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1、ASEAN YOUTHDEVELOPMENTINDEX 2022The 2nd ReportASEANYOUTHDEVELOPMENTINDEX2022The 2nd ReportASEAN Youth Development Index 2022The ASEAN SecretariatJakartaThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)was established on 8 August 1967.The Member States are Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,Lao PDR
2、,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand and Viet Nam.The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta,Indonesia.For inquiries,contact:The ASEAN SecretariatCommunity Relations Division(CRD)70A Jalan SisingamangarajaJakarta 12110,IndonesiaPhone:(62 21)724-3372,726-2991Fax:(62 21)739-8234,724-3504E-m
3、ail:publicasean.org Catalogue-in-Publication DataASEAN Youth Development Index 2022Jakarta,ASEAN Secretariat,June 2023Classif Number:ISBN:ASEAN:A Community of Opportunities for AllThe text of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted,provided proper acknowledgement is given and a copy conta
4、ining the reprinted material is sent to the Community Relations Division(CRD)of the ASEAN Secretariat,Jakarta.General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website:www.asean.orgCopyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)2023.All rights reserved.Photo Credits:Cover.U.Page 0-1:A
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7、2ForewordForeword54Foreword HANNAH YEOHMinister of Youth and Sports,MalaysiaChairperson of the Twelfth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Youth(AMMY-XII)s the youth comprises of a third of Southeast Asias population,they are ones of the main driving forces of our development and innovation and play a cruc
8、ial role in ASEANs community-building efforts.As such,the ASEAN Member States are committed to equipping them with the necessary knowledge and skills to thrive in a rapidly changing world.I am pleased with the success of the ASEAN Youth Development Index(YDI)in helping advance youths preparedness fo
9、r their future endeavours as it has been a useful tool and reference point for the ASEAN Member States in measuring the key indicators of youth development across different dimensions,as well as highlighting the achievements,the progress and the challenges among the ASEAN Member States.In its second
10、 iteration,the report underlines the importance of data-driven policymaking and puts forward a comprehensive study on youth in the region across seven domains,namely i)education and skills;ii)health and well-being;iii)employment and opportunity;iv)participation and engagement;v)equity and inclusion;
11、vi)safety and security;and vii)ASEAN values and identity.The report also includes a COVID-19 Pulse Survey,which measures impacts of the pandemic on our youth.I welcome the positive trend in youth development across the region as highlighted in the report,and at the same time,acknowledge that there a
12、re some areas that have room for further improvement.In this regard,there is a strong need for more concerted and innovative efforts in developing policies and programs at the national level that are tailored to the needs of our youth.In line with the 2022 ASEAN Leaders Statement on the Year of ASEA
13、N Youth to Strengthen the Role of Youth in ASEAN Community-Building,it is also critical to promote the effective and impactful collaboration among all relevant parties towards realising this important goal.We,therefore,must also closely monitor the activities and provision of resources related to it
14、s implementation to ensure continuity and efficiency.I wish to take this opportunity to appeal to our policymakers and key stakeholders to utilise the 2nd ASEAN YDI findings in assessing the various aspects of youth development so as to position ASEAN well in charting a brighter future for its young
15、 people and the wider community.Foreword DR.KAO KIM HOURNSecretary-General of ASEAN ASEAN Secretariat ASEAN SecretariatAs we make strides towards building a prosperous and integrated ASEAN Community,it is essential that we prioritise our youth as they play a significant role in steering and shaping
16、the future of the region.However,this is not easily achieved nagainst a backdrop of youth disillusionment.The days of“government knows best”are over.It is our responsibility to ensure that youth are involved in all levels of the decision-making process.Alongside youth participation,data that accurat
17、ely reflects the realities on the ground is crucial for evidence-based public policy.This will allow the development of policies that enjoy strong grassroot support.Malaysias key priority in the coming years is equity and inclusion of our youth across gender,ethnicity,disability,geographical and eco
18、nomic background.The Skills for Life programme has also been introduced to encourage youth to learn practical skills that will address rising costs of living.This can also serve as a catalyst for youth entrepreneurship and can contribute positively to the countrys economy in the long term.However,th
19、ere is still much to be done.The second ASEAN Youth Development Index(YDI)can be an effective tool in helping nations bridge the gap as it is based on learnings from youth development within the region.Malaysia looks forward to fully utilising this document as we continue to work closely with the AS
20、EAN platform in further empowering our youth.AAAAASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022Abbreviations7AcknowledgementUnder the guidance of the ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Youth(SOMY),the ASEAN Youth Development Task Force led the development of ASEAN YDI 2022 throu
21、gh support from the United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA)and coordination by the ASEAN Secretariat.Members of the ASEAN YDI Report,Focal Points of SOMY from all ASEAN Member States,UNFPA team,and Ms.Gemma Wood,as Consultant of ASEAN YDI,as well as the representatives of partner organisations contrib
22、uted throughout the process to provide expert views and exchange experiences in order to substantiate the content of ASEAN YDI 2022.Youth leaders representing ASEAN-affiliated youth-led organisations contributed to the development of the 2nd YDI Report by voicing their aspirations based on their exp
23、eriences and case studies from their respective communities during the Workshops for ASEAN YDI development.Views and ideas from the youth have been incorporated in this Report.Attending partner organisations and youth-led organisations consist of:Committee for ASEAN Youth Cooperation(CAYC),Institute
24、 for Youth Research Malaysia(IYRES),ASEAN Youth Forum(AYF),ASEAN University Student Council Union(AUSCU),UNFPA and the members of UNFPAs youth networks,namely:Mr Leo Villar,Philippines-Youth LEAD Communication and Project Officer;Ms Ikka Noviyanti,Indonesia-Youth LEAD Advocacy Officer;Ms.Y Nhi Bui,Y
25、PEER AP Intern,Viet Nam;Dr.Sherly,Focal Person of YPEER Indonesia,as well as Dr.Eric C.Thompson,principal investigator of the ASEAN YDI Phase II:ASEAN Awareness,Values and Identity.AbbreviationsACRFASEAN Comprehensive Recovery FrameworkAMMYASEAN Ministerial Meeting on YouthAMSASEAN Member StatesAPRO
26、Asia-Pacific Regional OfficeASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsAUSCUASEAN University Student Council UnionAVIASEAN Values and IdentityAYFASEAN Youth ForumAYOASEAN Youth OrganizationCAYCCommittee for ASEAN Youth CooperationCOVID-19CoronaVirus Disease of 2019EAPRO East-Asia and Pacific Regiona
27、l OfficeGDPGross Domestic ProductHIVHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHRDHuman Resource DevelopmentIDEAInternational Democracy and Electoral AssistanceIFRCInternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesILOInternational Labour OrganizationITUInternational Telecommunication UnionLFPRLabour
28、Force Participation RateM&EMonitoring and EvaluationM4MMe for Myself(M4M)NEETNot in Employment,Education or TrainingNGONon-Governmental OrganizationPDRPeoples Democratic RepublicPPPPurchasing Power ParityRCEPRegional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipRCFRobert Carr FundsSDGsSustainable Development G
29、oalsSOMYSenior Officials Meeting on YouthSRHSexual and Reproductive HealthSTISexually Transmitted InfectionsUN DESAUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsUNESCOUnited Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFPAUnited Nations Population FundUNICEFUnited Nations Chil
30、drens FundUNVUnited Nations VolunteersWEFWorld Economic ForumYDIYouth Development IndexYFHSYouth Friendly Health Services AsiaYLLYears of Life LostYPEERAPY-PEER Asia PacificAcknowledgement 6 Piches Kanthawong ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022Table of contents9TABLE OF CONTENTSASEAN Youth Developmen
31、t Index 2022Table of contents8ShutterstockAppendix A Methodology 86Appendix B Contributors91Appendix C Bibliography 95Foreword 4Acknowledgement 6Abbreviations 7Executive Summary1001020304Introduction 12Results 22Literature Review 44Conclusion and Recommendations 841.1 Indicators and Domains.171.2 Yo
32、uth Stakeholder Voices.212.1 ASEAN YDI in a Global Context.232.2 ASEAN YDI Results Overview.242.3 Results by Domain.252.4 ASEAN Results by Member States.292.5 Youth COVID-19 Pulse Survey Results.433.1 Education and Skills.453.2 Health and Well-being.493.3 Employment and Opportunity.553.4 Participati
33、on and Engagement.633.5 Equity and Inclusion.673.6 Safety and Security.733.7 ASEAN Values and Identity.793.8 Digital and Media Citizenship.80ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022Executive summary 11EXECUTIVE SUMMARYASEAN Youth Development Index 2022Executive summary10Shutterstockhe youth population is
34、key to achieving development goals,both now and in the future.As the imminent leaders,change makers,innovators,and influencers,ASEANs youth need to be provided with meaningful opportunities to influence policies that have a direct impact on their lives.For this reason,the ASEAN Members States(AMS)ha
35、ve sustained deliberate efforts towards establishing and implementing evidence-based youth development policies and programmes to realise the potential of this segment of ASEANs population.AMS have issued youth laws,youth-related policies,and youth development strategies,providing the necessary infr
36、astructure to cultivate a crop of youth willing to contribute to the development of each country and ASEAN as a whole.Therefore,several AMS have incorporated the establishment and use of the ASEAN Youth Development Index(YDI)to serve as a measure of achievements in key dimensions of youth developmen
37、t across the region.The launch of the first ASEAN Youth Development Index(YDI)in 2017 was part of the priorities of the ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Youth(SOMY)under the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2016-2020.The ASEAN YDI was developed to assist the ASEAN Youth Sector in developing initiatives for
38、 the youth with evidence-based support.Under the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2021-2025,the ASEAN YDI falls under Priority Area 5:ASEAN Awareness,Values,and Identity,as an effort to enable youth to promote ASEAN identity,developing deeper awareness of ASEAN and a greater understanding of ASEANs shared v
39、alues,including in the context of promoting and protecting human rights.The second ASEAN YDI expands on the first,utilising learnings both from youth development within the region and also from YDIs globally.It merged some indicators from the first iteration and incorporated an analysis of data tren
40、ds for the period 2016-2020.Therefore,the domains under this second ASEAN YDI include Education and Skills,Health and Well-being,Employment and Opportunity,Participation and Engagement,Equity and Inclusion,Security and Safety as well as ASEAN Values and Identity.As established in the first report,th
41、e youth age range is between the ages of 15 35,and this will be used as reference for this ASEAN YDI report.Emerging strongly among the results from the second ASEAN YDI is the improvement in Equity and Inclusion as well as Safety and Security across the region from the period 2013 to 2021.It furthe
42、r indicates an opportunity for increased investment in youth policies and programmes relating to Education and Skills as well as Employment and Opportunity.As a result of the closure of schools in response to the COVID-19 pandemic,there have been serious impacts on education outcomes.This is particu
