooperation.96(I)Overall Situation.96(II)Transportation.98(III)Power Engineering.100(IV)Communications Engineering.101ContentsVI
5、II目录中非经贸关系报告(2023)(V)Water Conservancy Facilities.102(VI)General Constructions.103VI.China-Africa Development Cooperation.104(I)Overall Situation.104(II)Agriculture.104(III)Social Public Facilities.105(IV)Medical and Health Care.106(V)Education.107(VI)Humanitarian Assistance.108VII.China-Africa Econ
6、omic and Trade Cooperation within the Multilateral Framework.109(I)Cooperation between China and the African Union.109(II)China-Africa Cooperation within Different Multilateral Platforms.110(III)China-Africa Financial Cooperation within the Multilateral Framework.110VIII.Prospects of China-Africa Ec
7、onomic and Trade Relations.111(I)Africas development prospects.111(II)Prospects of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.113Provincial Cooperation Part.115Overview.116Hunan Province.118I.Overview of Hunan Provinces Cooperation with Africa.118II.Hunan Provinces Trade with Africa.118(I)Exports t
8、o Africa.119IX目录中非经贸关系报告(2023)(II)Imports from Africa.121III.Hunan Provinces Investment in Africa.122(I)Direct investment in Africa.122(II)New paths and new models for investment in Africa.124IV.Hunan Provinces Contracted Projects in Africa.125V.Hunan Provinces Open Platforms for Economic and Trade
9、Cooperation with Africa.126(I)China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo(CAETE).126(II)Pilot Zone for In-depth China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation.127VI.Prospects for Hunan Provinces Economic and Trade Cooperation with Africa.128Shandong Province.132I.Overview of Shandong Provinces Cooperation wit
10、h Africa.132II.Shandong Provinces Trade with Africa.132(I)Exports to Africa.133(II)Imports from Africa.134(III)Exhibitions in Africa.135(IV)Overseas Warehouses in Africa.136(V)Barter Trade with Africa.136III.Shandong Provinces Investment in Africa.136(I)Direct Investment in Africa.136(II)Economic an
11、d Trade Cooperation Zones in Africa.137(III)Overview of Key Industries for Cooperation with Africa.139X目录中非经贸关系报告(2023)IV.African Investment in Shandong.139V.Shandong Provinces Contracted Engineering Projects in Africa .140Hubei Province.141I.Overview of Hubei Provinces Cooperation with Africa.141II
12、.Hubei Provinces Trade with Africa.141(I)Overview of Trade with Africa.141(II)Distribution of Hubei Provinces Trading Countries in Africa.141(III)Classification of Trade Products.142III.Hubei Provinces Investment in Africa.142(I)Overview of Direct Investment in Africa.142(II)Economic and Trade Coope
13、ration Parks in Africa.142(III)Key Industries for Cooperation with Africa.144IV.Hubei Provinces Contracted Projects in Africa.144(I)Overview of Contracted Projects in Africa.144(II)African Countries for Hubei Provinces Contracted Projects.145(III)Industries for Contracted Projects in Africa.145V.Hub
14、ei Province Embraces an Innovative Mechanism for Cooperation with Africa.14671Preface China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023PrefaceAt the opening ceremony of the 8th Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation held in 2021,President Xi Jinping announced that Chi
15、na would work closely with African countries to jointly implement the“Nine Programs”,and proposed promoting the building of a high-level China-Africa community with a shared future,which provided the direction and blueprint for China-Africa cooperation in the new era,and guided China-Africa economic
16、 and trade cooperation to a new height.The international situation has been complicated and volatile and global economic growth has been under tremendous pressure over the past two years,but China and African countries have worked together to overcome difficulties,and achieved remarkable results in
17、China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2021 was released at the second China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo in 2021,and received good response.The third China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo will be held in Changsha,Hunan Province from June 29
18、to July 2,2023.The Secretariat of the China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo entrusted again the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation(CAITEC)and China-Africa Economic and Trade Promotion Council to produce the China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023,which an
19、alyzes and summarizes the characteristics and achievements of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation in 2021 and 2022,and discusses the prospects of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.The report consists of the comprehensive part and provincial cooperation part,and is available in thre
20、e languages:Chinese,English and French.We hereby express gratitude to the organizations and institutions for the strong support we received during the compilation of the report,including the Ministry of Commerce,the Ministry of Culture and Tourism,the General Administration of Customs,the National F
21、inancial Regulatory Administration,the Civil Aviation Administration of China,the State Administration of Foreign Exchange,the China-Africa Development Fund,the China-Africa Production Capacity Cooperation Fund,the Department of Commerce of Hunan Province,the Department of Commerce of Shandong Provi
22、nce the Department of Commerce of Hubei Province.Comprehensive Part73Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023I.OverviewChanges of the world,of our times and history are unfolding today in ways like never before.Faced with complicated changes,China and Africa have s
23、upported each other,overcome obstacles together,and pursued common development as the two sides compose a new chapter in China-Africa practical cooperation and jointly build a high-standard China-Africa community with a shared future.At the Eighth Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa
24、Cooperation(FOCAC)held in Senegal in November 2021,China and Africa took a long view and jointly formulated and released the 2035 Vision for China-Africa Cooperation,which set the orientation and goals of medium-and long-term cooperation.President Xi Jinping announced that China would collaborate cl
25、osely with African countries to implement the“Nine Programs”as the first three-year plan of the Vision.In the past two years,a fresh impetus was given to China-Africa pragmatic cooperation in the new era,and mutually beneficial China-Africa economic and trade cooperation has entered a new stage.Chin
26、a-Africa trade in goods staged a robust recovery.Since 2021,China-Africa trade in goods has reversed the drop seen in 2020,registering significant increases in both imports and exports.In 2021,China-Africa trade in goods reached US$254.29 billion,a year-on-year increase of 36%.In 2022,China-Africa t
27、rade in goods climbed by 10.9%year-on-year,reaching US$282 billion.China has remained Africas largest trading partner for 14 consecutive years.Specifically,Chinas export of transportation equipment such as vehicles to Africa has increased rapidly.Chinas import of agricultural products from Africa ha
28、s increased remarkedly,with an average annual growth rate of 11.4%in recent years.China has extended zero-tariff treatment to 98%of tax items for products exported by least developed countries to China.A growing number of high-quality and featured African agricultural food products have entered the
29、Chinese market at a faster pace.China offers broad prospects for African exports.New digital economy models such as e-commerce platforms,“streamer marketing”,“livestreaming shopping”,and e-payment have accelerated the matching of products and markets between China and Africa.China-Africa trade in se
30、rvices keeps expanding.New progress has been made in China-Africa trade in services in many fields.The internationalization of RMB is being advanced in Africa,and the local currency settlement and swap arrangements between China and Africa have made significant strides.The two sides continue to set
31、up branches of financial institutions in each others markets,and the level of financial facilitation has steadily improved.Africa has become an emerging outbound tourist destination favored by Chinese people.China-Africa air routes are being resumed,and the tourism business of Chinese citizens trave
32、ling to Egypt,Kenya,South Africa and other African countries has been reopened.Services in information technology such as cross-border e-commerce,mobile payment,and cloud outsourcing cooperation bring innovative cooperation models to China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.Chinese investment in
33、Africa is becoming increasingly active.In 2021,Chinas direct investment in Africa registered significant growth despite the COVID-19 pandemic,with investment flows increasing from US$4.23 billion in 2020 to US$4.99 billion,a year-on-year increase of 18%.Chinas investment in Africa mainly occurs in t
34、raditional industries such as construction,mining and manufacturing.At the same time,Chinese companies have stepped up their investment in,inter alia,agriculture and agricultural product processing,financial services,and aerospace.New energy vehicles,medical medicine,and electronic information manuf
35、acturing have become new highlights of investment in the field of manufacturing.In the field of agriculture,Chinese enterprises investment in the agricultural industry chain as well as the application of smart agricultural technology and equipment have driven the transformation and upgrading of Afri
36、can agriculture.Economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa built with the participation of Chinese enterprises are important 74Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023platforms for Chinas investment in Africa.In recent years,enterprises in the zones have more d
37、iversified business,resulting in increases in investment amount and local job creation.Equity funds such as China-Africa Development Fund,the China-Africa Fund for Production Capacity Cooperation,and the Silk Road Fund have increased investment and adopted innovative investment models,which have str
38、ongly supported new infrastructure construction and the development of emerging industries in Africa.There are many highlights in infrastructure cooperation.Despite pressure caused by the COVID pandemic,African debt risks,among others,Chinese enterprises were the first to resume work and production
39、in the African market,and maintained a growth momentum in terms of contracted projects in Africa.Africa remains the second largest market for Chinas overseas contracted engineering projects.In 2021,Chinese enterprises signed new contracts worth US$77.88 billion in Africa,a year-on-year increase of 1
40、4.7%.In 2022,Chinese enterprises in Africa registered a turnover of US$37.84 billion,a year-on-year increase of 2%.Chinese enterprises have built lots of high-quality infrastructure projects in the fields of transport,electric power engineering,communications engineering,and water conservancy facili
41、ties,which have considerably promoted Africas economic recovery and peoples wellbeing.In particular,the increasing number of industrial manufacturing projects built by Chinese enterprises in Africa has assisted Africas industrialization.China-Africa development cooperation addresses real problems.At
42、 a time when Africa faced a host of difficulties such as the COVID-19 pandemic and food insecurity,China provided timely and effective assistance to Africa,demonstrating again the strong brotherhood between China and Africa.On the one hand,in view of the major stumbling blocks to Africas economic an
43、d social recovery,China has provided various forms of assistance in such fields as agriculture and poverty reduction,medical and health care,social public facilities,education and capacity building.On the other hand,China has donated a wealth of anti-epidemic materials to African countries and fulfi
44、lled its commitment to providing vaccine aid.So far,China has provided 190 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines to 27 African countries,and the annual production capacity of vaccines through localized cooperation in Africa has reached approximately 400 million doses.At the same time,China has worked c