43、larly more visible among women and girls,as they become more vulnerable and susceptible to violence,sexual exploitation,and traditional unpaid care work.During any crisis,vulnerable youth,including people with disabilities,ethnic minorities,and girls are disproportionately affected.In this second re
44、port,only data sets with at least seven(7)countries having data have been considered.Indicators that were in the first report of the ASEAN YDI were given priority,but with the ever-growing understanding of youth development as well as improved access to data,new Domains and Indicators have emerged.H
45、owever,more effort is required to develop better quality data for future ASEAN YDIs,which will reflect the youth situation and enable evidence-based public policy,and therefore improve the performance of youth development in all AMS.This second ASEAN YDI will not be comparable to the first iteration
46、,the global YDI,or any national YDIs in the region,instead,it provides a decade of longitudinal data for comparison over time and within and between countries.Data and trends for the years from 2020 should be used with caution as impacts of COVID-19,natural disasters,humanitarian crises,as well as p
47、olitical situations in the region,may not be fully incorporated.Future iterations of the YDI as well as global reporting to the SDGs are expected to better capture the impacts of these events on youth across ASEAN.COVID-19 has had a big impact on young people across the globe.As part of this project
48、,an online survey was disseminated in the national languages of AMS,asking the youth“What are your greatest concerns due to COVID-19?(please select up to 3)”.This was not a representative survey across all countries or age groups,but does provide an overview of what were seen as the greatest concern
49、s by the 443 respondents between the ages of 15-35 with My family members getting ill with COVID19,Disruptions to my school or career path,and My mental health being the top 3 responses.Data from the survey can be seen in Section 2.5.A discussion of the full methodology used in this report can be fo
50、und in Appendix A.T TASEAN Youth Development Index 20221.Introduction 1301INTRODUCTIONASEAN Youth Development Index 20221.Introduction12 TOM.fotoFollowing the 2017 ASEAN Declaration on the Adoption of ASEAN Youth Development Index(2017)and the launch of First ASEAN YDI,the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting
51、on Youth(AMMY)has agreed to structure the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2021-2025 based on the five domains of the first ASEAN YDI.The ASEAN youth sector has adopted the Work Plan and its Monitoring and Evaluation(M&E)Framework.Within the Framework,ASEAN YDI appears as the outcome of the Work Plan,with d
52、ata collection conducted at the beginning and end of implementation.The second iteration of the ASEAN YDI looks to expand on the first by using learnings both from youth development within the region and from YDIs globally.The latest iteration of the Global YDI was released in 2021 and included doma
53、ins on:HEALTH&WELL-BEINGEQUALITY&INCLUSIONEDUCATIONPOLITICAL&CIVIC PARTICIPATIONEMPLOYMENT&OPPORTUNITYPEACE&SECURITYOther domains used since the release of the first ASEAN YDI in national and regional YDIs have included:EDUCATION&SKILLSGENDERSAFETY&SECURITYPARTICIPATION&ENGAGEMENTCOMMUNITY&CULTUREIm
54、pactful development,now more than ever,relies on evidence-informed policy,programming,and implementation.The availability of evidence in the changing world and evaluating progress towards developmental milestones are critical to ensuring that no one is left behind and that even those that are furthe
55、st behind are reached with the requisite support.The youth population is a demographic dividend that provides an opportunity to reach developmental milestones.The importance of youth today certainly cannot be ignored,as they constitute a vital human resource for the economic,social,environmental,and
56、 cultural development of most nations.The ASEAN region had 224.2 million youths in 2020,with 53 percent being Gen Z(15-25 years old)and 47 percent being Millennials(26-35 years old).1 The proportion of youth as a part of the total population is projected to peak in 2038.21 Figures generated by the A
57、SEAN Statistics Division(ASEANStats)based on the data of ASEAN Statistical Yearbook 2021 https:/www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ASYB_2021_All_Final.pdf 2 UN DESA 2022 YOUTHin 202047%53%Millennials(26-35)Gen Z(15-25)224.2 MASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index
58、20221.Introduction1.Introduction1514For this reason,the ASEAN Members States(AMS)have sustained deliberate efforts towards establishing and implementing evidence-based youth development policies and policies and programmes to realise the potential of this segment of ASEANs population.To that effect,
59、several ASEAN Member States have issued youth laws,youth-related policies,and youth development strategies,in addition to providing the necessary infrastructure to cultivate a crop of youths who are willing to contribute to the development of each country and ASEAN as a whole.In the context of recov
60、ering from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic,youth-focus efforts prominently appear under the ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Framework(ACRF),particularly under Broad Strategy 2:Strengthening Human Security and Broad Strategy 3:Accelerating Inclusive Digital Transformation.ASEAN recognised the accel
61、erated digital transformation created by the COVID-19 pandemic and,within that reality,the opportunity that ASEAN youth could play an important role in its journey towards recovery and embracing the new normal as a coordinated group.The ASEAN Community has incorporated the establishment and use of A
62、SEAN YDI to serve as a measure of achievements in key dimensions of youth development across the region.Figure 1.ASEAN Youth Population ages 15 to 34(thousands)Source:UN DESA 2022The launch of the first iteration of the ASEAN Youth Development Index(YDI)in 2017 was part of the priorities of the ASEA
63、N Senior Officials Meeting on Youth(SOMY)conscripted within the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2016-2020.In the same year,ASEAN Leaders,who are the Heads of State/Governance of AMS,adopted the ASEAN Declaration on the Adoption of ASEAN Youth Development Index at the 31st ASEAN Summit.The Declaration state
64、s a commitment to promote the use of ASEAN YDI in the formulation of responsive and relevant policies and programmes to address youth issues and concerns in each country.Apart from evaluation purposes,the ASEAN YDI was developed to assist in planning new interventions for the youth.The first iterati
65、on covered five domains and indicators identified as important for the ASEAN YDI,namely:Education;Health and Well-being;Employment and Opportunity;Participation and Engagement;and ASEAN Awareness,Values,and Identity.Of these five domains,only the first four and their associated 18 indicators were us
66、ed as part of the index,with the remaining domain on ASEAN Awareness,Values,and Identity piloted in 2019/2020 and launched in 2021.Among other achievements,the first iteration of the ASEAN YDI translated into an agreement by the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Youth(AMMY)to structure the ASEAN Work Pla
67、n on Youth 2021-2025 based on its five domains.Under the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2021-2025,the ASEAN YDI falls under Priority Area 5:ASEAN Awareness,Values,and Identity,as an effort to enable youth to promote ASEAN identity,developing deeper awareness of ASEAN and a greater understanding of ASEANs
68、shared values,including in the context of promoting and protecting human rights.02005015-1920-2425-2930-3456,10286,708187,822211,682212,949208,451216,590The ASEAN youth sector adopted the Work Plan along with its corresponding Monitoring and Evaluation(M&E)Framework,within whic
69、h the ASEAN YDI appeared as the outcome of the Work Plan,with data collection conducted at the beginning and end of implementation.Pursuant to that,ASEAN then committed to the development of a second iteration of the YDI.This was demonstrated by the consistent engagement of the ASEAN YDI Task Force,
70、conducting a series of virtual discussions throughout the period 2021-2022 to agree on the preparation and components of the ASEAN YDI.The second iteration of the ASEAN YDI expands on the first,utilising learnings both from youth development within the region and also from YDIs globally.It merged so
71、me indicators from the first iteration and incorporated an analysis of data trends for the period 2016-2020.It is in this iteration that the domain of ASEAN Awareness,Values,and Identity is incorporated,along with the addition of the domains on Equity and Inclusion and Safety and Security.Therefore,
72、the domains under this second iteration of the ASEAN YDI include Education and Skills,Health and Well-being,Employment and Opportunity,Participation and Engagement,Equity and Inclusion,Security and Safety,as well as ASEAN Values and Identity.This second iteration of the ASEAN YDI will not be compara
73、ble to the first iteration,the global YDI,or any national YDIs in the region but instead provides a decade of longitudinal data for comparison over time and within and between countries.The formulation of this report is timely,as it coincides with the declaration of 2022 as the Year of ASEAN Youth.3
74、 In November 2022,at the 40th and 41st ASEAN Summits,ASEAN Leaders adopted the ASEAN Leaders Statement on the Year of ASEAN Youth to Strengthen the Role of Youth in ASEAN Community Building.The Statement encompasses an agreement to coordinate and strengthen the existing initiatives and mechanisms,in
75、cluding age and sex-disaggregation of data,towards strategic,holistic,and responsive youth actions to promote ASEAN centrality,as well as ASEAN awareness,values,and identity.Presently,there is no universal definition of the ages that start and end the period called“youth.”Young people or youth are o
76、ften defined more by“who they are not”than by who they are.4 Regional and international organisations use varying age ranges to categorise young people,and the same is true of national governments.As such,in the context of ASEAN Member States(AMS)the age ranges of youth are defined in the law and re
77、gulations which exist in each country.Overall,the youth age ranges are between 15 35,and this will be used as reference for this 2nd ASEAN YDI Report as was established in the first iteration.Similar to the Commonwealth Global Youth Development Index,the ASEAN YDI calculates a score for each country
78、 between 0 1 which indicates the national average,with 0 being the lowest youth development and 1 the highest.3 ASEANyouth2022 ASEAN declares 2022 as the Year of ASEAN Youth.https:/asean.org/aseanyouth2022-asean-declares-2022-as-the-year-of-asean-youth/4 Furlong and Cartmel,1997no universal definiti
79、on of the ages that start and end the period called“youth.”Overall,the youth age ranges in are between and this will be used as reference for the ASEAN YDI Reports.15 35 YEARS Mangkorn DangguraASEAN Youth Development Index 20221.Introduction1.Introduction1716Table 1.Selected key development indicato
80、rs of ASEAN 2021Source:UN DESA(2022),ASEANSTATS 2021NoData and IndicatorValue/Range1Total population(million)661,826.82Population as%of world population8.533GDP per capita(US$)4,533.24Youth 15 35 years old(000)224,2005Below National Poverty Line(%),2016 2021 figure24.8 4.406Unemployment rate(%)1.7 1
81、0.37Access to safe drinking water(%)79.7 100.08Access to improved sanitation(%)75.3 100.09Internet subscriber per 100 persons25.5 92.010Cellular phone per 100 persons60.8 166.6This ASEAN YDI has merged some indicators from the last iteration to ensure that the addition of new and important domains d
82、oes not impact too greatly on the sensitivity of the index and ensures more balanced domains.A full methodology can be seen under Appendix A.The following indicators have been selected based on the feedback from AMS,youth stakeholders,and NGOs taking data availability,quality,and comparability into
83、account.Only data sets with at least seven(7)countries having data have been considered.Indicators which were in the first iteration of the ASEAN YDI were given priority,however,with the ever-growing understanding of youth development as well as improved data access,there are also new Domains and In
84、dicators.This ASEAN YDI will not be comparable to the first iteration,the global YDI,or any national YDIs in the region,but instead provides a decade of longitudinal data for comparison over time and within and between countries.ASEAN Secretariat1.1 Indicators and DomainsThis iteration of the ASEAN
85、YDI is based on seven(7)Domains:EDUCATION&SKILLSHEALTH&WELL-BEINGPARTICIPATION&ENGAGEMENTEQUITY&INCLUSIONEMPLOYMENT&OPPORTUNITYSAFETY&SECURITYASEAN VALUES&IDENTITYThere are a total of 30 indicators in the ASEAN YDI,split between the Domains as follows.EDUCATION AND SKILLSIndicatorDescription SourceY
86、outh Literacy RateLiteracy rate,youth total,%for ages 15 24UNESCO Institute for StatisticsGross Graduation TertiaryGross graduation ratio from first degree programmes(ISCED 6 and 7)in tertiary education,both sexes(%)UNESCO Institute for StatisticsMean Years of SchoolingMean years of schooling(ISCED
87、1 or higher),population 25+yearsUNESCO Institute for StatisticsEducational Attainment RateCompleted lower secondary education or higher,population 25+yearsUNESCO Institute for StatisticsDigital NativesFive or more years experience using the internet,%for ages 15 29ITU/Global YDIHEALTH AND WELL-BEING
88、IndicatorDescription SourceYouth Mortality RateProbability of dying at ages 15 24 expressed per 1,000 youths aged 15UNICEFMental DisorderYear Life Lost due to Mental Disorders for ages 1539Global Burden of DiseaseLife Expectancy at age 15The average number of years of life expected by a hypothetical
89、 cohort of individuals who would be subject during all their lives to the mortality rates of a given period.It is expressed as yearsUnited Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UN DESA),Population Division(2019)Sexually Transmissible Infection RateSexually transmitted infections includin
90、g HIV,prevalence rate for ages 1539Global Burden of Disease Substance Use DisordersYear Life Lost due to substance use disorders including Alcohol and Drugs for ages 1539Global Burden of DiseaseASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20221.In
91、troduction18EMPLOYMENT AND OPPORTUNITYIndicatorDescription SourceYouth Unemployment RateUnemployment rate for ages 15-24ILOYouth Labour force Participation RateLabour force participation rate for ages 15-24ILONot in Employment,Education,or training(NEET)Share of youth not in employment,education,or
92、training(NEET)ages 15-24ILOFinancial AccountAccount denotes the percentage of respondents who report having an account(by themselves or together with someone else)at a bank or another type of financial institution,or report personally using a mobile money service in the past 12 months(%age 15+)Globa
93、l FindexAdolescent Fertility RateAdolescent fertility rate is the number of births per 1,000 women for ages 15-19World BankPARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENTIndicatorDescription SourceYouth Volunteer TimeResponding that they have volunteered time in the past 30 days,%for ages 15-29Global YDINational Youth
94、 PolicyCurrent status of National Youth PolicyYouthpolicy.orgVoter Turnout RatesVoter turnout rate for total populationInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA)Internet UsageIndividuals using the Internet(%for ages 15-39)World BankEQUITY AND INCLUSIONIndicat
95、orDescription SourceAccess to ElectricityPercentage of the population with access to electricityWorld BankAccess to SanitationPercentage of the population with access to sanitationWorld BankProportion of Women in Managerial PositionsProportion of females in the total number of persons employed in ma
96、nagerial positionsUNDESA Statistics DivisionGender Parity in LiteracyGender Parity in LiteracyUNESCO and Global YDIDisability SupportsProportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit,by sex(%)UN DESA Statistics DivisionSAFETY AND SECURITYIndicatorDescription Source
97、Child MarriagePercentage of women(aged 20-24 years)married or in union before age 18UNICEFInterpersonal ViolenceYear Life Lost due to interpersonal Violence for ages 15-39Global Burden of DiseasePoverty HeadcountPercentage of the population living on less than$1.90 a day at 2011 international prices
98、.As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates,poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editionsWorld BankConflict and TerrorismYear Life Lost due to Conflict and Terrorism for ages 15-39Global Burden of DiseaseDisaster Risk ReductionThe indic
99、ator for the Disaster Risk Reduction activity in the country comes from the score of the Hyogo Framework for Action self-assessment reports of the countries.The Hyogo Framework for Action(HFA)was the global blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts between 2005 and 2015.European UnionASEAN VALUE
100、S AND IDENTITY*IndicatorDescription SourceComposite AVI Index2020 survey composite index on Awareness,Values,and IdentityASEAN YDI phase 2*This survey has only been conducted once and so the score is held constant across the 10 years of the YDI.1.Introduction 19 UnsplashASEAN Youth Development Index
101、 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20221.Introduction20Below is the list of indicators used and which countries were used as“like”countries based on the respective domains from Global YDI 2020.Please note where there is no“like”country,the ASEAN average has been used.DomainIndicatorCountry with no D
102、ataCountry Used Education&SkillsYouth Literacy Rate-Gross Graduation TertiaryCambodiaMyanmar-MalaysiaViet Nam-PhilippinesIndonesiaMean Years of SchoolingLao PDRCambodiaEducational Attainment RateLao PDRCambodiaDigital Natives-Health&Well-beingYouth Mortality-Mental Disorders-Life Expectancy at age 1
103、5-STIs including HIV-YLL Substance Use Disorders-Employment&OpportunityUnemployment-Labour Force Participation-NEET-Financial Institution AccountBrunei DarussalamASEAN AverageAdolescent Fertility Rate-Participation&EngagementVolunteered Time-National Youth Policy-Voter Turnout RatesBrunei Darussalam
104、 ASEAN AverageInternet UsageIndonesiaPhilippines Equity&InclusionAccess to Electricity-Access to SanitationBrunei DarussalamSingapore-CambodiaMyanmar-Indonesia Malaysia-Viet NamMalaysiaWomen in Managerial Positions-Gender Parity in Literacy-Severe Disability Rate-Security&SafetyChild MarriageBrunei
105、DarussalamViet Nam-MalaysiaViet NamYLL Interpersonal Violence-Poverty HeadcountCambodiaPhilippines-SingaporeMalaysia-Brunei DarussalamMalaysiaYLL Conflict and Terrorism-Disaster Risk Reduction-ASEAN Values and IdentityAVI Index-1.2 Youth Stakeholder VoicesAs key stakeholders of the ASEAN YDI,young p
106、eople themselves and youth advocacy organisations were consulted on issues facing young people in the region.These,along with topics brought forward by other stakeholders,have been included as a literature review to provide greater context and understanding of the experiences lived by young ASEAN pe
107、ople.1.Introduction 21 ASEAN SecretariatASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results 2302RESULTSASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results22 Unsplash2.1 ASEAN YDI in a Global Context The Global YDI 2020 was the most recent Global YDI,and while it is not directly comparable to this ASEAN YDI due to d
108、ifferent indicators and domains,it provides a place to compare ASEAN Member States with 181 countries around the world.ASEAN is not represented as a region in the Global report,but its Member States fall in with its neighbours in South Asia.South Asia did not fare well on the global scale in the Glo
109、bal Youth Development Index 2020,ranking 8th out of 9 regions in 2018,the 2nd lowest-ranked region before Sub-Saharan Africa.Despite this relatively low score,South Asia showed marked improvement in the YDI between 2010 and 2018.Singapore ranked 1st in the Global Youth Development Index 2020.The sec
110、ond highest ranked ASEAN Member State in the Global YDI is Brunei Darussalam,which ranks 49th.ASEAN CountryGlobal 2020 EducationEmployment&OpportunityEquality&InclusionHealth&Well-beingPeace&SecurityPolitical&Civic ParticipationRankBrunei Darussalam495Cambodia97658Indonesia8898
111、Lao PDR510978116Malaysia50592366864874Myanmar7125111155Philippines10917740Singapore1411311162Thailand8495427212311468Viet Nam63578566725292Source:Global Youth Development Report.CountryBrunei Darussalam0.692YDI 2022 ScoreCambodia0.568Indonesia0.578Lao PDR0
112、.476Malaysia0.699Myanmar0.466Philippines0.522Singapore0.830Thailand0.574Viet Nam0.661ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results2.Results25242.2 ASEAN YDI Results OverviewThis results section provides an overview of YDI and Domain scores and trends for the 10 AMS.AS
113、EAN saw an overall improvement in the YDI,improving from 0.535 in 2013 to 0.606 in 2022.All countries showed improvement over time,with Cambodia showing the greatest improvement,from 0.440 to 0.568.In 2022,Singapore(0.830)ranked 1st,followed by Malaysia(0.699),Brunei Darussalam(0.692),Viet Nam(0.661
114、),Indonesia(0.578),Thailand(0.574),Cambodia(0.568),the Philippines(0.522),Lao PDR(0.476),and Myanmar(0.466).ASEAN saw an improvement in Education and Skills between 2013 and 2022,progressing from 0.486 to 0.573.Singapore(0.992)ranked 1st in Education and Skills in 2022,with Myanmar(0.171 0.371)showi
115、ng the greatest improvement between 2013 and 2022.ASEAN also saw an improvement in Health and Well-being between 2013 and 2022,progressing from 0.582 to 0.605.Singapore(0.958)ranked 1st in Health and Well-being in 2022,with Myanmar (0.436 0.535)showing the greatest improvement between 2013 and 2022
116、in Health and Well-being.ASEAN saw an improvement in Employment and Opportunity between 2013 and 2022,progressing from 0.522 to 0.541.Singapore(0.768)ranked 1st in Employment and Opportunity in 2022,with Indonesia(0.292 0.437)showing the greatest improvement between 2013 and 2022.ASEAN saw an improv
117、ement in Participation and Engagement between 2013 and 2022,progressing from 0.447 to 0577.Viet Nam(0.765)ranked 1st in Participation and Engagement in 2022,with Cambodia(0.405 0.664)showing the greatest improvement between 2013 and 2022.ASEAN saw an improvement in Equity and Inclusion between 2013
118、and 2022,progressing from 0.455 to 0.606.Brunei Darussalam(0.770)ranked 1st in Equity and Inclusion in 2022,with Lao PDR(0.385 0.713)showing the greatest improvement between 2013 and 2022.ASEAN saw an improvement in Safety and Security between 2013 and 2022,progressing from 0.651 to 0.722.Singapore(
119、1)ranked 1st in Safety and Security in 2022,with the Philippines(0.432 0.591)showing the greatest improvement between 2013 and 2022.Country2000022Brunei Darussalam0.6650.6640.6670.6740.6770.6740.6880.6870.6910.692Cambodia0.4400.4510.4790.5020.5110.5290.5420.5490.5540
120、.568Indonesia0.4680.4790.4940.5060.5190.5280.5460.5540.5610.578Lao PDR0.3680.3890.4100.4130.4240.4390.4440.4530.4630.476Malaysia0.6630.6700.6760.6780.6770.6810.6910.6870.6930.699Myanmar0.3740.3870.4000.4120.4010.4360.4480.4500.4530.466Philippines0.4640.4760.4800.4970.4800.5070.5140.5110.5150.522Sing
121、apore0.8040.8130.8100.8090.8230.8080.8260.8220.8260.830Thailand0.5050.4980.5220.5240.5280.5370.5530.5630.5670.574Viet Nam0.5950.6020.6080.6160.6150.6370.6380.6450.6570.661ASEAN0,5350,5430,5540,5630,5660,5780,5890,5920,5980,606 Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philipp
122、ines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Myanmar Viet Nam Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indonesia Indonesia200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3YDI Domain S
123、core2.3 Results by Domain2.3.1 Education and SkillsEducation and Skills saw the widest range of scores between Member States of all the Domains in the index between 20132022.The regional score increased from 0.486 to 0.573.Singapore ranked the highest by a significant amount(0.992).All 10 Member Sta
124、tes improved between 2013-2022.Myanmar showed the greatest improvement between 20132022.ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results2.Results2726 Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philippines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Myanmar Viet Nam
125、Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indonesia Indonesia200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Education&Skills Domain Score Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darus
126、salam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philippines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Myanmar Viet Nam Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indonesia Indonesia200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.