45、losely with international agencies including the World Food Programme and the United Nations Development Programme to provide food aid and disaster relief materials to African countries struck by natural and humanitarian disasters and to assist in post-disaster reconstruction.Concerted effort is mad
46、e for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation under the multilateral framework.At the African continent level,China-African Union cooperation on the Belt and Road Initiatives has entered into the implementation stage.The two sides have conducted sufficient exchanges in response to the pandemic,f
47、ood,energy,production capacity investment,infrastructure,quality standards,statistics and other fields.China actively supports the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area(AfCFTA).In October 2021,the Ministry of Commerce of China and the AfCFTA Secretariat established an expert group
48、 mechanism for economic cooperation as a working platform for China to support the construction of the AfCFTA and deepen China-Africa experience exchange and practical cooperation in the field of trade and investment facilitation.China has also collaborated with local African financial institutions
49、including the African Development Bank on projects in the fields of agricultural product processing,water supply and sanitation,transport,electric power and energy.At the global level,China and Africa jointly launched the Initiative on Partnership for Africas Development,calling on the international
50、 community to step up its support for Africa.To help relevant African countries relieve debt burdens,China has fully implemented the G20 debt service suspension initiative,with the largest amount of debt relief among the G20 member states.75Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relation
51、ship Report 2023II.Trade in Goods between China and Africa(I)Overall SituationSince the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,China-Africa trade in goods has shown full resilience.Despite a decrease in 2020,bilateral trade volume registered a strong recovery in 2021 and further expanded in 2022.In 2021,
52、the COVID-19 pandemic spread further worldwide,but China-Africa trade cooperation saw strong recovery,with the import and export trade in goods reaching US$254.29 billion,a year-on-year increase of 36%,accounting for 4.2%of Chinas total trade in goods volume.Chinas exports to African countries reach
53、ed US$148.37 billion and its imports from Africa reached US$105.92 billion.The total import and export volume between China and Africa in 2021 and its growth rate was the highest since 2012.In 2022,China-Africa trade volume further increased,reaching US$282 billion,a year-on-year increase of 10.9%,a
54、ccounting for 4.5%of Chinas total trade in goods volume.Of this,Chinas exports to Africa reached US$164.49 billion and its imports from Africa reached US$117.51 billion.The three indicators hit an all-time high,and China has remained Africas largest trading partner for 14 consecutive years.Figure 1-
55、1China-Africa Trade from 2012 to 2022(Unit:US$100 million,%)Source:China Customs StatisticsIn 2021,Chinas volume of trade with Africas top ten trading partners totaled US$174.98 billion,accounting for 68.8%of China-Africa trade volume.South Africa,Nigeria,Angola and Egypt have long remained as China
56、s top four trading partners,and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ranked fifth for two years in a row.South Africa is Chinas largest trading partner and largest source of imports in Africa,with bilateral trade volume between China and South Africa reaching US$54.35 billion in 2021,accounting for
57、21.4%of China-Africa trade volume.Of this,Chinas exports to South Africa reached US$21.12 billion and its imports from South Africa reached US$33.23 billion.Chinas trade deficit with South Africa stood at US$12.11 billion.The trade volume between China and the Democratic Republic of the Congo reache
58、d US$14.40 billion,up by 58.2%from the previous year,ranking top among Chinas top ten African trading partners in terms of growth rate.Moreover,Egypts exports to China increased significantly,a year-on-year increase of 84.8%.76Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 20
59、23Table 1-1Imports and exports between China and its top ten trading partners in Africa in 2021Unit:US$100 million,%No.Country/RegionImports and exportsExportsImportsImports and exports on a year-on-year basisExports on a year-on-year basisImports on a year-on-year basis1South Africa543.5211.2332.35
60、0.738.659.62Nigeria256.8226.430.433.334.922.43Angola233.424.9208.541.442.641.34Egypt199.8182.717.137.334.084.85Democratic Republic of the Congo 144.027.6116.458.236.964.36Ghana95.781.114.612.220.0-17.47Algeria74.363.510.812.713.58.48Kenya69.767.42.325.224.550.59Tanzania67.561.46.147.147.147.310Moroc
61、co 65.156.98.236.636.338.3Source:China Customs StatisticsIn 2022,Chinas volume of trade with its top ten trading partners in Africa reached US$190.14 billion,accounting for 67.4%of China-Africa trade volume.The growth rate of Chinas import and export trade with African countries has slowed down some
62、what compared with 2021.South Africa,Angola,Nigeria,the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Egypt remained Chinas top five trading partners in Africa,with Liberia among the top ten.Chinas volume of trade with Nigeria,Egypt and other countries has declined,while its trade with the Democratic Republi
63、c of the Congo grew by 51.7%,the highest among those of the top ten trading partners in Africa.Table 1-2Imports and exports between China and its top ten trading partners in Africa in 2022Unit:US$100 million,%Country/RegionImports and exportsExportsImportsImports and exports on a year-on-year basisE
64、xports on a year-on-year basisImports on a year-on-year basisSouth Africa 567.4 242.0 325.4 5.0 14.8-1.3 Angola273.5 41.0 232.5 16.3 65.0 10.6 Nigeria239.0 223.0 16.0-6.6-1.1-47.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 219.0 51.2 167.8 51.7 85.8 43.7 Egypt181.9 171.7 10.2-8.8-5.8-40.1 Ghana102.7 79.3 23.4
65、 7.6-1.8 59.9 77Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Country/RegionImports and exportsExportsImportsImports and exports on a year-on-year basisExports on a year-on-year basisImports on a year-on-year basisKenya85.2 82.5 2.7 22.9 23.0 19.3 Tanzania83.1 77.7 5.4 2
66、3.7 27.1-11.3 Liberia75.4 75.2 0.2 32.0 32.3-36.9 Algeria 74.2 62.8 11.4-0.1-1.1 5.8 Source:China Customs Statistics(II)Chinas Exports to AfricaIn 2021,Chinas exports of goods to Africa reached US$148.37 billion,a year-on-year increase of 29.9%.Chinas exports of goods to Africas top ten export marke
67、ts totaled US$104.09 billion,accounting for 70.2%of Chinas total exports to Africa.The top five markets for Chinas exports are Nigeria,South Africa,Egypt,Ghana and Kenya,with Chinas exports to Nigeria and South Africa both exceeding US$20 billion,and its exports to Egypt exceeding US$18 billion,whic
68、h are all all-time highs.Figure 1-2Chinas main export target countries in Africa in 2021(Unit:US$100 million)Source:China Customs StatisticsIn 2022,Chinas exports of goods to Africa reached US$164.49 billion,a year-on-year increase of 10.9%.Chinas exports of goods to its top ten export markets in Af
69、rica totaled US$112.27 billion,accounting for 68.3%of Chinas total exports to Africa.South Africa,Nigeria,Egypt,Kenya and Ghana remained Chinas top five export markets.South Africa overtook Nigeria to become Chinas largest export market in Africa,while Kenya moved up to fourth and Ghana fell to fift
70、h.Chinas exports to the Democratic Republic of the Congo grew robustly,at a rate of over 85%.Continued Table78Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Figure 1-3Chinas major export target countries in Africa in 2022(unit:US$100 million)Source:China Customs Statistic
71、sChina exports a wide variety of products to Africa,mainly including mechanical and electrical products,textile raw materials and textile products,base metals and related products.In 2021 and 2022,Chinas top large commodity exports to Africa were mechanical and electrical products,audio equipment as
72、 well as their parts and accessories,with export values of US$36.46 billion and US$41.75 billion,respectively,accounting for 24.6%and 25.4%of the total exports in current years.In recent years,the export of base metals and their products has increased considerably,reaching US$24.13 billion in 2022,o
73、vertaking textile raw materials and textile products to become the second largest category of Chinas commodity exports to Africa.Vehicles and other transport equipment are also one of Chinas major exports to Africa.In 2021,Chinas exports of vehicles,aircraft,ships and transport equipment to Africa r
74、eached US$13.68 billion,an increase of 55.8%,and exports further increased in 2022,exceeding US$15 billion.Table 1-3 Chinas major commodity exports to Africa in 2021 and 2022Unit:US$100 million,%No.Commodity category2021Commodity category2022Value Growth rate year-on-yearValue Growth rate year-on-ye
75、ar1Category 16:Mechanical and electrical products,audio-visual equipment and its parts and accessories364.621.7%Category 16:Mechanical and electrical products,audio-visual equipment and its parts and accessories417.514.5%2Category 11:Textile raw materials and textile products244.525.3%Category 15:Ba
76、se metals and their products241.321.5%3Category 15:Base metals and their products198.635.7%Category 11:Textile raw materials and textile products235.3-3.8%4Category 17:Vehicles,aircraft,ships and transport equipment136.855.8%Category 17:Vehicles,aircraft,ships and transport equipment150.09.7%79Compr
77、ehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023No.Commodity category2021Commodity category2022Value Growth rate year-on-yearValue Growth rate year-on-year5Category 7:Plastics and their products;rubber and its products105.137.0%Category 7:Plastics and their products;rubber and
78、its products123.717.7%6Category 6:Products of the chemical industry and its related industries100.655.4%Category 6:Products of the chemical industry and its related industries103.93.2%7Category 20:Miscellaneous articles87.020.9%Category 20:Miscellaneous articles91.85.6%8Category 12:Shoes,hats,umbrel
79、las,etc.;feather products;artificial flowers;human hair products69.824.0%Category 12:Shoes,hats,umbrellas,etc.;feather products;artificial flowers;human hair products72.94.4%9Category 13:Mineral material products;ceramics;glass and its products44.911.8%Category 13:Mineral material products;ceramics;
80、glass and its products54.521.4%10Category 18:Optical,medical and other instruments;clocks and watches;musical instruments 28.930.5%Category 5:Mineral products47.294.8%11Category 5:Mineral products24.251.0%Category 18:Optical,medical and other instruments;clocks and watches;musical instruments22.3-22
81、.8%12Category 8:Leather,fur and its products;bags and suitcases;gut products18.136.9%Category 8:Leather,fur and its products;bags and suitcases;gut products18.94.4%13Category 2:Plant products15.54.6%Category 10:Wood pulp,etc.;wastepaper;paper,cardboard and their products17.443.1%14Category 4:Food;be
82、verages,wine and vinegar;tobacco and products15.315.5%Category 4:Food;beverages,wine and vinegar;tobacco and products16.68.5%15Category 10:Wood pulp,etc.;wastepaper;paper,cardboard and their products12.114.3%Category 2:Plant products14.0-9.9%Source:Ministry of Commerce of China(III)Chinas Imports fr
83、om Africa In 2021,Chinas imports of goods from Africa reached US$105.92 billion,a year-on-year increase of 45.6%.Chinas imports of goods from the top 10 African countries as import sources totaled US$88.24 billion,accounting for 83.3%of Chinas total imports from Africa.The top five import sources ar
84、e South Africa,Continued Table80Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Angola,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,the Republic of the Congo and Zambia.Chinas imports from South Africa reached US$33.22 billion,accounting for 31.4%,far more than those of other Afri
85、can countries.Figure 1-4 Chinas main import sources in Africa in 2021(unit:US$100 million)Source:China Customs StatisticsIn 2022,Chinas imports of goods from Africa increased swelled,reaching US$117.51 billion,a year-on-year increase of 10.9%.Chinas imports of goods from the top 10 African countries