127、40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Health&Well-being Domain Score2.3.2 Health and Well-being Health and Well-being saw a wide range of scores between Member States from 2013 to 2022.The regional score increased from 0.582 to 0.605.Singapore ranked the highest by a significant amount(0.958).Of the 10 Mem
128、ber States,7 countries improved and 3 countries declined from 2013 to 2022.Myanmar saw the greatest improvement between 20132022.2.3.3 Employment and OpportunityEmployment and Opportunity saw a wide range of scores between Member States from 2013 to 2022.Employment and Opportunity was the worst perf
129、orming domain,with only Singapore scoring above 0.700.The regional score increased from 0.522 to 0.541.Singapore ranked the highest(0.768).Of the 10 Member States,5 countries improved and 5 countries declined from 2013 to 2022.Indonesia showed the greatest improvement from 2013 to 2022.Brunei Daruss
130、alam Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philippines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Myanmar Viet Nam Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indonesia Indonesia200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.6
131、0.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Employment&OpportunityDomain Score Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philippines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Myanmar Viet Nam Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indonesia Indonesia20
132、0000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Participation&EngagementDomain Score2.3.4 Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement saw a wide range of scores between Member States from 20
133、13 to 2022.The regional score increased from 0.477 to 0.577.Viet Nam ranked the highest(0.765).Of the 10 Member States,9 countries improved and only 1 country declined from 2013 to 2022.Cambodia saw the greatest improvement between 20132022.ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development I
134、ndex 20222.Results2.Results29282.3.5 Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion saw a wide range of scores between Member States from 2013 to 2022.The regional score increased from 0.455 to 0.606.Brunei Darussalam ranked the highest(0.770)in this domain.Of the 10 Member States,9 countries improved an
135、d only 1 country declined from 2013 to 2022.Lao PDR saw the greatest improvement between 20132022.Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philippines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Myanmar Viet Nam Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indone
136、sia Indonesia200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Equity and Inclusion Domain Score Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philippines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Mya
137、nmar Viet Nam Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indonesia Indonesia200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Safety and Security Domain Score2.3.6 Safety a
138、nd Security Safety and Security saw a wide range of scores between Member States from 2013 to 2022.The regional score increased from 0.651 to 0.722.Singapore ranked the highest(1.0).All 10 Member States saw an improvement from 2013 to 2022.The Philippines saw the greatest improvement between 2013202
139、2.2.3.7 ASEAN Values and IdentityThere was no change in ASEAN Values and Identity Domain scores across the board,as all indicators had a single year of data(collected in 2020)which was held constant across time.Based on proxy data from 2020,the regional data in 2022 was 0.670.ASEAN Values and Identi
140、ty was the best performing domain at the regional level,with all Member States scoring above 0.500.Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cambodia Philippines Philippines Malaysia Malaysia Myanmar Myanmar Viet Nam Viet Nam Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand ASEAN ASEAN Lao PDR Lao PDR Indon
141、esia Indonesia200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3ASEAN Values and Identity Domain Score2.4 ASEAN Results by Member States2.4.1 Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam ranked 3rd in YDI out of th
142、e 10 countries in ASEAN in 2022,increasing its domain score from 0.665 to 0.692 between 2013-2022.The greatest improvement was observed for Participation and Engagement,where the score increased from 0.628 to 0.729 in ten years.Most of the change could be attributed to an increase in Internet Usage,
143、which went from 64.50 percent in 2013 to 100 percent in 2022.The domain for Education and Skills received the highest score of 0.818 in 2022.The biggest difference over the ten years was seen in Gross Graduation Tertiary,which improved from 14.05 percent in 2013 to 28.52 percent in 2022.There was al
144、so a slight improvement in the Youth Literacy Rate,while all other indicators within the domain remained constant over the years.Brunei Darussalam saw a very slight rise in the scores for Health and Well-being,Equity and Inclusion,and Safety and Security.Indicators for Equity and Inclusion and Safet
145、y and Security showed no or very little change(less than 0.05 change in the indicator score).For Health and Well-being,Youth Mortality improved significantly,with the rate 0,0000,2000,4000,6000,8001,0002022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results2.Results3130 Edu
146、cation and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identi
147、ty ASEAN Values and Identity200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Brunei Darussalamof deaths per 1,000 decreasing from 4.48 in 2013 to 2.78.Life Expectancy at age 15 also rose(from 60.70 years
148、 to 61.86),while the rate of mental disorders(from 2.70 to 2.85),STIs including HIV(from 12,376.27 to 12,584.31),and Substance Use(30.49 to 37.89)decreased.Overall,Employment and Opportunity declined due to a big increase of NEET and a decrease in Youth Labour Force Participation.However,there was a
149、n improvement in Unemployment Rate,Financial Institution Account,and Adolescent Fertility Rate indicators.Brunei Darussalam was ranked 6th in ASEAN Values and Identity with a score of 0.660.Brunei Darussalam may benefit from the targeted policies on Graduation Tertiary,Mental Disorder,and Disaster R
150、isk Reduction,as well as Employment and Opportunity.Employment and Opportunity was affected by the Labour Force Participation,which dropped from 0.29 to 0.20 from 2013 to 2022 and low scoring on NEET and Youth Unemployment.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.7590.7660.772
151、0.7790.7850.7920.8080.7960.8110.818Health&Well-being0.6480.6510.6530.6550.6540.6550.6570.6600.6620.664Employment&Opportunity0.4270.4190.3990.3840.3630.3550.4300.4160.4200.413Participation&Engagement0.6280.6310.6480.6990.7100.7120.7280.7270.7270.729Equity&Inclusion0.7670.7560.7670.7680.7950.7700.7510
152、.7690.7690.770Safety&Security0.7610.7610.7610.7620.7620.7620.7620.7630.7630.763ASEAN Values&Identity*0.6600.6600.6600.6600.6600.6600.6600.6600.6600.660YDI0.6650.6640.6670.6740.6770.6740.6880.6870.6910.692*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of th
153、e index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.2.4.2 CambodiaCambodia ranked 7th out of the ten countries in the ASEAN YDI in 2022,despite the sharpest increase between 2013 and 2022 of all ten countries,increasing to 0.568 in 2022 fro
154、m 0.440 in 2013.Its overall rank improved from 8th to 7th in those 10 years.Cambodia saw the greatest improvement in Participation and Engagement among all ten countries,mainly due to an increase in Voter Turnout Rates,which increased 30 percentage points and Internet Usage,which increased 59 percen
155、tage points.Equity and Inclusion also saw a massive jump in its domain score due to an increase in Access to Electricity,Women in Managerial Positions,and Gender Parity in Literacy.The percentage of the population with Access to Electricity almost doubled in the 10 years from 2013 to 2022,while Wome
156、n in Managerial Positions increased from 28.39 percent to 33.45 percent.Severe Disability Rate remained constant,while Access to Sanitation decreased.Cambodia made significant improvements in the Education and Skills and Safety and Security domains as well.There was a 0.132 increase in the domain sc
157、ore of Safety and Security because of a decline in poverty rate,which saw the 5 percent of the population earning less than 41.90 a day decrease from 8.96 percent to 0.20 percent.The country also saw a 0.112 increase in the Education and Skills score because of an increase in Youth Literacy Rate fro
158、m 83.93 percent to 100 percent.A slight improvement was also observed for both Health and Well-being and Employment and Opportunity,where the increase in score for the domains was 0.033 and 0.026 respectively.For Health and Well-being,big improvements were seen in Youth Mortality(from 10.01 deaths p
159、er 1,000 to 7.19)and Life Expectancy at age 15(from 55.75 years to 57.63 years),while the other indicators declined a little over the 10 years.For Employment and Opportunity,scores for Not in Employment,Education,and Training(7.86 percent to 7.12 percent),and Financial Institution Account(8.98 perce
160、nt to 30.20 percent)improved even while the other indicators declined slightly.Cambodia is ranked 3rd in the ASEAN Values and Identity domain with a constant score of 0.710 across the ten years.Cambodia may benefit from the targeted policies on Disaster Risk Reduction,Adolescent Fertility,Financial
161、Institution Account Rate,Volunteered Time,and the entire Education and Skills Domain.Education and skills were affected by the constant number of Gross Graduation Tertiary,which has been 0.09 from 2013 to 2022.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.1280.1460.1640.1820.2010.2
162、190.2330.2350.2360.240Health&Well-being0.5440.5510.5550.5590.5630.5650.5670.5660.5740.577Employment&Opportunity0.6090.6170.6260.6390.6420.6400.6370.6110.6190.635Participation&Engagement0.4050.4360.4730.5030.5120.5440.5780.6070.6220.664Equity&Inclusion0.3790.3650.4480.5070.5090.5550.5670.6030.6050.61
163、6Safety&Security0.5080.5290.5530.5680.5890.6060.6300.6300.6300.640ASEAN Values&Identity*0.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.710YDI0.4400.4510.4790.5020.5110.5290.5420.5490.5540.568*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As o
164、nly one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.0,0000,2000,4000,6000,8002022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results2.Results33322.4.3 IndonesiaIndonesia showed improvement from 2013 to 2022,with its overall ASE
165、AN YDI rising to 0.578,ranking 5th out of the ten countries in ASEAN in 2022.It ranked 2nd out of the ten countries in ASEAN Values and Identity with a score of 0.72,and ranked 4th in Health and Well-being.Like the other countries,Indonesia also saw a big improvement in Participation and Engagement
166、despite Voter Turnout Rates falling from 75.62 percent to 71.05 percent.This was mainly due to a significant increase in Volunteered Time and Internet Usage.The percentage of Volunteered Time doubled from 0.37 in 2013 to 0.74 in 2022,while Internet Usage increased from 32.70 percent to 52.69 percent
167、.Indonesia also performs well in Safety and Security.It has a score of 0.815 in 2022,mainly due to very low rates of Interpersonal Violence and Conflict and Terrorism.It also reduced the percentage of people earning less than$1.90 per day(2011 PPP),from 7.3 percent to 0.3 percent,and improved its Di
168、saster Risk Reduction Capability.The country also saw a significant rise in its domain score for Education and Skills,Employment and Opportunity,and Equity and Inclusion.For Education and Skills,a marked improvement was observed for Gross Graduation Tertiary,Mean Years of Schooling,and Educational A
169、ttainment Rate.The sharpest increase in the score was seen for Gross Graduation Tertiary,with the proportion of the population completing first-degree programmes in tertiary education rising from 16.42 percent to 27.68 percent in the ten-year period.For Equity and Inclusion,Indonesia performs well i
170、n providing Access to Electricity to all of its population.It has also strived to provide Access to Sanitation to 80.96 percent of its population in 2022,up from 71.75 percent in 2013.Yet the biggest positive is seen in the percentage of Women in Managerial Positions,which increased by 12.59 percent
171、age points.Despite a rapid rise in its domain score for Employment and Opportunity,Indonesia still might benefit from the targeted policies to reduce the Unemployment Rate,its share of NEET,and the Adolescent Fertility Rate.A slight improvement was observed for Health and Well-being due to a decreas
172、e in Youth Mortality from 11.12 percent to 9.39 percent and an increase in Life Expectancy at age 15 from 57.12 years to 58.92 years.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagemen
173、t Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.
174、70.70.30.3CambodiaIndonesia may benefit from the targeted policies on Severe Disability Rate,National Youth Policy,Digital Natives,and Child Marriage.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.4460.4610.4780.4690.4910.4940.5120.5290.5330.544Health&Well-being0.5750.5810.5870.5940
175、.6010.6070.6120.6180.6240.630Employment&Opportunity0.2920.3080.3070.3320.3620.3680.4120.4000.4080.437Participation&Engagement0.3420.3270.3950.4090.4020.4160.4430.4600.4800.495Equity&Inclusion0.4070.4220.4200.4390.4550.4660.4760.4890.4930.511Safety&Security0.6850.7110.7170.7430.7540.7660.7800.7890.78
176、90.815ASEAN Values&Identity*0.7200.7200.7200.7200.7200.7200.7200.7200.7200.720YDI0.4680.4790.4940.5060.5190.5280.5460.5540.5610.578*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held
177、constant across all years of the index.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security S
178、afety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Indonesia2.4.4 Lao PDRLao PDR was ranked 9th in YDI out of the ten countries in ASEA
179、N in 2022.Its overall YDI score was 0.476,up from 0.368 in 2013.Over the last ten years,Lao PDR has shown notable improvement in the Equity and Inclusion domain.The change in the domain score was bigger than in any other AMS.It went from being ranked 7th in 2013 to being 2nd in 2022.The rise in its
180、rank among all AMS can be attributed to increased access to electricity and sanitation by the general population and a higher literacy rate for its female population.The country also saw a positive change in both Education and Skills and Safety and Security,even though it ranked last among all AMS f
181、or these domains.For Education and Skills,Youth Literacy Rate jumped from 72.06 percent to 100 percent,while all other indicators within this domain remained relatively constant.For Safety and Security,the rate of Interpersonal Violence and the percentage of the population earning less than$1.90 per
182、 day(2011 PPP)more than halved,even while its rate of Child Marriage remained the highest in all ten countries.Their score for Disaster Risk Reduction also decreased over the years.0,0000,2000,4000,6000,8001,00020220,0000,2000,4000,6000,8002022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Developmen
183、t Index 20222.Results2.Results3534Domain scores for both Health and Well-being and Participation and Engagement also showed slight improvement,with the biggest developments observed in Youth Mortality,Life Expectancy at age 15,and Internet Usage.On the other hand,scores for Mental Disorders(from 0.0
184、8 percent to 0.11 percent),STIs including HIV(from 20,395.83 to 21,592.29),and Volunteered Time(0.00 percent down from 0.24 percent)decreased.All other indicators remained relatively constant.Employment and Opportunity declined.Unemployment Rate fell from 1.81 percent in 2013 to 3.32 percent in 2022
185、,even while Labour Force Participation contracted.The rate of NEET also increased from 5.67 percent to 8.25 percent.Lao PDR ranked 3rd in ASEAN Awareness,Values,and Identity.Lao PDR may benefit from the targeted policies on Severe Disability Rate,Adolescent Fertility,Child Marriage,National Youth Po
186、licy,and Educational Attainment Rate.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.0850.1180.1760.2140.2160.2210.2230.2330.2340.239Health&Well-being0.4390.4520.4640.4730.4810.4870.4910.4960.5150.525Employment&Opportunity0.5600.5570.5520.5470.5420.5390.5350.5270.5260.524Participatio
187、n&Engagement0.3280.3230.3240.3200.3230.3520.3320.3320.3350.342Equity&Inclusion0.3850.4270.4820.5130.5530.5990.6330.6550.6860.713Safety&Security0.3250.3730.3860.3360.3540.3690.3850.4130.4220.453ASEAN Values&Identity*0.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.7100.710YDI0.3680.3890.4100.4130.4240.4390.
188、4440.4530.4630.476*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and
189、 Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity2000015202
190、0202020022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Lao PDR2.4.5 MalaysiaMalaysia was ranked 2nd in overall YDI out of the ten countries in ASEAN in 2022,up one spot from 2013.Its score increased by 0.037,with only Health and Well-being declining in
191、 those ten years.Education and Skills saw an improvement,largely due to an increase in Gross Graduation Tertiary and Educational Rate even while Youth Literacy Rate fell by 2.64 percentage points.Employment and Opportunity saw a similar increase in its domain score mainly because of a decrease in th
192、e percentage of NEET and an increase in the proportion of the population over the age of 15 with an account at a financial institution.Participation and Engagement,Equity and Inclusion,and Safety and Security remained relatively constant with only slight positive changes being observed for each of t
193、hem.For Participation and Engagement,Internet Usage increased from 57.06 percent to 97.97 percent,even while scores for Volunteered Time and Voter Turnout Rates decreased.For Equity and Inclusion,it was Access to Sanitation that made the biggest difference.Between 2013 and 2022,the proportion of Mal
194、aysias population using safely managed sanitation services increased by 9.21 percentage points.No notable change was found for Safety and Security other than a slight decline in Conflict and Terrorism.Malaysia ranked 5th for ASEAN Values and Identity,with a score of 0.69.Equity and Inclusion was the
195、 lowest-scoring domain,scoring between 0.49 and 0.52 in the ten-year period.This domain was affected by Gender Parity in Literacy and Severe Disability Rate.Gender Parity in Literacy dropped from 0.45 to 0.44 and Severe Disability Rate did not improve,with the score remaining at 0.31 between 2013-20
196、22.Malaysia may benefit from the targeted policies on Graduation Tertiary,Youth Labour Force Participation,STI,and Women in Managerial Positions.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.6900.6980.7250.7310.7270.7420.7450.7370.7540.763Health&Well-being0.6420.6400.6400.6370.6360
197、.6360.6340.6400.6390.639Employment&Opportunity0.6090.6330.6240.6400.6400.6470.6770.6460.6520.675Participation&Engagement0.6940.6950.7080.7110.6970.6830.7180.7260.7350.740Equity&Inclusion0.4850.4880.4920.4830.4950.5120.5070.5080.5110.515Safety&Security0.8500.8610.8610.8610.8620.8630.8630.8640.8650.86
198、6ASEAN Values&Identity*0.6900.6900.6900.6900.6900.6900.6900.6900.6900.690YDI0.6630.6700.6760.6780.6770.6810.6910.6870.6930.699*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held const
199、ant across all years of the index.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety
200、 and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Malaysia0,0000,2000,4000,6000,8001,0002022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth D
201、evelopment Index 20222.Results2.Results37362.4.6 MyanmarMyanmar received an overall YDI score of 0.466 in 2022,ranking last among all AMS.However,it has improved by 0.092 since 2013,mostly due to an increase in the domain score for Education and Skills.Although Myanmar ranked 8th in Education and Sk
202、ills for all ten years,it has improved the most out of all ASEAN countries.The countrys proportion of the population aged 15-24 who can read and write(Youth Literacy Rate)has increased by 25.91 percentage points.It also had a similar rise in the Equity and Inclusion domain score,where all indicators
203、 except Access to Sanitation improved significantly.Access to Electricity increased from 56.34 percent to 73.89 percent,Women in Managerial Positions from 26.16 percent to 40.63 percent,Gender Parity in Literacy from 0.980 to 1.014,and Severe Disability Rate from 0 to 17.40 percent.Domain scores for
204、 Health and Well-being,Participation and Engagement,and Safety and Security also improved.For Health and Well-being,it was mostly a decline in Youth Mortality and a rise in Life Expectancy at age 15.For Participation and Engagement,a sharp growth in Internet usage was offset by a similar drop in Vol
205、unteered Time.For Safety and Security,it was a significant growth in the rate of Conflict and Terrorism that made up for an 8.00 percent drop in Poverty Headcount.Employment and Opportunity in Myanmar declined,with Unemployment Rate rising from 1.60 percent to 6.70 percent,even while Labour Force Pa
206、rticipation dropped by approximately 20.00 percentage points.However,NEET and the Adolescent Fertility Rate dropped and the number of people with an account with a financial institution increased.The country was ranked 7th in the ASEAN Values and Identity Index,with a score of 0.650.Myanmar may bene
207、fit from the policies that target reduction in Disaster Risk Reduction,Life Expectancy,Severe Disability Rate,Digital Natives,and National Youth Policy.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.1710.1980.2260.2530.2810.3080.3350.3630.3710.371Health&Well-being0.4350.4510.4650.47
208、40.4820.4880.4940.5030.5230.535Employment&Opportunity0.5420.5350.5380.5110.4990.5410.5190.4860.4560.478Participation&Engagement0.2850.3050.3060.3110.2840.2480.3110.3200.3270.337Equity&Inclusion0.2120.2050.2470.2440.3310.3100.3470.3720.3910.427Safety&Security0.5310.5640.5580.6190.4670.6640.6300.6030.