86、 as import sources totaled US$99.29 billion,accounting for 84.5%of Chinas total imports from Africa.The top five import sources are South Africa,Angola,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Zambia and the Republic of the Congo,with South Africa and Angola being Chinas top two imports sources in Afric
87、a since 2016.Figure 1-5 Chinas main import sources in Africa in 2022(Unit:US$100 million,%)Source:China Customs Statistics81Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Chinas imports from Africa are highly concentrated,mainly mineral products and metals and their produ
88、cts.The import value of non-resource products such as agricultural products has also been increasing in recent years.Africa is an important source of Chinas mineral imports.Chinas mineral imports from Africa reached US$62.58 billion and US$67.09 billion in 2021 and 2022,respectively,accounting for 5
89、9%and 57%of total imports.The import value of base metals and their products has also grown rapidly,approaching US$25 billion in 2022,mainly from the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Zambia,and South Africa.China is the second largest destination for African agricultural exports.In recent years,Afri
90、cas agricultural exports to China have grown at an average annual rate of 11.4%.In 2021,Africas agricultural exports to China jumped by 18.2%year-on-year.In January 2022,China and Kenya inked the trade protocol for the export of Kenyan fresh avocados to China.The first batch of African fresh avocado
91、s exported to China was packaged and shipped in Kenya and arrived in Shanghai Port in August.Furthermore,agricultural products including coffee from Ethiopia,sesame from Tanzania,peanuts from Senegal,pears and oranges from South Africa,and stevia from Rwanda are increasingly seen on the Chinese mark
92、et.Table 1-4 Chinas major imports from Africa in 2021 and 2022Unit:US$100 million,%No.Commodity category2021Commodity category2022ValueGrowth rate year-on-year ValueGrowth rate year-on-year 1Category 5:Mineral products625.839.1%Category 5:Mineral products670.97.2%2Category 15:Base metals and their p
93、roducts185.860.2%Category 15:Base metals and their products246.332.51%3Category 14:Jewelry,precious metals and its products;imitation jewelry;coins 156.090.6%Category 14:Jewelry,precious metals and its products;imitation jewelry;coins 164.45.4%4Category 2:Plant products 31.627.9%Category 2:Plant pro
94、ducts 31.4-0.6%5Category 9:Wood and its products;charcoal;cork;knitting products 16.012.9%Category 9:Wood and its products;charcoal;cork;knitting products 15.2-4.9%6Category 4:Food;beverages,wine and vinegar;tobacco and products9.7-7.6%Category 4:Food;beverages,wine and vinegar;tobacco and products1
95、2.023.1%7Category 11:Textile raw materials and textile products8.812.0%Category 11:Textile raw materials and textile products8.5-4.1%8Category 6:Products of the chemical industry and its related industries8.76.0%Category 6:Products of the chemical industry and its related industries8.2-5.6%9Category
96、 16:Mechanical and electrical products,audio-visual equipment and its parts and accessories4.935.4%Category 16:Mechanical and electrical products,audio-visual equipment and its parts and accessories6.634.1%82Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023No.Commodity cate
97、gory2021Commodity category2022ValueGrowth rate year-on-year ValueGrowth rate year-on-year 10Category 7:Plastics and their products;rubber and its products4.110.4%Category 7:Plastics and their products;rubber and its products5.226.0%11Category 1:Live animals;animal products2.013.1%Category 10:Wood pu
98、lp,etc.;wastepaper;paper,cardboard and their products2.15.0%12Category 10:Wood pulp,etc.;wastepaper;paper,cardboard and their products2.0-24.4%Category 1:Live animals;animal products1.7-14.7%13Category 8:Leather,fur and its products;bags and suitcases;gut products1.569.5%Category 8:Leather,fur and i
99、ts products;bags and suitcases;gut products1.4-6.2%14Category 3:Animal and vegetable oils,fats,waxes;refined edible fats0.7-4.1%Category 3:Animal and vegetable oils,fats,waxes;refined edible fats0.4-40.6%15Category 17:Vehicles,aircraft,ships and transport equipment0.7119.7%Category 17:Vehicles,aircr
100、aft,ships and transport equipment0.4-46.7%Source:Ministry of Commerce of ChinaIn 2022,China granted zero-tariff treatment on 98%of exports to China to 18 least developed countries,including Central Africa,Chad,Djibouti,Eritrea,Guinea,Mozambique,Rwanda,Sudan,Togo,Benin,Burkina Faso,Guinea-Bissau,Leso
101、tho,Malawi,Sao Tome and Principe,Tanzania,Uganda and Zambia.As from March 1,2023,China operates zero tariffs on 98%of tariff items of products originating in Ethiopia,Burundi and Niger.To date,China has granted zero-tariff treatment on 98%of tariff items of products from 21 African least developed c
102、ountries.This embodies the spirit of friendly cooperation between China and Africa,assists the least developed countries to accelerate their development,while also promoting economic and trade exchanges between China and Africa and driving Africa to export more high-quality non-resource products to
103、China.III.Trade in Services between China and Africa(I)Overall SituationChina-Africa trade in services has developed steadily in recent years.Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic,China-Africa volume of trade in services decreased sharply in 2020,but rebounded somewhat in 2021.South Africa and
104、Egypt have been the top two African countries in Chinas trade in services with Africa in recent years.According to the latest statistics,the volume of trade in services between China and South Africa was US$1.34 billion in 2021,a year-on-year increase of 59.5%,and Chinas trade in services with Egypt
105、 reached US$890 million,a year-on-year increase of 22.4%.The main areas of China-Africa trade in services include transport,construction,travel services,government services,telecommunications,computer and information services,etc.There is great room for cooperation Continued Table83Comprehensive Par
106、t China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023in the fields of digital economy,network communication,cultural tourism,financial services,and environmental protection.(II)Financial ServicesChina has fostered cooperation in banking and securities supervision with many African countries.By
107、the end of 2022,the National Financial Regulatory Administration(formerly the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission)had signed nine memorandums of understanding on regulatory cooperation with financial regulators in eight African countries,including Egypt,Ghana,Mauritius,Morocco,South Af
108、rica,Nigeria,Tunisia and Zambia,to foster regulatory cooperation and improve the level of cross-border financial regulation.By the end of 2022,the China Securities Regulatory Commission had signed three memorandums of understanding on regulatory cooperation with securities and futures regulators in
109、Egypt,South Africa and Nigeria.This is of great significance for advancing bilateral regulatory exchanges and cooperation in the field of securities and futures and promoting the healthy development of their respective capital markets.Table 1-5Memorandum of Understanding signed between China Securit
110、ies Regulatory Commission and securities(futures)regulators in African countries(by the end of 2022)CountryInstitution nameDocument name and typeDate of signingEgyptEgypts Capital Market AuthorityMemorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Securities RegulationJune 2000South AfricaFinancial Servic
111、es Board(FSB)of South AfricaMemorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Securities and Futures RegulationOctober 2002NigeriaSecurities and Exchange Commission of NigeriaMemorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Securities and Futures RegulationJune 2005Source:China Securities Regulatory Commis
112、sionThe internationalization of the RMB has made considerable progress in Africa,and local currency settlement and swap arrangements have steadily promoted financial facilitation between China and Africa.The China-Africa Cross-border RMB Center,a major financial outcome of the first China-Africa Eco
113、nomic and Trade Expo,was officially approved by the head office of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China to be established in its Hunan Branch on July 23,2020.On November 21,2022,the China-Africa Cross-border RMB Settlement Center(Zhejiang),authorized by Bank of China Zhejiang Branch,was inaug
114、urated in Jinhua.This Center will promote the use of cross-border RMB for trade with Africa and provide financial services for China-Africa industrial cooperation as well as economic and trade development.Bank of China Johannesburg Branch is the first RMB clearing bank in Africa designated by the Pe
115、oples Bank of China,and,like Bank of China(Zambia),is a direct participant in the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System(CIPS).Currently,there are 49 indirect CIPS participants in Africa1.The RMB clearing banking service of the Bank of China(Mauritius)was officially launched at the end of 2022,making
116、 Mauritius the third African country after South Africa and Zambia to have an RMB clearing center.Peoples Bank of China has signed agreements on 1Source:Cross-Border Interbank Payment System84Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023local currency swaps with the cen
117、tral banks of South Africa,Morocco,Egypt and Nigeria,totaling 73 billion yuan,which facilitate the two-way cross-border flow of RMB.The number of branches of Chinese financial institutions is increasing in Africa.By the end of 2022,Chinas development financial institutions,policy banks and large sta
118、te-owned commercial banks had set up 15 branches in Africa,providing strong financial support for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.Table 1-6 Chinese financial institutions branches in Africa(by the end of 2022)Name of institutionHost countryName of branch office and date of establishmentC
119、hina Development BankEgyptChina Development Bank Cairo Representative Office(2009)The Export-Import Bank of ChinaSouth AfricaThe Export-Import Bank of Chinas Representative Office for East and South Africa(1999)MoroccoThe Export-Import Bank of Chinas Representative Office for Northwest Africa(2015)I
120、ndustrial and Commercial Bank of ChinaSouth AfricaIndustrial and Commercial Bank of Chinas Africa Representative Office(2011)Agricultural Bank of ChinaRepublic of the CongoChina-Congo African Bank(2015)Bank of ChinaSouth AfricaBank of Chinas Johannesburg Branch(2000)ZambiaBank of China(Zambia)(1997)
121、KenyaBank of Chinas Nairobi Representative Office(2012)AngolaBank of Chinas Luanda Branch(2017)MoroccoBank of Chinas Morocco Representative Office(2015)MauritiusBank of China(Mauritius)Limited(2016)TanzaniaBank of Chinas Tanzania Representative Office(2016)DjiboutiBank of China(Djibouti)Limited(2019
122、)China Construction BankSouth AfricaChina Construction Banks Johannesburg Branch(2000)Bank of CommunicationsSouth AfricaBank of Communications Johannesburg Branch(2020)Source:National Financial Regulatory Administration(formerly the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission)Chinese financial
123、 institutions have assisted in the progress of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation through various means such as co-financing and platform building.In November 2022,the China Development Bank and the French Development Agency(AFD)carried out the first third-party market partnership to financ
124、e a wastewater treatment project in the Hann Bay in Dakar,Senegal.It is an important project for implementing the initiative adopted at the Eighth Ministerial Conference of the FOCAC.When completed,it will effectively reduce the discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater into the Bay
125、to improve the water quality and the living environment,and mitigate the spread of sewage-related infectious diseases in the region.Bank of Chinas Johannesburg Branch signed a memorandum of understanding with the Johannesburg Stock Exchange(JSE)in April 2022 to help Chinese investors learn 85Compreh