209、6000.602ASEAN Values&Identity*0.6500.6500.6500.6500.6500.6500.6500.6500.6500.650YDI0.3740.3870.4000.4120.4010.4360.4480.4500.4530.466*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been hel
210、d constant across all years of the index.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security
211、 Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Myanmar2.4.7 PhilippinesThe Philippines was ranked 8th in YDI out of the ten ASEAN
212、 Member States in 2022,increasing its domain score from 0.464 to 0.522 from 2013 to 2022.This increase in overall YDI score is mostly due to the countrys improvement in the Safety and Security domain,which increased by 0.159.The Philippines was able to reduce its Poverty Headcount from 8.97 percent
213、to 0.2 percent,which contributed to the significant rise in its score.It also reduced Interpersonal Violence within the country and improved its score for Disaster Risk Reduction.The Philippines had a significant improvement in the Equity and Inclusion domain as well(by 0.88),primarily because of an
214、 increase in Access to Electricity and Sanitation and a rise in the percentage of Women in Managerial Positions.The share of population with Access to Electricity rose from 87.50 percent in 2013 to 98.69 percent in 2022,while those with access to proper sanitation increased from 52.495 percent to 62
215、.88 percent in the same period.Meanwhile,the proportion of Women in Managerial Positions grew from 47.54 percent to 51.41 percent.Despite a similar increase in Employment and Opportunity,the Philippines ranked last out of all countries in the domain for all ten years.Unemployment Rate decreased,but
216、this improvement can be attributed to a fall in Labour Participation Rate(lowest in ASEAN).Meanwhile,NEET has decreased by 7.03 percentage points,the share of the population with an account in a financial institution has jumped from 27.93 percent to 35.80 percent,and Adolescent Fertility Rate has dr
217、opped from 56.65 births per 1,000 women to 53.43.A slight increase was observed for the Education and Skills domain.Significant improvements in Youth Literacy Rate and Gross Graduation Tertiary were offset by similar decreases in Mean Years of Schooling and Educational Attainment.Health and Well-bei
218、ng and Participation and Engagement only saw marginal change(positive)in their domain scores.For Health and Well-being,there was an increase in Life Expectancy at age 15,even while substance use and rate of STIs rose.For Participation and Engagement,there was a slight decline in Volunteered Time and
219、 Voter Turnout Rates,but a jump in Internet Usage to 52.69 percent from 32.70 percent allowed the domain score to increase slightly.0,0000,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,70020220,0000,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7002022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results2.R
220、esults3938The country was given a score of 0.620 in the ASEAN Values and Identity Index,ranked 8th out of the 10 ASEAN Member States.The Philippines may benefit from policies focusing on Interpersonal Violence,Severe Disability Rate,Youth Labour Force Participation,Digital Natives,and Life Expectanc
221、y.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.5410.5370.5490.5460.5180.5440.5700.5620.5670.561Health&Well-being0.5670.5700.5730.5710.5700.5680.5680.5760.5780.580Employment&Opportunity0.2710.2840.2900.3050.3030.3180.3240.3080.3170.341Participation&Engagement0.4650.4800.4900.5070.4
222、500.4850.4690.4770.4800.480Equity&Inclusion0.4690.4760.4690.5050.5200.5340.5330.5390.5470.557Safety&Security0.4320.4730.4710.5210.4850.5660.5920.5790.5790.591ASEAN Values&Identity*0.6200.6200.6200.6200.6200.6200.6200.6200.6200.620YDI0.4640.4760.4800.4970.4800.5070.5140.5110.5150.522*As only one year
223、 of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportun
224、ity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity200000022220
225、221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Philippines2.4.8 SingaporeSingapore ranked 1st out of the ten countries in the overall ASEAN YDI in 2022,increasing from 0.804 to 0.830 from 2013 to 2022.It ranked 1st in four out of the seven domains used,including Education and Sk
226、ills,Health and Well-being,Employment and Opportunity,and Safety and Security.The greatest improvement was,once again,seen in Participation and Engagement due to a substantial increase in Volunteered Time and Internet Usage,which increased from 31.0 percent to 45.0 percent and from 80.9 percent to 9
227、6.67 percent respectively.Education and Skills also saw a significant improvement,from a score of 0.951 to 0.992.This was mainly due to a slight improvement in 4 out of the 5 indicators within the domain.Only Digital Natives remained constant,as it already had a very high score of 88 percent.Health
228、and Well-being improved because of a significant rise in Life Expectancy at age 15,from 67.17 to 69.01 years.However,the rate of STIs(including HIV)also increased from 13,109.47 to 14,716.29.An increase in Gender Parity helped improve the score for Equity and Inclusion in Singapore.The percentage of
229、 Women in Managerial Positions increased from 33.70 percent in 2013 to 36.57 percent in 2022.There was also a slight increase in the Gender Parity in Literacy score for Singapore.No improvement was observed for Safety and Security.This is mainly because Singapore had achieved the best score for all
230、indicators in the domain from 2013 to 2022.ASEAN Values and Identity also remained constant for Singapore,with a score of 0.61,ranking it 9th out of the ten Member States.Singapore may benefit from targeted policies on National Youth Policy5,Youth Labour Force Participation,Women in Managerial Posit
231、ions,and Gender Parity in Literacy.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.9510.9550.9610.9690.9650.9590.9910.9820.9850.992Health&Well-being0.9560.9550.9540.9550.9570.9590.9590.9580.9580.958Employment&Opportunity0.7710.7820.7900.7810.7760.7870.7950.7590.7710.768Participation&
232、Engagement0.5280.5680.5330.5260.6190.5110.5870.6020.6140.629Equity&Inclusion0.6690.6700.6720.6750.6730.6830.6800.6810.6820.685Safety&Security0.9991.0000.9990.9990.9990.9990.9991.0001.0001.000ASEAN Values&Identity*0.6100.6100.6100.6100.6100.6100.6100.6100.6100.610YDI0.8040.8130.8100.8090.8230.8080.82
233、60.8220.8260.830*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.5 Youth in Singapore are viewed as a segment of the larger population and na
234、tional policies are designed around the interests and needs of the various segments of the population.Singapore has established a national body,National Youth Council,to oversee youth development and ensure youths are well represented in national issues and policies.Education and Skills Education an
235、d Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity20
236、0000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Singapore0,0000,2000,4000,6000,8001,0002022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20222.Results2.Results41402.4.9 ThailandThe overa
237、ll YDI score for Thailand grew to 0.574 in 2022,up from 0.505 in 2013.In spite of this increase in overall score,the countrys rank dropped from 5th to 6th in that ten-year period.Equity and Inclusion saw the biggest improvement,with the domain score increasing by 0.244.The percentage of Women in Man
238、agerial Positions(from 33.02 percent to 38.90 percent)and the proportion of the population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit(0.00 percent to 100.00 percent)were the main contributors to this growth.All other indicators also showed positive change.Similarly to other countries
239、,Thailand also saw a significant increase in its Participation and Engagement score.The percentage of the population using the internet increased from 28.94 percent to 78.87 percent.Voter Turnout Rates also rose from 64.92 percent to 69.40 percent.Small improvements were observed for Education and S
240、kills and Safety and Security.For Education and Skills,an increase in Mean Years of Schooling and a percentage increase of individuals completing lower secondary or higher education were the key drivers in the increase in the domain score(by 0.053).For Safety and Security,a significant decline in In
241、terpersonal Violence and Conflict and Terrorism was offset by a decline in the countrys Disaster Risk Reduction capability.Thailand was ranked last in the Health and Well-being domain,with its score decreasing from 0.454 in 2013 to 0.449 in 2022.A significant increase in Life Expectancy at age 15(fr
242、om 60.82 years to 63.30)was offset by an increase in substance use and mental health disorders.The domain score for Employment and Opportunity also declined for Thailand.Over the ten-year period,there was a drop in Unemployment Rate(from 1.27 percent to 5.83 percent)and Labour Force Participation(43
243、.87 percent to 38.66 percent).The percentage of youth NEET increased from 14.37 percent to 16.08 percent.Thailand increased the number of individuals with an account at a financial institution and decreased the number of births per 1,000 women.The country was given a score of 0.59(ranked 10th)for AS
244、EAN Values and Identity Index.Thailand would benefit from targeted policies on Access to Sanitation,STI,Youth Labour Force Participation,Youth Mortality,Volunteered Time,and Child Marriage.Domain2000022Education&Skills0.5310.5370.5420.5500.5540.5540.5710.5710.5750.58
245、4Health&Well-being0.4530.4550.4520.4470.4440.4380.4360.4510.4480.449Employment&Opportunity0.5550.5570.5560.5430.5360.5540.5500.5480.5410.540Participation&Engagement0.4620.3650.4800.5100.5060.5250.5750.5570.5700.588Equity&Inclusion0.3550.3670.3950.4290.4610.4920.5200.5690.5870.599Safety&Security0.650
246、0.6860.6920.6510.6540.6460.6560.6710.6750.679ASEAN Values&Identity*0.5900.5900.5900.5900.5900.5900.5900.5900.5900.590YDI0.5050.4980.5220.5240.5280.5370.5530.5630.5670.574*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data
247、was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.2.4.10 Viet NamViet Nam ranked 4th out of the ten countries in the ASEAN YDI in 2022.Its overall YDI score increased from 0.595 to 0.661,with the largest improvements observed in Equity and Inclusion and Participation and
248、Engagement.ASEAN Values and Identity Index stayed constant at 0.730(highest score given)while Health and Well-being declined significantly over the ten years.For Equity and Inclusion,all indicators showed a change in the positive direction.Access to Sanitation increased by 9.21 percentage points,whi
249、le the percentage of disabled people receiving cash benefits jumped to 100.00 percent(from 0.00 percent).Women in Managerial Positions,although still low,increased from 23.91 percent to 27.91 percent.Similarly to other countries,Internet Usage went up(from 36.80 percent to 83.00 percent).Volunteered
250、 Time increased as well,while Voter Turnout Rates fell.Overall,the Participation and Engagement domain score for Viet Nam increased significantly.Education and Skills also increased,with change being observed only for the Gross Graduation Tertiary indicator.The percentage of the population having co
251、mpleted a first-degree programme in tertiary education jumped to 25.42 in 2022,up from 11.47 in 2013.Both Employment and Opportunity and Safety and Security grew only slightly.Over the ten-year period,there was a considerable drop in Unemployment Rate and Labour Force Participation.The decline was n
252、eutralised by the significant rise in the number of individuals with an account in a financial institution and a drop in the number of births per 1,000 women.On the other hand,all indicators for the Safety and Security domain,expect for Child Marriage(which remained constant),showed an improvement.A
253、 significant drop was observed over the ten-year period for the Health and Well-being domain score.There was an increase in Mental Health Disorders,STIs(including HIV),and Substance Use.In spite of the drop,Life Expectancy at age 15 increased from 61.96 years in 2013 to 62.27 years in 2022.The proba
254、bility of death for ages 15-24 also declined from 7.25 to 5.85.Viet Nam may benefit from targeted policies on Substance Use Disorders,STIs,Women in Managerial Positions,Volunteered Time,Graduation Tertiary,and Gender Parity in Literacy.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being
255、Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Participation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity20001920192
256、002020022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.40.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Thailand0,0000,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,70020220,0000,2000,4000,6000,8001,0002022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022Domain20001
257、9202020212022Education&Skills0.5620.5680.5930.5960.5900.6040.6020.5930.6100.615Health&Well-being0.5630.5540.5460.5380.5310.5240.5190.5070.5000.493Employment&Opportunity0.5810.5970.5890.5850.5820.6190.5960.5860.5920.597Participation&Engagement0.6380.6660.6710.6980.6970.7180.7260.7310.7530.765Equity&I
258、nclusion0.4240.4210.4410.4620.4730.5410.5660.6300.6650.672Safety&Security0.7670.7710.7760.7890.7890.7910.7950.7990.8000.806ASEAN Values&Identity*0.7300.7300.7300.7300.7300.7300.7300.7300.7300.730YDI0.5950.6020.6080.6160.6150.6370.6380.6450.6570.661*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it h
259、as been held constant across all years of the index.*As only one year of data was available in 2020,it has been held constant across all years of the index.Education and Skills Education and Skills Health and Well-being Health and Well-being Employment and Opportunity Employment and Opportunity Part
260、icipation and Engagement Participation and Engagement Equity and Inclusion Equity and Inclusion Safety and Security Safety and Security ASEAN Values and Identity ASEAN Values and Identity200000022220221.01.00.20.20.60.60.80.80.00.00.4
261、0.40.90.90.10.10.50.50.70.70.30.3Viet Nam2.Results422.5 Youth COVID-19 Pulse Survey ResultsCOVID-19 has had a big impact on young people across the globe.As part of this project,an online survey was disseminated in the AMS national languages,asking young people“What are your greatest concerns due to
262、 COVID-19?(please select up to 3)”.This was not a representative survey across all countries or age groups,but does provide an overview of what were seen as the greatest concerns by the 443 respondents aged between 15-35,with My family members getting ill with COVID19,Disruptions to my school or car
263、eer path,and My mental health being the most common responses.The survey was disseminated in English,Khmer,Burmese(Myanmar),Lao,Vietnamese,Bahasa Indonesia,Tagalog,and Thai language and remained open for 2 months.463 people responded,with 443 being between 15-35 years of age.Only these have been inc
264、luded in the analysis below.Greatest Reason for Concern due to COVID-19Response Count My family members getting ill with COVID19 260Disruptions to my school or career path 242My mental health 227Uncertainty about the future217Me getting ill with COVID-19 118Earning enough money to pay my bills 96Foo
265、d and water security 91My job security 65Me getting treatment for other physical health problems39Being able to get the substances I use(prescription and non-prescription medication,alcohol,tobacco,illicit drugs,etc)35My housing security 332.Results 43 PKStockphotoASEAN Youth Development Index 20223
266、.Literature review 4503LITERATURE REVIEWASEAN Youth Development Index 20223.Literature review44 ShutterstockYouth development and youth issues span far wider than what can be used in an index.As such,the following gives an overview of the Domain areas included in the Index as well as for Digital and
267、 Media Citizenship,which was discussed at length in the planning phase.These sections also contain text boxes which have been provided by a range of experts,including young people themselves.3.1 Education and SkillsThe Education and Skills Domain seeks to measure the educational outcomes of young pe
268、ople in the formal and informal education sectors.While there is limited data on informal learning and life skills development,they have been deemed important by all stakeholders of the ASEAN YDI.Higher education enables ASEAN countries to move beyond the ability to merely generate goods and service
269、s to also deliver highly skilled workers for innovation and technological advancements.6 Investing in secondary and tertiary education has a positive impact on the economy in ASEAN Member States(AMS).7 Enrolment rates in high school and tertiary education are found to have a significant positive imp
270、act on economic growth,and more investment in each student shows a direct benefit to the economy.8 It is important to note that literacy and numeracy differ to functional literacy,which is defined by UNESCO as:“the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required
271、for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading,writing and calculation for his or her own and the communitys development”.9Even where literacy and numeracy are improving,functional literacy often lags behind,and has a broader impa
272、ct on school completion and employability.106 Maneejuk,P.and Yamaka,W.,2021.The Impact of Higher Education on Economic Growth in ASEAN-5 Countries.Sustainability,13(2),p.520.7 Cabauatan,R.R.and Manalo,R.A.,2018.A Comparative Analysis on Selected Issues on Economics of Education in ASEAN Countries.Re
273、view of Integrative Business and Economics Research,7,pp.68-78.8 Maneejuk,P.and Yamaka,W.,2021.The Impact of Higher Education on Economic Growth in ASEAN-5 Countries.Sustainability,13(2),p.520.9 UNESCO uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/functional-literacy 10 Mar,I.&Ancho,I.V.(2019).The English Teacher
274、,48(1),1 10,http:/www.journals.melta.org.my/TET/downloads/tet48_01_01.pdf“ShutterstockMY STORYTHE STUDY FRIEND:A FRIENDLY WAY TO LEARN Fayola Maulida,16,IndonesiaEducation is a cause that is very close to my heart.I got into elementary school a year earlier and was part of the acceleration programme
275、 in high school.This means that even though I am currently 17,I am in my second year of college,two years ahead of where I am supposed to.Being a very academic-oriented kid has affected me in some ways.Ever since fifth grade,I have taken midterm and final exams so seriously that I used to fall ill f
276、or a week after.The pressure of academics and having the image of a top student made me lose confidence in myself.I became a person who could not tolerate mistakes and would see failure as a sign of weakness.It got worse when I was in 9th grade.It was a time when I had to sit for the national exams.
277、It was one of the low points in my life.I had started thinking of my friends as rivals/competitors.I spent all my time working hard to achieve my targets,not focusing on anything else.It did not end well as I got rejected from every school that I wanted to study in.After that,I asked myself,why was
278、I pushing myself so hard?Was there a reason for being so stressed?It felt like once I finished the exams,I got nothing.I did not even make any friends.I was so hard on myself that it affected my mental health.I knew that this was not normal.Therefore,I decided to learn something completely new and j
279、oined a free four-week summer club for young girls provided by Generation Girl(Yayasan Generasi Maju Berkarya)to learn skills such as computer science,robotics,web and app design,and much more.It was life changing.I made friends from various places and backgrounds,entered every class with a smile on
280、 my face,gained knowledge,and understood that learning was not supposed to be as painful as I had experienced.Learning is more than just getting a good mark.Sure,it may be a long and thorough process,but you dont have to embark on the journey alone.Why not make a supportive circle together and encou
281、rage each other?In December 2019,and moving on from that lesson I learned,I initiated The Study Friend,a youth-led organisation dedicated to building a safe environment by using the peer-to-peer approach,thriving to make quality education accessible and embracing students to learn.Driven by their cu
282、riosities!Whats interesting about The Study Friend is that I had no prior leadership experience.I,along with four of my friends,crafted our programme through trials and error.Our first and most notable programme was TemanBelajar,which ran from July to August 2021.It was a free four-week UTBK(Indones
283、ias university entrance exams)tutoring programme.What made TemanBelajar different was that the participants were taught by other students who were only a year or two older than them.This made the learning process more enjoyable and engaging.We also tried to have five students per learning group so t
284、he participants could bond with their new friends.Not only that,every week,we had a session called NgobrolBareng,a talk show with inspirational guest speakers,so they could also meet their role models and feel more motivated after joining the programme.At first,it was hard.I did not think that makin
285、g things free would come at a cost.Some people,at first,were not committed and would not show up for every class.But eventually,given the hard work of our team and stricter rules,that problem was solved,and we saw improvements in attendance rates.It was also our first time inviting external communit
286、ies to be media partners,working with guest speakers,crafting ToRs,and so on.I am,to this day,grateful that though everything was very new,the whole team was willing to take the risk of making that effort.At the end of our first TemanBelajar,we gained a total of 128 mentees,with the help of 40 mento
287、rs,in 4 weeks.It is inspiring how mentors(who are just my age!)were passionate about sharing their knowledge.Seeing the ASEAN Youth Development Index 20223.Literature review46willingness to learn from all the mentees was fulfilling as well.It was also a massive leap for us,The Study Friend;making us
288、 believe in our capabilities more and building our motivation to produce more significant and exciting events!This experience also taught me that for all I have known,every inch of myself is made by the people surrounding me.Be it good or bad,the experiences I shared with them have crafted me into t
289、he person I am right now.It took a long while to understand this concept,yet I have learned about the power of surrounding,beyond empowering,but as an avenue to mould and guide to betterment.From that experience,I learned about my passion for educating and how the feeling of fulfilment I achieve fro
290、m sharing my knowledge and doing fun things together is precious.After our first TemanBelajar success,we finally held our more minor tutoring programme called Mini TemanBelajar in October-December 2021 and carried on with our second TemanBelajar in January-March 2022.The Study Friend,which was once
291、just the five of us,has now grown into 20+youth volunteers to help us grow.Those who once had no learning community now have an active Discord learning server of 1.6k+participants.We hope that we can sustain and build our community.We cant wait to see more happy faces after learning new things toget
292、her!ASEAN can help many communities to get more recognition and training.Small communities face many constraints,such as a lack of knowledge on leadership,financial conditions,hardships in expanding their reach.ASEAN can help by providing avenues for young leaders to learn how to make impacts,idea i
293、ncubators,grant funds,summits for young leaders,and much more!So many areas to explore and get young minds to make the most out of their potential.These steps can be very beneficial in making initiatives more sustainable and positively influencing the world.(snaps from mentors farewell event!)(snaps
294、 from the classes!)ASEAN Youth Development Index 20223.Literature review 47ASEAN Youth Development Index 2022ASEAN Youth Development Index 20223.Literature review3.Literature review4948The Regional Study on Human Resource Development(HRD)Readiness in ASEAN suggests that beyond promoting economic goa