126、ensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023about the South African capital market,playing a positive role in boosting China-South Africa economic cooperation.The“Global Matchmaker”is an open intelligent cross-border integrated matching service platform built by China Constru
127、ction Bank(CCB).In 2022,CCBs Johannesburg Branch held a special wine matching event on this platform,which reduced transaction costs and information asymmetry,and assisted in the matchmaking of the Chinese and South African markets.Financial institutions in African countries are also expanding their
128、 business in China.By the end of 2022,ten banks from Africa had established ten branches in China.Attijariwafa Bank,which is Moroccos largest commercial bank,set up a representative office in Beijing in 2022 to further develop its business in the Chinese market and foster bilateral financial coopera
129、tion.Table 1-7 Bank branches established by African countries in China(by the end of 2022)Name of institutionLocation in ChinaName of the organization in China and date of establishmentAfriland First BankBeijingAfriland First Banks Beijing Representative Office(2003)FirstRand Bank LimitedShanghaiFir
130、stRand Bank Limiteds Shanghai Representative Office(2007)National Bank of EgyptShanghaiNational Bank of Egypts Shanghai Branch(2008)First Bank of Nigeria PLCBeijingFirst Bank of Nigerias Beijing Representative Office(2009)ZENITH BANK PLCBeijingZenith Bank Plcs Beijing Representative Office(2011)Ecob
131、ank Ghana LimitedBeijingEcobank Ghana Limiteds Beijing Representative Office(2012)Access Bank PlcShanghaiAccess Bank Plcs Shanghai Representative Office(2014)Banque MisrGuangzhouMisr Banks Guangzhou Representative Office(2016)Bank of AfricaShanghaiBank of Africas Shanghai Branch(2018)Attijariwafa Ba
132、nkBeijingAttijariwafa Banks Beijing Representative Office(2022)Source:National Financial Regulatory Administration(formerly the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission)(III)Air Transport The increasing cooperation between China and Africa in various fields leads to a growing demand for air
133、 passenger and cargo transport between China and Africa.Up to now,China has formally signed civil air transport agreements with 27 African countries and established bilateral airworthiness relations with 12 African countries2,providing the foundation for institutional China-Africa cooperation in air
134、 transport services.As the epidemic control is relaxed,China-Africa air transport services are being resumed.According to 2Information Office of the State Council of China.China and Africa in the New Era:A Partnership of Equals.November 26,2021.86Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Re
135、lationship Report 2023the Official Airline Guide(OAG)statistics,2,600 flights were operated between China and Africa every year before the pandemic,transporting 850,000 passengers per year.Nearly half of China-Africa air routes were operated by Ethiopian Airlines.Chinese tourists were Ethiopian Airl
136、ines largest customer group,who travelled to Africa via Guangzhou,Shanghai,Beijing,Chengdu and other cities.In 2022,Chinas international air routes carried 1.861 million passengers,up by 26%over the preceding year3.The African continents value-added tourism industry,which promotes the development of
137、 other industries,will provide important market support for China-Africa air transport services.(IV)TourismAfrica is rich in tourism resources.Chinese tourists are attracted by its unique natural resources and diverse cultures and customs.Tourists in Africa have traditionally been European and Ameri
138、can tourists.In recent years,the Chinese market has received greater attention.Before the COVID-19 pandemic,countries such as Egypt,South Africa and Kenya had become emerging outbound tourist destinations favored by Chinese citizens.The increasing number of flights,convenient visa application,increa
139、sing economic cooperation and the willingness to carry out cultural exchanges have created a good foundation for China and Africa to foster tourism cooperation.In terms of ordinary passports,China operates mutual visa abolition policy with Mauritius and Seychelles.Morocco and Tunisia unilaterally al
140、low Chinese citizens visa-free entry.15 countries including Egypt,Togo and Cape Verde unilaterally allow Chinese citizens to apply for visas upon arrival4.To implement the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Dakar Action Plan(2022-2024)in the area of cultural and tourism cooperation,the Ministry of Cu
141、lture and Tourism of China has held three seminars on topics related to the sustainable development of tourism in African countries since 2021 to share practical experience in tourism development and help African countries revive their cultural and tourism industry.The seminars were attended by near
142、ly 300 government officials,experts,scholars and practitioners in the field of culture and tourism from 14 African countries.The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of China also held two seminars on tourism cooperation between China and African countries,which were attended by approximately 60 represen
143、tatives from tourism authorities,research institutions,industry associations and tourism businesses in 10 African countries and the African Union,providing policy reference and intellectual support for China-Africa cooperation in tourism.Furthermore,international tourism exhibitions are an effective
144、 platform for promoting China-Africa tourism products and experiences,giving strong impetus to China-Africa cultural and tourism cooperation.In 2021,China(Guangdong)International Tourism Industry Expo set up an international cultural tourism exhibition area for African countries.In the 2022 China In
145、ternational Tourism Mart themed“Smart Innovation for the Future-Serving High-quality Development of Tourism”,the embassies of Benin and Tanzania in China attended the relevant activities.As the epidemic comes to an end,the service of Chinese tourists to Africa has resumed.Since February 6,2023,China
146、 has allowed on a pilot basis domestic travel agencies and online travel enterprises to resume outbound group travel and“air ticket+hotel”business for Chinese citizens travelling to 20 countries,including Egypt,Kenya and South Africa.The first group of Chinese outbound tour groups has gone to Egypt
147、and Kenya.Many African countries that place a high value on tourism have included 3Civil Aviation Administration of China.2022 Civil Aviation Industry Development Statistical Bulletin.May 10,2023.4Source:http:/ Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023the revitalization of touris
148、m in their national development plans.The reopening of outbound group tour services for Chinese people will revitalize the African tourism market and give impetus to Africas post-COVID economic recovery.(V)Information TechnologyBased on constant innovations in business forms and business models,info
149、rmation technology services featuring cross-border e-commerce,mobile payment,and cloud outsourcing cooperation have become an important area of China-Africa trade in services,injecting a key impetus to the high-quality development of China-Africa trade in services.E-commerce platforms have played an
150、 important role in introducing high-quality African products to the Chinese market.At the China-Africa Internet Development and Cooperation Forum held in August 2021,China declared its willingness to formulate and implement the“China-Africa Digital Innovation Partnership Program”with Africa.The thre
151、e-month“African Products Online Promoting Season”,as part of the China-Africa Digital Innovation Partnership Program,kicked off in September 2021.In April 2022,the“Online Shopping Festival for High-quality African Commodities”was held as part of the FOCAC“Nine Programs”.Featured African products wer
152、e showcased through“platform-based promotion+livestreaming”.On major e-commerce platforms such as Douyin,Kuaishou,Taobao,and Tmall,diverse e-commerce activities such as ambassador livestreaming,China-Africa supply and demand matchmaking event,debuts of African products,and high-quality African commo
153、dity hall have been held to promote the sales of over 200 types of high-quality featured products from 23 African countries in China.Chinese enterprises have built nearly 20 overseas warehouses in Africa as an important fulcrum of cross-border e-commerce,but this still fails to meet the growing dema
154、nd for cross-border trade between China and Africa.There is great room for development in construction of overseas warehouses.Chinese enterprises actively participate in the establishment of public service platforms such as electronic payment and smart logistics in Africa,and carry out win-win coope
155、ration in connectivity.Opera,an information platform of Beijing Kunlun Wanwei Technology Co.,Ltd.,acquired a local financial services company in Nigeria.Chinese technology and experience have been employed to incubate OPay with a localized operating model,which has quickly evolved into one of the la
156、rgest mobile payment networks in Nigeria.By the end of 2021,over 1,500 enterprises in 17 cities in more than 15 African countries had chosen Chinese enterprises as digital transformation partners,and 29 countries had adopted the smart government service solutions provided by Chinese enterprises5.(VI
157、)Radio and TelevisionRadio and television are an important vehicle for cultural exchanges and a bridge for building connectivity and mutual trust between China and Africa.On April 16,2021,the inauguration ceremony of the CMG Africa was held in Nairobi,the capital of Kenya.On August 25,2022,the Natio
158、nal Radio Television Administration of China hosted the 5th Forum on China-Africa Media Cooperation,and over 50 African countries attended the opening ceremony.The documentary Chinese Meet Africa was officially released as one of the important outcomes of China-Africa media cooperation.On October 26
159、,2022,the“China Documentary Festival”Africa Stop jointly initiated by China Media Group and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of China 5Information Office of the State Council of China.China and Africa in the New Era:A Partnership of Equals.November 26,2021.88Comprehensive Part China-Africa Econom
160、ic and Trade Relationship Report 2023was officially launched.Mainstream TV media in African countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Republic of the Congo,Cameroon,Benin,and Burkina Faso broadcast high-quality programs such as Chinas Changes over the Decade(Jie Ma Shi Nian)and Stewards
161、hip.China-Africa media cooperation has played a positive role in giving a real report on Africa,showcasing Chinas image,cementing the friendship and building consensus between the Chinese and African peoples.The two sides have fostered cooperation in advancing technical exchanges,content sharing,per
162、sonnel training and other areas.IV.Chinas Investment in Africa(I)Overall SituationChinas direct investment in Africa has basically remained between US$3 billion and US$5 billion in recent years.Chinas direct investment in Africa in 2021 increased substantially compared with 2020,with direct investme
163、nt flows reaching US$4.99 billion,a year-on-year increase of 18%,accounting for 2.8%of Chinas total outward direct investment flow.The stock of direct investment in Africa increased slightly to US$44.19 billion,approaching the pre-COVID level,accounting for 1.6%of Chinas total outbound investment st
164、ock.Figure 1-6 Chinas direct investment in Africa from 2003 to 2021Source:Statistical Bulletins of Chinas Outward Foreign Direct Investment over the yearsAt present,Chinas direct investment in Africa is distributed in 52 countries.In 2021,China had direct investment flows in excess of US$100 million
165、 in 16 African countries,an increase of six from 2020.They are the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Zambia,Guinea,South Africa,Kenya,Niger,Mauritius,Nigeria,Egypt,Algeria,Republic of the Congo,Ghana,Angola,Seychelles,Zimbabwe and Tanzania.The direct investment flows to the 16 countries totaled US$4.
166、67 billion,accounting for 93.6%of Chinas direct investment flows to Africa.Driven by the China-Mauritius free trade agreement,Chinas direct investment flow to Mauritius soared from US$45.77 million in 2020 to US$240 million in 2021.In terms of investment stock,the top ten African countries for China
167、s direct investment by the end of 2021 were South Africa,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Zambia,Ethiopia,Angola,Nigeria,Kenya,Algeria,Zimbabwe and Tanzania,which accounted for 63.5%of Chinas direct investment stock in Africa.89Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Repo
168、rt 2023Figure 1-7 Stock of Chinas direct investment in Africa by country by the end of 2021(unit:US$100 million)Source:Statistical Bulletins of Chinas Outward Foreign Direct Investment over the years In terms of industry distribution,Chinas direct investment in Africa is still focused on constructio
169、n,mining and manufacturing industries,while Chinese companies are stepping up investment in industries such as agriculture and agricultural product processing,financial services and even aerospace.By the end of 2021,the top five sectors for Chinas direct investment stock in Africa were construction,
170、mining,manufacturing,finance,and leasing and business services,accounting for 87.1%of Chinas total investment stock in Africa.Chinas stock of investment in Africas mining and construction industries increased by 12.3%and 8.2%respectively,while the stock of direct investment in leasing and commercial
171、 services as well as manufacturing fell by 11.3%and 2.4%respectively.Figure 1-8 Stock of Chinas direct investment in Africa by industry by the end of 2021(unit:US$100 million)Source:2021 Statistical Bulletin of Chinas Outward Foreign Direct Investment 90Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and T
172、rade Relationship Report 2023(II)Energy and MineralsAfrica is rich in energy and mineral resources,promising great potential for exploitation.Mining,smelting and processing of mineral resources are important areas of China-Africa investment cooperation.By the end of 2021,Chinas stock of direct inves
173、tment in Africas mining industry reached US$9.99 billion,accounting for 22.6%of Chinas investment stock in Africa.Spurred by the African countries demand for exploitation of mineral resources such as oil,natural gas,lithium and iron ore,Chinese enterprises seized the opportunity to invest in or put
174、into operation a number of large-scale energy mining and mineral smelting projects in Uganda,Mozambique,the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other countries from 2021 to 2022,increasing the value-added and export of energy mineral resources in African countries.In the oil and natural gas areas,t
175、he Lake Albert Oil Development Project in Uganda,in which China National Offshore Oil Corporation invested,commenced construction in 2022.The oilfield covers an area of 1,518 square kilometers and has proven geological reserves of over six billion barrels.The project will also build the first crude
176、oil pipeline in East Africa with a length of 1,443 kilometers to support Uganda in realizing the external transport of crude oil.The first Coral floating liquefied natural gas(FLNG)projects developed in Mozambique Area 4,in which China National Petroleum Corporation invested,realized the first LNG s
177、hipment in November 2022.This is the first cargo of LNG export from East Africa by sea,making Mozambique an LNG exporter.In recent years,the smelting of mineral resources has become the focus of Chinas investment in Africa.The construction of smelting plants can directly drive the development of hea
178、vy industry in Africa and contribute to local job creation.The first phase of Dinson Iron and Steel project,Africas largest steel plant invested and built by Dinson Iron and Steel Company,which is a subsidiary of China Tsingshan Holding Group in Zimbabwe,began construction in October 2022.The projec
179、t is equipped with one 1.5 km 600 m carbon steel plant and iron ore and chromium plant,with an annual capacity of 1.2 million tons.It is expected to create 4,000 to 5,000 jobs.(III)Manufacturing In recent years,Chinese investors investing in Africas manufacturing industry have diversified and the ar
180、eas of investment have expanded,playing a positive role in spurring Africas economic development,social progress and local employment.By the end of 2021,Chinas stock of direct investment in African manufacturing industry reached US$5.93 billion,accounting for 13.4%of Chinas stock of direct investmen
181、t in Africa.Building materials manufacturing has been a traditional sector for Chinese investment in Africa.Due to the growing consumption of building materials in African countries and the shortage of local supply,the production of ceramics,glass fiber,cement and other materials has become popular
182、areas for Chinese enterprises to invest in Africa.In July 2022,KEDA Industrial Groups African subsidiary invested in the fifth phase of the architectural ceramics production project in Ghana and the Kisumu ceramic sanitary ware production project in Kenya,with an aggregate investment of US$67.0762 m
183、illion.In December of the same year,Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass Industry S.A.E launched its fiberglass production line with an annual output of 120,000 tons.After the project is put into operation,the production capacity of Jushi Egypts fiberglass base reaches 340,000 tons per year,making Egypt one o
184、f the worlds leading fiberglass production bases.It will generate US$100 million in foreign exchange for Egypt every year.91Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Automobile manufacturing has been a key industry for development in African countries in recent years
185、.As the demand for automobiles in African countries grows,many Chinese automakers such as China FAW Group,Beijing Automotive Group Co.,Ltd.,and Chery Automobile have invested in the construction of automobile assembly and manufacturing plants in Africa and are developing the new energy vehicle marke
186、t actively.In January 2021,Dongfeng Motor and the Public Enterprise Ministry of Egypt signed a framework agreement on new energy vehicle projects,which marks an important beginning for Egypts new energy vehicle strategy and will promote the local production of electric vehicles in Egypt.In March 202
187、2,the first motorcycle production line invested by the Chinese enterprise NIODIOR Group in Angola was officially put into operation.In April of the same year,Isuzu additionally invested approximately US$82 million in its South African plant to launch the latest derivative of D-Max bakkie,a heavy-dut
188、y pickup truck.This investment will generate 1,000 direct jobs and 24,000 indirect jobs at the local plant.Due to a large shortage of chemical fertilizers in Africa,chemicals manufacturing dominated by fertilizer production is also a key project introduced by African countries.In 2021,the United Cap
189、ital Fertilizer Co.,Ltd.,invested by a Chinese enterprise in Zambia,commenced construction,with an investment in excess of US$300 million.The price of local fertilizers in Zambia is expected to be halved after it is put into operation.In March 2022,China Wuhuan Engineering Co.,Ltd.and Yunnan Tianan
190、Chemical Co.,Ltd.signed an agreement with Algerian Fertilizers and Phytosanitary Products Industrial Group(ASMIDAL)and Algerian Mining Group(AMNAL)to jointly establish Algerian Chinese Fertilizers Company,which plans to invest in the construction of Algerias first phosphate integration project.The p
191、roject will have an annual capacity of 5.4 million tons after completion.In addition to traditional sectors,Chinese enterprises pay high attention to investment and cooperation in high-tech fields such as medical and pharmaceutical and electronic information manufacturing.During the COVID-19 pandemi
192、c,Chinese enterprises expanded their investment in the field of medical and health care in Africa,which strongly supported the establishment of Africas medical and health care system.In April 2021,Sinovac and Vacsera signed an agreement to manufacture Sinovac vaccines in Egypt.In July 2021,Vacsera p
193、roduced the first 650,000 doses of Sinovac vaccines,marking successful local production.Humanwell African Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.,which invested in Mali,worked flat out to ensure normal production during the epidemic,which greatly eased the shortage of drugs in Mali and neighboring countries,and sup
194、ported the epidemic response in West Africa.In terms of electronics manufacturing,OPPO signed a memorandum of understanding with the Egyptian Information Technology Industry Development Agency(ITIDA)in September 2022 to establish a mobile phone factory in Egypt,with an initial investment of US$20 mi
195、llion.It is expected to produce 4.5 million mobile phones per year and generate nearly 900 jobs in 2023.(IV)AgricultureIn recent years,Chinas direct investment in agriculture in Africa has exhibited a steady growth trend,mainly in Mauritania,Uganda,Nigeria,Egypt,Ghana,Zambia,Madagascar,Zimbabwe,Tanz
196、ania,and South Africa.The areas of investment cover the cultivation and processing of crops and cash crops,livestock breeding and fisheries.Chinese enterprises investment in agriculture in Africa focuses on driving the modernization of agriculture in host countries through investment in the industri
197、al chain and agricultural processing industry.The 20,000-ton yeast product expansion project of Angel Yeast(Egypt)Company officially started at the end 92Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023of 2022.After completion,the total production capacity of the companys
198、yeast products will reach 60,000 tons per year.The project will harness Egypts advantages in trade facilitation,location and scale to further develop the Middle Eastern,African and other international markets.Chinas investment in agriculture in Africa also focuses on promoting the use of smart agric
199、ultural technologies and equipment in Africa,supporting the digital transformation and upgrading of African agriculture sector,and offering new driving force for Africas economic growth.In response to the“Poverty Reduction and Farmer Benefit Program”and the“Digital Innovation Program”under the FOCAC
200、“Nine Programs”,the China-Africa Development Fund signed a strategic cooperation agreement in 2022 with Guangzhou XAG to discuss supporting Chinese smart agricultural enterprises in introducing Chinas advanced digital technology and equipment to African agricultural sector and empower the developmen
201、t of smart agriculture in Africa under the new model of“investment,loan,aid and donation”.With this project,the China-Africa Development Fund introduced XAGs UAV products and related innovative technologies to the Mozambique Agricultural Park Project and the Harvest Farm run by Ghana branch of China
202、 Geo-Engineering Corporation(CGC),boosting grain production in Ghana and Mozambique.(V)Construction of Economic and Trade Cooperation ZonesChina-Africa economic and trade cooperation zones have become an important vehicle for investment in Africa.In recent years,China has been involved in the planni
203、ng,construction or operation of an increasing number of economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa,and business fields have become more diversified,covering resource utilization,agriculture,processing and manufacturing,commerce and logistics.There are some classic cases,such as China-Egypt Suez
204、Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone,Zambia-China Cooperation Zone,Ethiopia Eastern Industry Zone,China-Sudan Agricultural Cooperation Development Zone,and Djibouti International Free Trade Zone.Economic and trade cooperation zones are an important boost to China-Africa cooperation and Africas econom
205、ic development.The economic and trade cooperation zones built by China in African countries have received support from the host countries in terms of tax preference,supporting government services,security measures and so on,becoming important platforms for Chinese enterprises to invest in African co
206、untries.The construction of economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa has not only encouraged many Chinese-funded manufacturing,agricultural and commercial service enterprises to invest in African countries,created lots of local jobs,and increased local tax revenue,but also contributed to the i
207、mprovement of the industrial chain as well as industrialization in the host countries.For example,Zambia-China Cooperation Zone,which was invested and built by China Nonferrous Metal Mining(Group)Co.,Ltd(CNMC)in 2007,consists of the Chambishi Zone in Kalulushi City,Copperbelt Province,Zambia,and the
208、 Lusaka Zone near Lusaka International Airport.To date,nearly 100 Chinese enterprises have settled in the zone,invested over US$2.5 billion,paid over US$800 million in taxes and fees,and created over 10,000 jobs in Zambia.93Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023
209、Table 1-8Some of economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa by the end of 2021No.Name Host country(region)Chinese implementing enterprise Date of establishment Type of park 1Mauritius Jinfei Economic Trade and Cooperation ZoneMauritiusShanxi Jinfei Investment Co.,Ltd.Aug.2006 Including product p
210、rocessing as well as logistics and warehousing,business and trade,education and training,real estate,tourism and catering,green energy,etc.2Zambia-China Cooperation ZoneZambiaChina Nonferrous Metal Mining(Group)Aug.2006 Multifunctional economic zone;one zone and two parks:Chambishi Park is a compreh
211、ensive park focusing on nonferrous metal industry,and Lusaka Park is a modern airport industrial park featuring trade and logistics,value-added processing,modern office and free trade zone 3Yuemei(Nigeria)Textile Industrial ParkNigeriaYuemei Group Co.,Ltd.Jul.2007 Light industrial park4Lekki Free Tr
212、ade Zone NigeriaChina-Africa Lekki Investment LimitedNov.2007 Comprehensive park;a tripartite cooperative commercial project among China,France and Nigeria.It is dominated by manufacturing and warehousing&logistics,supported by urban services and real estate 5Ethiopian Eastern Industry Zone Ethiopia
213、Jiangsu Yongyuan Investment Co.,Ltd.May 2008 Comprehensive economic park that focuses on processing trade industries.The key industries include textiles,medicine,building materials,leather,household appliances,agricultural and sideline products processing,commerce and trade,logistics and transportat
214、ion6Nigeria-Guangdong Economic and Trade Cooperation ZoneNigeriaGuangdong Xinguang International Group China-Africa Investment Co.,Ltd.Jun.2008 Comprehensive park where light industry,furniture,building materials,hardware,wood processing,etc.are leading industries,raw material processing is the main
215、 industry,and engineering,marketing and trade develop simultaneously7China-Egypt TEDA Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation ZoneEgyptChina-Africa TEDA Investment Co.,Ltd.Jul.2008 Including transportation equipment production,textile and garment production,petroleum equipment production,high and low-vo
216、ltage electrical appliance production,fine chemicals,new building materials,high-tech industries,research and development services,warehousing,logistics and trade services,etc.94Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023No.Name Host country(region)Chinese implementin
217、g enterprise Date of establishment Type of park 8Soluxe International Industrial Park in ChadChadSoluxe International Business LimitedSept.2011 Heavy industry park 9Shandong Industrial Park in Africa(Uganda)UgandaChangyi Deming Import&Export Co.,Ltd.Dec.2011 Industrial park,covering communications,t
218、extiles,plastic products,building materials,beverages,packaging,new energy,mining,construction,electric power,glass and hardware industries10China-Sudan Agricultural Cooperation Development Zone SudanChina Shandong International Economic and Technical Cooperation CorporationMay 2012 Agricultural par
219、k under“one zone and multiple parks”model,focusing on cotton,sesame,peanuts,animal husbandry,agricultural machinery and other industries11Beira Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone in MozambiqueMozambiqueAnhui Huaan Foreign Economic Development(Group)Co.,Ltd.Jun.2012 A comprehensive park that focuses
220、 on textiles and garments,hardware and machinery,light industry and household appliances,processing of material provided by clients,logistics and distribution.It integrates export processing zone,bonded zone,commercial and trade areas,and living areas12China-Mauritania(Hongdong)Marine Economic Coope
221、ration ParkMauritaniaHongdong Fishery Co.,Ltd.Sept.2012 Fishery industry park 13Jiangsu-Shinyanga Agricultural Industrial ParkTanzaniaJiangsu JOC Technology Engineering Co.,Ltd.Jan.2013 An agricultural park focusing on the whole industrial chain of cotton14Hisense Home Appliance Industrial ParkSouth
222、 AfricaQingdao Hisense China-Africa Holdings Co.,Ltd.Mar.2013 An industrial park focusing on the production of household appliances15Huajian Ethiopian Light Industry CityEthiopiaDongguan Huabao Shoes Co.,Ltd.May 2013 Light industrial park16Industrial Park for Comprehensive Utilization of Lake Victor
223、ia Resources TanzaniaHenan Yukuang Kaiyuan Mining Co.,Ltd.Nov.2014 Park for comprehensive utilization of resourcesContinued Table95Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023No.Name Host country(region)Chinese implementing enterprise Date of establishment Type of park
224、 17China-Uganda Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation ZoneUgandaSichuan Youhao Hengyuan Agricultural Development Co.,Ltd.Feb.2015 An agricultural park with a whole industrial chain of“research,planting,breeding,processing,storage and trade”18Belt and Road Industrial Park(Nigeria)NigeriaGuangdong Z
225、hongni Industrial Co.,Ltd.Jan.2016 Processing and manufacturing 19CNBM Zambia Industrial ParkZambiaSinoma Cement Co.,Ltd.May 2016 Comprehensive basic building materials industrial park20China-Kenya(East Africa)Economic and Trade Cooperation ZoneKenyaChina Wuyi Industrial Co.,Ltd.Aug.2016 Comprehensi
226、ve park21Abidjan Trade and Logistics ParkCte dIvoireFujian Rongxintong Building Materials Development Co.,Ltd.Sept.2016 Business and logistics park22China-Egypt ManKai Textile Industrial Park EgyptNingxia Mankai Investment Co.,Ltd.Jan.2018 Light industrial park,mainly for textile and garment,warehou
227、sing and logistics,e-commerce and other related industries23International Free Trade Area in DjiboutiDjiboutiChina Merchants Group and Djibouti Ports and Free Zones Authority Jul.2018 Export processing and trade&logistics park,covering logistics,commerce and production&processing;production and proc
228、essing industries include home furnishing and building materials,electrical appliances,automobiles and accessories,machinery and equipment,furniture,electrical and electrical products,etc.24Ogun Hunan Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone,NigeriaNigeriaHunan Cangjie Overseas Investment Co.,LtdAug.2022
229、Non-resource products processing and export,building materials,electronics,hardware and agricultural processing,etc.Source:based on publicly available data(incomplete statistics)(VI)Fund and Equity InvestmentIn order to leverage Chinese enterprises investment in Africa,the Chinese government has set
230、 up funds dominated by equity investment,such as the China-Africa Development Fund,the China-Africa Fund for Production Capacity Cooperation and the Silk Road Fund,which have eased enterprises financing difficulties in their early investment phase,reduced the corporate investment risks,and promoted
231、Chinas investment in Africa.Continued Table96Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023The establishment of China-Africa Development Fund(CAD Fund)was announced by the Chinese government at the Beijing Summit of the FOCAC in 2006,with a design scale of US$5 billion.U
232、ndertaken by the China Development Bank,it was officially lauched in 2007 and its capital increased to US$10 billion.By the end of 2022,the CAD Fund had invested US$6.6 billion in 39 African countries,leveraging US$31 billion of Chinas investment and financing in Africa.The actual investment totaled
233、 US$5.085 billion,and the initial design scale of US$5 billion was completed.From 2021 to 2022,the CAD Fund overcame the impact of the epidemic and promoted the growth of investment in Africa,with an additional decision-making investment of US$520 million and an additional actual investment of US$40
234、9 million in 2021,and the corresponding figures reached US$628 million and US$395 million in 2022.China-Africa Fund for Production Capacity Cooperation Co.,Ltd.(hereinafter referred to as“China-Africa Production Capacity Fund”)was established at the end of 2015 as a medium-and long-term development
235、investment fund for investment in Africa in response to the“Ten Cooperation Plans”put forward at the Johannesburg Summit of the FOCAC in 2015.Since its establishment,the China-Africa Fund for Production Capacity Cooperation has focused its investment on the construction of highways,railways,and avia
236、tion networks,and industrialization in Africa.Up until now,the Fund has invested in 25 projects with more than US$2 billion in Egypt,Ghana,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Ethiopia,South Africa,Angola and other African countries.And the investment projects covered manufacturing,energy,mineral re
237、sources,digital technology and other industries,which has improveed the local economy and peoples wellbeing and create jobs.Representative projects include working with Transsion Holdings to promote the development of digital technology in Africa,investing in Jushi Egypt Fiberglass Co.,Ltd.to drive
238、the upgrading of African manufacturing industry,among others.V.China-Africa Infrastructure Cooperation(I)Overall SituationInfrastructure cooperation has been a competitive area in China-Africa economic and trade cooperation,providing important support for improving Africas investment environment and
239、 peoples wellbeing and promoting the economic growth of African countries.The Chinese government has always encouraged enterprises and financial institutions to participate in construction of infrastructure projects in Africa in various ways,in order to contribute to Africas economic and social deve
240、lopment.In recent years,despite the double whammy of the epidemic and economic downturn,Chinese enterprises are the first to resume work and production in the African market,and have built a number of high-quality infrastructure projects,which have greatly supported the local economic recovery.In 20
241、21,Chinese enterprises signed new contracts with a value of US$77.88 billion in Africa,a year-on-year increase of 14.7%,accounting for 30.1%of the total value of new contracts signed by Chinese enterprises for foreign contracted projects;Chinese enterprises achieved a turnover of US$37.12 billion,do
242、wn by 3.2%year-on-year,accounting for 24%of total completed turnover.In 2022,the value of new contracts signed reached US$73.22 billion,down 6%year-on-year,accounting for 28.9%of the total value of new contracts signed for foreign contracted projects;the completed turnover reached US$37.84 billion,u
243、p by 2%year-on-year,accounting for 24.4%of the total completed turnover.Africa remains the second largest market for Chinas overseas contracted engineering projects.97Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Figure 1-9Chinas engineering contracted projects in Africa
244、 from 2011 to 2022(Unit:US$100 million)Source:Ministry of Commerce of China,Annual Report on China International Project Contracting In terms of distribution of fields,transportation construction,general construction,and electric power engineering construction are the top three industries for Chines
245、e enterprises contracted projects in Africa,accounting for 63.1%of the completed turnover of engineering contracted projects and 59%of the value of newly signed contracts in 2022.Moreover,communications engineering construction,petrochemical engineering,water conservancy facilities,industrial constr
246、uction,etc.are also the main business areas.Figure 1-10Completed turnover of Chinese enterprises contracting projects in Africa by industry in 2022(unit:US$100 million)Source:Ministry of Commerce of China98Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Figure 1-11Turnover
247、 of newly signed contracts for Chinese enterprises contracting projects in Africa by industry in 2022(unit:US$100 million)Source:Ministry of Commerce of China(II)TransportationIn recent years,Chinese enterprises have been deeply involved in the construction of the transportation area in African coun
248、tries.Projects include construction of new railways,terminals,airports and renovation and upgrading of old bridges,and outstanding results have been achieved.The projects have significantly improved local traffic network,reduced logistics costs in Africa,and promoted local social and economic develo
249、pment.Chinese companies actively undertake airport projects in African countries to compensate the underdeveloped land transport.The Xai-Xai Airport project in Mozambique,which was built with Chinas aid and was handed over and put into use at the end of November 2021,covers an area of 1.4 million sq
250、uare meters,with a total building area of 9,150 square meters and a designed annual throughput of 220,000 passengers.It is designed and managed by China Aviation International Construction and Investment Co.,Ltd.The completion of Xai-Xai Airport will help Gaza Province give exploit its geographical
251、advantages,accelerate regional integration,and promote the development of resource exploitation,tourism,processing and manufacturing,infrastructure construction,trade and investment,and other industries,giving a new impetus to the development of the region.The new airport of Mbanza-Kongo,capital of
252、Zaire province,Angola,undertaken by SINOHYDRO Corporation Limited,commenced construction in December 2021.Mbanza-Kongo was the capital of the ancient Kongo Kingdom and a World Heritage Site.After completion,it will fundamentally solve the existing transportation problems in Mbanza-Kongo,and facilita
253、te the urban development of Zaire Province as well as the spread of local world heritage culture.Chinese enterprises have exploited their comparative advantages to undertake a number of railway construction projects in Africa.The Egypts 10th of Ramadan Railway,built by China Railway and AVIC Interna
254、tional Consortium,was put into trial operation in July 2022.It is the first electrified railway in Egypt and one of the flagship projects of China-Egypt cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.The project will provide efficient and convenient commuting services for five million residents trav
255、eling 99Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023between Cairos old city and the new capital,and will play a key role in developing the economy of eastern Egypt and advancing Egypts industrialization.The completion ceremony of the first phase of the Lagos Rail Mass
256、Transit(LRMT)Blue Line project in Nigeria,which was built by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation(CCECC),was held on December 21,2022.It is the first light rail line completed in the state.The project will help ease urban traffic congestion,reduce air pollution,improve travel experience,
257、improve the business environment and promote urban economic development.By December 31,2022,the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway(SGR)in Kenya had been in safe operation for 2,041 days.As a benchmark project of the Belt and Road Initiative jointly built by China and Africa,this 472-kilometer-lo
258、ng railway adopts Chinese standards and technical equipment,and is financed by the Export-Import Bank of China,and built and operated through service contract by China Road&Bridge Corporation,a subsidiary of China Communications Construction.In the past five years of operation,the Mombasa-Nairobi ra
259、ilway achieved eye-catching economic performance,bringing significant economic and social benefits to Kenya.In 2022,the railway operated an average of six passenger trains per day,transporting 2.401 million passengers,a year-on-year increase of 19.8%;operated 17 freight trains per day,transporting 4
260、81,000 TEU of containers for 6.265 million tons of goods,a year-on-year increase of 15.7%.Furthermore,other projects are underway,including the reconstruction and upgrading project of the Suez Canal Railway Bridge in Egypt,jointly undertaken by Sichuan Road and Bridge and Chengdu Building Materials
261、Institute,and the repair and upgrading project of the Walvis Bay-Arandis Railway in Namibia,undertaken by China Gezhouba Group Co.,Ltd.Chinese enterprises have been involved in a number of road and bridge construction projects in African countries,contributing to local infrastructure connectivity.Th
262、e opening ceremony of the highway and bridge project in Upper River District of the Gambia built with Chinas aid was held on October 9,2021.The project is an important milestone in the implementation of the Gambia National Development Plan(2018-2021).The bridge,which completes the Gambias national h
263、ighway network,will promote the free flow of people,goods and services in the Gambia,thereby improving peoples wellbeing,economic development and public services.The construction project of the Magufuli Bridge in Tanzania,undertaken by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation,is progressing
264、smoothly.The project is a major project invested by the Tanzanian government to improve the peoples wellbeing,and will become the longest bridge in East Africa and the longest extradosed cable-stayed bridge in Africa,which will greatly shorten the transportation time between Mwanza and Geita provinc
265、es and spur the economic development of Lake Victoria region.Column:Nairobi Expressway,Kenya6 The Nairobi Expressway Project,which is invested,built and operated by China Road&Bridge Corporation,is a major project for improving peoples wellbeing under the Belt and Road Initiative and is the first to
266、ll road project in Kenya.The 27.1-kilometer expressway connects Jomo Kenyatta International Airport,the Nairobi terminal of the Mombasa-Nairobi Railway,the Nairobi Ring Road and the central urban area.It commenced construction in September 2020 and was put into trial operation on May 14,2022.After t
267、he project was put into operation,the travel time between the airport and the urban area has been reduced to 20 minutes from two hours,which significantly eases traffic congestion,reduces logistics costs,and promotes the local economic development.On 16 July 2022,the Nairobi Expressway was awarded t
268、he Afrika Mashariki Transport Awards 2022.6Source:Xinhua News Agency.100Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023The Nairobi Expressway is the first high-grade expressway in Kenya built under the public-private partnership model,and is one of the representative proj
269、ects by Chinese engineering contractors under a new model of infrastructure cooperation with Africa in new circumstances.Joseph Mbugua,Permanent Secretary of Kenyas Ministry of Roads and Transport,said that the Nairobi Expressway invested by China Road&Bridge is the first major project after the pas
270、sage of Kenyas Public-Private Partnerships Act.It has attracted more international investment to Kenya and helped Kenya become an economic,transportation,diplomatic and tourism hub in East Africa.The port and terminal projects undertaken by Chinese enterprises have greatly promoted the development o
271、f commerce and logistics sectors in African countries.The shipment and installation ceremony for the second phase of the Deepwater Port project in Kribi,Cameroon,undertaken by China Harbor Engineering Company,was held in October 2022,marking the substantive construction stage for the mainstay of the
272、 projects terminal.The project,which has a contract value of US$794 million,includes the construction of 70,000-ton and 100,000-ton container terminals,which are expected to be completed in 2024.The project will improve the running efficiency of the Kribi deepwater port,boost Cameroons economic deve
273、lopment and help it become a maritime hub in West and Central Africa.In August 2022,the Kipevu Oil Terminal(KOT)in Mombasa project undertaken by China Communications Construction Group Co.,Ltd.was officially put into operation.The project,which is Kenyas first modern world-leading oil and gas loadin
274、g and unloading terminal,includes four new offshore berths and oil pipeline facilities,which can realize the import and export transshipment of five kinds of oil products:crude oil,heavy oil,gasoline,diesel and kerosene.After completion,it will significantly boost the oil and gas transit capacity of
275、 the Mombasa port,reduce the prices of refined oil products in Kenya,and give a strong impetus to the economic development of Kenya and even the East Africa as a whole.(III)Power EngineeringMany African countries suffer from power shortages.In recent years,China has strengthened wide-ranging coopera
276、tion with African countries in the field of electric power engineering,having built many projects that benefit the local area in the long term.These projects not only drive Chinas electric power industry to“go global”,but contribute to the development of the electric power industry in African countr
277、ies as well.Chinese enterprises have built a slew of hydropower projects,which effectively utilize the abundant hydropower resources of African countries.In March 2022,the Zungeru Hydropower Station,the largest hydropower station in Nigeria,which was built by a Chinese enterprise,was officially put
278、into operation.In addition to power generation,the hydropower station also brings comprehensive utilization benefits such as flood control,irrigation,water supply,aquaculture,and shipping.It is currently the largest hydropower station under construction in Nigeria and an important project in the Afr
279、ican region under the Belt and Road Initiative.The construction of the project created jobs for over 4,000 local people.After completion,the hydropower station can satisfy the electricity consumption of two cities like Abuja,and will play a critical role in easing power shortage in Nigeria,enhancing
280、 the stability and continuous power supply of the power grid,and improving the peoples living standards.In May 2022,the Nyabarongo II Hydropower Project in Rwanda,undertaken by Sinohydro,officially commenced construction.This project is the largest project financed by the Export-Import Bank of China
281、 in Rwanda.When completed,this project will meet Rwandas electricity demand,spur local economic development,and play a key role in providing clean water and conserving soil and water.The intake tower of the diversion tunnel of the Caculo Cabaa Hydroelectric Power Station in 101Comprehensive Part Chi
282、na-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Angola was capped in February 2023.The Caculo Cabaa Hydroelectric Power project,which is located in Dondo City,Kwanza Norte Province,Angola,about 230 kilometers from the capital Luanda,is currently the largest hydropower station undertaken by a Ch
283、inese-funded enterprise in Africa.When completed,it will meet more than 50%of Angolas electricity demand.The project will provide nearly 10,000 jobs during the peak construction period,which will significantly drive local economic and social development.Thanks to state-of-the-art technology,rich exp
284、erience and competitive costs,Chinese enterprises have also made significant strides in cooperation with African countries in the field of renewable energy power generation,including the 35.7MV distributed photovoltaic power station project and the 120MV wind power construction project in the Gulf o
285、f Suez built by China Gezhouba Group in Egypt,and the Guinea solar power station project built by China Railway Construction Corporation International Investment Co.,Ltd.It is noteworthy that China Energy Engineering Group Co.,Ltd.(Energy China)and AMEA Power,a renewable energy developer in the UAE,
286、collaborated in 2022 to build the 500MW photovoltaic power station in Kangwongbo,Egypt,the first bilateral cooperation project.The project,located about 60 kilometers northwest of Aswan,Egypt,is currently the largest standalone photovoltaic project in Egypt.When completed,it will increase the propor
287、tion of new energy electricity in Egypt,promote a diversified power supply structure,reduce dependence on gas energy,and promote low-carbon,green and sustainable development of local society and economy.Chinese enterprises also participate in power transmission and transformation projects in African
288、 countries to help build local power grids.Progress is being made in projects such as the 400 kV power transmission and transformation project in Tanzania undertaken by TBEA Co.,Ltd.,the Exadia 500 kV substation project in Egypt undertaken by China XDs Xian Electric Engineering Co.,Ltd.,and the Memv
289、eele hydropower stations transmission and transformation project in Cameroon built by China Financing.(IV)Communications EngineeringChinese communications enterprises have been developing in market and technology areas in Africa for many years,which has played an important role in the construction o
290、f communication projects and digital development in African countries.Chinese enterprises have undertaken a wealth of information and communications infrastructure construction projects in Africa,participated in the construction of 4G and 5G networks throughout some African countries,and gained a go
291、od reputation.In September 2021,Zimbabwe initiated the third phase of the national mobile broadband project,which is a collaboration between Huawei of China and NetOne,Zimbabwes largest network operator.When completed,NetOnes network coverage in Zimbabwe will increase from the current 75%to 85%.The
292、project will also upgrade some existing base stations,expand 4G coverage and introduce 5G technology.In April 2022,Huawei collaborated with MTN Zambia,a Zambian mobile communications operator,to officially launch a pilot network for the fifth generation of mobile communications(5G).As a result,Zambi
293、a becomes one of the first countries in Africa to have a 5G network,which greatly improves the level of information and communications infrastructure and provides a hardware foundation for the countrys ongoing digital transformation strategy.In September 2021,China and Benin concluded a framework ag
294、reement on concessional loans for the second phase of Benins national broadband network project.In the second phase of the project,the backbone and metro optical network will be improved on the basis of the existing first-phase network,in order to improve the speed and security of Benins network,ach
295、ieve“full coverage”of a high-speed broadband network in Benin,and help Benin realize leapfrog development.102Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023Digital technology application projects undertaken by Chinese enterprises have spurred digital transformation in Afr
296、ican countries.In December 2021,the governments of China and Rwanda inked a framework agreement on concessional loans for smart education projects in Rwanda.The smart education project,executed by Huawei,will build a private education network linking 63 institutions of higher education and 1,437 ele
297、mentary and secondary schools in Rwanda,and will also build a campus network for these elementary and secondary schools.After completion,it will improve the level of information and communications infrastructure in the field of education in Rwanda,providing a solid foundation for digital and IT-base
298、d teaching.In 2021,ZTE was awarded the Airtels Network Virtualization Transformation Project in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,in which ZTE assisted Airtel Group in upgrading the traditional TDM Gateway Mobile Switching Center(GMSC)to IP-based and virtualized GMSC.In-depth cooperation in the d
299、igital transformation of voice networks will be further deepened.(V)Water Conservancy FacilitiesSome African countries have always been plagued by water scarcity.Chinese companies have undertaken projects such as water supply infrastructure,waterworks construction and river management,helping more A
300、fricans gain access to clean water.Chinese businesses have built many water supply projects in Africa to help address local water-related problems.In March 2021,China Railway 18th Bureau Group launched the construction of a water supply project in Toliara,Madagascar.The project,funded by the World B
301、ank,intends to lay 57-kilometer-long water supply pipelines in urban and suburban areas,bringing tapped water to 480 households,and also build 200 centralized water rooms,benefitting an estimated 75,000 people.Toliara is a key port city in Madagascar.As the size and population of the city have mushr
302、oomed in recent years,the existing water supply system is unable to meet the local peoples demand for water.The project will allow local residents to have easy access to safe running water.In May 2022,the local waterworks upgrade project,designed and built by China State Construction Botswana Co.,Lt
303、d.,was officially handed over to Water Utilities Corporation Botswana.The new waterworks have solved the problem of drinking water shortage for local people.The water supply capacity of the waterworks,coupled with the original treatment capacity,has outstripped the demand,and the quality of the proj
304、ect is widely praised by the local government and people.The trial overall water diversion of Kenyas water supply tunnel project,built by China Gezhouba Road and Bridge Company,was completed in July 2022.When completed,the project will account for 13.7%of the water demand of the Nairobi Metropolitan
305、 Area,benefiting 1.28 million people.The project,located approximately 70 kilometers north of Nairobi,Kenyas capital,is an important part of the Nairobi water supply project in Kenya Vision 2030.The Cabinda water supply project in Angola,undertaken by China Railway Construction Corporation Limited,w
306、as completed and put into use in July 2022.This project,which is Angolas largest project for improving peoples wellbeing in Cabinda Province,has a daily water supply capacity of 50,000 cubic meters,benefiting 600,000 local residents.It will go a long way to easing the shortage of water for residents
307、.Water treatment projects undertaken by Chinese businesses have contributed to local water security.A signing ceremony was held in November 2021 for the Lake Ahm and river dredging project in Benin,which was undertaken by China Harbor Engineering Co.,Ltd.This project,which includes the dredging of L
308、ake Ahm,the improvement of existing roads,mangrove planting,construction of foot bridges and fishing piers,is an important project for the Benin government to improve local peoples wellbeing.In October 2022,China Road&Bridge Corporation signed a contract for the 9.46-kilometer river improvement proj
309、ect and river-crossing structure construction project in Ibadan,Nigeria,which will address the chronic 103Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023flood threat facing Ibadan,the capital city of Oyo State in southwest Nigeria,and is of great significance to improving
310、 the local peoples wellbeing and ecological environment.(VI)General ConstructionsAs the economy and society develop,the market demand for construction of public facilities in African countries is growing.Thanks to advanced construction technology and strength,Chinese construction enterprises have pl
311、ayed an important role in the field of construction in Africa.Chinese businesses have built a number of cultural,educational and stadium facilities projects,laying a foundation for the development of cultural and sports undertakings in African countries.Ghanas vocational and technical training insti
312、tution upgrading project,undertaken by AVIC International,was completed in Kumasi,Ghanas second-largest city,in April 2022.The project,which officially started construction in November 2019,primarily includes the construction of an examination center for the Ghanaian Ministry of Education and a trai
313、ning center for 15 Ghanaian technical colleges.Moreover,this company provided 69 sets of modern vocational education and training equipment for 23 Ghanaian technical colleges,covering five specialties of machining,electrical and electronic engineering,welding,auto repair and civil engineering.On thi
314、s basis,this company also collaborates with a number of Chinese vocational colleges to train Ghanaian teachers.In December 2022,the African Union Sports Council(AUSC)Region 5 Youth Games officially kicked off.The Gryffinsadda Indoor Sports Center in Malawi,built by China Railway 20th Bureau,was the
315、venue for basketball,tennis,badminton and other competition items,making it one of the top venues for events in the Games.The successful completion of the project supported Malawi in hosting African sports events and has also made it one of Malawis landmark buildings.As urbanization in African count
316、ries advances,Chinese enterprises are involved in their urban construction.The new headquarters building of Ethiopias largest commercial bank,which was built by China Construction Eighth Engineering Division and is located in the core business area of Addis Ababa,the capital,was completed in Februar
317、y 2022,giving a new impetus to the Ethiopian economy.The new headquarters building,which stands more than 200 meters,is currently the tallest in East Africa and has become a new local landmark.In March 2022,China Road&Bridge was awarded the bid for the road construction project at General Hospital o
318、f Niger.The project,located on the north side of downtown Niamey,the capital of Niger,includes the construction of a road linking the General Hospital to Tanimu Avenue and the road around the hospital,as well as drainage,lighting and other facilities,with a total length of approximately 3.92 kilomet
319、ers.After completion,it will greatly facilitate traffic around the hospital,drive the economic development of the area,and ease traffic congestion in Niamey.The number of industrial facility projects built by Chinese enterprises is increasing,boosting Africas industrialization.The first phase of the
320、 PK24 Industrial Park in Cte dIvoire,built by China Harbor,was completed in December 2022.This project is located in the northwest of Abidjan,the economic center of Cte dIvoire,and covers an area of 127 hectares.The project will effectively promote the economic transformation of Cte dIvoire and inje
321、ct new vitality into industrial construction,said Prime Minister of Cte dIvoire Patrick Achi in his speech at the completion ceremony.In November 2022,Energy Chinas Ethiopia Branch signed an EPC contract with Ethiopian Ovid Group for the Gebreguracha cement plant project.Located in Gebreguracha dist
322、rict,Oromia,Ethiopia,this project includes the construction of a new cement plant with a daily output of 5,000 tons of clinker.The cement plant will be equipped with plant buildings,clinker production lines,raw material preparation and storage system and other ancillary works.Urbanization is acceler
323、ating in Ethiopia,the second most populous country in Africa,but there is a shortage 104Comprehensive Part China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Report 2023of building materials for the housing construction market.The cement plant will go some way to meeting the market demand.VI.China-Africa
324、Development Cooperation(I)Overall SituationAfrica is a key region for Chinas cooperation in development.China has always upheld the philosophy of“true,practicability,amity,and honesty”,adhered to mutual respect and pursued common development in its development cooperation with Africa.When the COVID-
325、19 pandemic broke out,China provided COVID vaccines and anti-epidemic materials to help Africa fight the epidemic.On the other hand,China supported the development of agriculture,health,education,infrastructure,social and public facilities in Africa through the provision of grants,interest-free loan
326、s and concessional loans,helping them cope with the impact of the epidemic and put economic and social development on tract as soon as possible.(II)AgricultureAgricultural development and food security concern Africas development prospects.The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in March 2022 ha
327、s drawn international attention to Africas food security problem.China attaches great importance to sustainable agricultural development and food security in Africa by collaborating with Africa in agriculture,conducting agricultural training,assisting in the construction of agricultural facilities a
328、nd providing relevant material and technical support.China boosts Africas sustainable economic and social development capacity by means of agricultural development.Setting up agricultural demonstration centers is an important model of Chinas agricultural aid to Africa.The construction of the Nigeria
329、n Agricultural Technology Demonstration Center project built with Chinas aid commenced in March 2021 and was officially handed over in December 2022.The demonstration center,which covers an area of approximately 31 hectares,will be operated and managed by Green Agriculture West Africa Co.,Ltd.,a sub
330、sidiary of CGCOC Group(Nigeria).The Demonstration Center will fulfill the functions of agricultural technology research and development,training on agricultural technology,agricultural machinery display as well as demonstration for agricultural product processing technology.The Agricultural Demonstr
331、ation Center will help Nigerian agricultural practitioners master modern agricultural technologies and promote the transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture in Nigeria.Column:Chinas Juncao(Fungus Grass)Aid Program 2021 marks the 20th anniversary of Chinas foreign aid in the form
332、of Juncao.The Juncao technology is Chinas unique technology for cultivating edible medicinal fungi.Foreign aid in the form of Juncao is also a distinct agricultural aid project for China.The Juncao technology offers a new approach to the emerging industry of Juncao as well as Juncao ecological manag
333、ement,playing an important role in protecting the ecology,eradicating poverty,tackling climate change and promoting sustainable development.In Africa,technical assistance in the form of Juncao has been provided to the Central African Republic,Rwanda,Lesotho,South Africa,Eritrea,etc.,and has produced significant ecological,economic and social benefits.It offers comprehensive solutions to sustainabl