295、ls such as higher growth,productivity,prosperity,or competitiveness,HRD can also contribute to the enhancement of cohesion and social integration in society and may become a driver of poverty reduction11.While there are some reasons for ASEAN Member States to be proud of achievements in the economic
296、 aspects,measures to instil future-oriented perspectives in peoples learning and development and in the acquisition of a broader range of 21st-century skills could be strengthened.The occupations with the highest demand in ASEAN countries include teaching,information technology,engineering,accountin
297、g,management,and nursing.12 The ASEAN region stands to benefit from taking a regional approach in developing an outcome-oriented competency framework for teacher development across ASEAN countries in vocational training.13For AMS youth,access to education is reduced for those who have one or more of
298、 the following characteristics:live in rural or remote locations,have a disability,live in slums,whose first language is from a linguistic minority,who are orphaned,have migrated,or who live in extreme poverty.14 The dropout rate of 50 percent of students with disabilities in primary and secondary e
299、ducation in Southern Asia is one example of the need to ensure the vulnerable youth have the opportunity to participate fully in society.15 Evidence on out-of-school children shows that,in several countries in the region,safety on the way to school and in the school environment is an important conce
300、rn,as bullying,sexual violence,and stigmatisation can impede the academic progress of the students involved.As such,policy considerations aimed at ensuring road safety and the provision of safe public transportation for young girls and boys can influence families decisions about whether to invest in
301、 secondary education.16Students with disabilities are far less likely to be enrolled in school due to parental concerns for student safety.17 In Asia and the Pacific,one in six students has some form of disability.18 Solutions for increasing enrolments need to target the stigma around disability,imp
302、roving knowledge around disability and greater collaboration between support services.19 Closure of schools due to COVID-19 impacts education outcomes,particularly for women and girls,who become more vulnerable to violence,sexual exploitation,and traditional unpaid care work.20 In a crisis-vulnerabl
303、e youth,including people with disabilities,ethnic minorities and girls are disproportionately affected.21 The United Nations have identified that participation by women in peacekeeping deployments and national security institutions are two opportunities to enhance safety for women across AMS.22COVID
304、-19 has not been the only barrier to school attendance,with some areas lacking adequate facilities.Investing in the construction of school classrooms in remote rural locations,together with offering food programmes as part of the school day,has been found to provide an incentive for parents to send
305、children to school.2311 ASEAN Secretariat,2021.Regional Report on Human Resources Development(HRD)Readiness in ASEAN,pp.11.12 Velmonte,G.L.,2020,Job that fits for graduates in the Asean integration.International Journal on Integrated Education,3(7),pp.9-25.13 Grosch,M.,2017.Developing a competency s
306、tandard for TVET teacher education in ASEAN countries.Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan,23(3),pp.279-287.14 Price,R.,2020.Key barriers to girls education in the ASEAN and Pacific region,Institute for Development Studies.15 ASEAN Development Outlook:Inclusive and Sustainable Development Jakart
307、a,ASEAN Secretariat,July 2021.16 Karin Hulshof,World Economic Forum on ASEAN,https:/www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/heres-how-we-prepare-asean-youth-for-the-future 17 Price,R.,2020.Key barriers to girls education in the ASEAN and Pacific region,Institute for Development Studies.18 Price,R.,2020.Key b
308、arriers to girls education in the ASEAN and Pacific region,Institute for Development Studies.19 Price,R.,2020.Key barriers to girls education in the ASEAN and Pacific region,Institute for Development Studies.20 Price,R.,2020.Key barriers to girls education in the ASEAN and Pacific region,Institute f
309、or Development Studies.21 Price,R.,2020.Key barriers to girls education in the ASEAN and Pacific region,Institute for Development Studies.22 UN Women,2021,ASEAN Gender Outlook,Achieving the SDGs for all and leaving no woman or girl behind,https:/data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/documents/Publica
310、tions/ASEAN/ASEAN%20Gender%20Outlook_final.pdf 23 Price,R.,2020.Key barriers to girls education in the ASEAN and Pacific region,Institute for Development Studies.Across the region,there are educational plans in place to modernise the sector.For example,in Indonesia,the education sector has a five-ye
311、ar work plan with priorities that includes digital transformation,learning metrics,21st-century skills,and a teacher competency framework.24 The link between career pathways,income levels,and education is well researched,with higher levels of schooling increasing income equality,but this does not ne
312、cessarily mean there is a skills match to employment pathways.25By moving away from the traditional school model,there is a potential to better meet the needs of all young people,especially those who are already out of the system,or those who have a creative mind.This includes,for example,exploring
313、ways to harness the potential of artificial intelligence to improve the education sector,providing access to knowledge and skills through technology,and considering the role of the private sector and social enterprises.26 Vocational training can provide a rapid pathway to the reintegration of margin
314、alised youth,including immigrants and those who have suffered sexual exploitation.27 This can include training and developing skills such as running a small business,or working in restaurants or retail.28 Improvements to the inclusion of students with disabilities in education can be achieved by hav
315、ing the government define and communicate definitions of inclusive education,providing teacher training and through the promotion by school leadership.29The implementation of the ASEAN Community into a single market has led to the free flow of skilled workers and goods.30 The establishment of the Re
316、gional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)in 2022 demonstrates the commitment of the ASEAN Community to strengthen inclusive,fair,open,and rules-based trading.31 Taking a structured approach by way of a regional framework for education,including faculty,resources,and students,has been found to
317、promote educational mobility and provides educational and economic benefits for the region.323.2 Health and Well-being The Health and Well-being Domain seeks to measure both the physical and mental health as well as risks for young people.While mental health is becoming better understood and measure
318、d across the globe,there is still limited data that is suitable for the purpose of this iteration of the YDI.24 Human Resources Development(HRD)Readiness in ASEAN-Regional Report Jakarta,ASEAN Secretariat,April 2021.25 Asian Development Bank,2017,Education,Globalization,and Income Inequality in Asia
319、,https:/www.adb.org/publications/education-globalizaisation-and-income-inequality-asia 26 Karin Hulshof,World Economic Forum on ASEAN,https:/www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/heres-how-we-prepare-asean-youth-for-the-future27 Rafferty,Y.,2021.The identification,recovery,and reintegration of victims of c
320、hild trafficking within ASEAN:an exploratory study of knowledge gaps and emerging challenges.Journal of human trafficking,7(2),pp.145-167.28 Rafferty,Y.,2021.The identification,recovery,and reintegration of victims of child trafficking within ASEAN:an exploratory study of knowledge gaps and emerging
321、 challenges.Journal of human trafficking,7(2),pp.145-167.29 Wong,T.P.,Inclusive education in ASEAN countries:how to support children with disabilities in schools,Asia Research Institute,University of Nottingham.30 Velmonte,G.L.,2020,Job that fits for graduates in the Asean integration.International
322、Journal on Integrated Education,3(7),pp.9-25.31 Association of Southeast Asian Nations,The RCEP Agreement Enters Into Force,1Jan2022,https:/asean.org/rcep-agreement-enters-into-force 32 Chao,R.Y.,2020.IntraASEAN student mobility:overview,challenges and opportunities.Journal of Applied Research in Hi
323、gher Education.ShutterstockASEAN Youth Development Index 20223.Literature review50Road accidents continue to be the number one cause of injury or death of young people in ASEAN countries.33 With economic growth comes an increase in motor vehicle activity and increased risk.34 There is widespread awa
324、reness of the issue within ASEAN countries and improvements can be made through youth education on road safety.35 Suicide and self-harm pose the second greatest threat to mortality after road accidents for young people aged 15-29 in ASEAN countries.36 Psychological stressors for young people that ar
325、e associated with suicide include loneliness,anxiety,and an absence of close friends.37 These issues are exacerbated by drug and alcohol abuse.38 According to the Global Survey on Youth and COVID-19 by the ILO,more than 40 percent of young people in the survey sample representing Asian countries,inc
326、luding AMS,were possibly affected by anxiety or depression.The effects on mental health were found to be strongest among young people whose education or work had been disrupted.39Sexual and Reproductive Health(SRH)is a current issue among ASEAN youth.The fastest-growing HIV epidemic in the region is
327、 among young men who have sex with men.At the same time,young people with sexual orientation or gender identity/expression continue to face tremendous stigma and discrimination,which contributes to elevated levels of violence and poor SRH.40 The Internet has changed the way young people communicate,
328、learn,and experience SRH,as it offers increased access to information,people,and communities,as well as increased anonymity.These characteristics both offer important opportunities for youth SRH and create new risks.By including the youth voice,there is potential for the development of culturally ap
329、propriate and innovative digital tools that both reduce the risk of harm and support SRH.41 Young adults(aged 20-24),including post-secondary students,are more likely to engage in risky behaviours such as substance use and unsafe sexual practices,which can lead to an increased risk of STIs.42 33 Kit
330、amura,Y.,Hayashi,M.and Yagi,E.,2018.Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring the case of Cambodias traffic accidents involving motorcycles.IATSS research,42(4),pp.163-170.34 Kitamura,Y.,Hayashi,M.and Yagi,E.,2018.Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring the case of Cambodias traffic accident
331、s involving motorcycles.IATSS research,42(4),pp.163-170.35 Kitamura,Y.,Hayashi,M.and Yagi,E.,2018.Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring the case of Cambodias traffic accidents involving motorcycles.IATSS research,42(4),pp.163-170.36 World Health Organization,2017.Mental health status of adole
332、scents in South-East Asia:Evidence for action.37 Pengpid,S.and Peltzer,K.,2019.Early substance use initiation and psychological distress among adolescents in five ASEAN countries:a cross-sectional study.Psychology research and behavior management,12,p.1003.38 Pengpid,S.and Peltzer,K.,2019.Early subs
333、tance use initiation and psychological distress among adolescents in five ASEAN countries:a cross-sectional study.Psychology research and behavior management,12,p.1003.39 Tackling the COVID-19 youth employment crisis in Asia and the Pacific:International Labour Organisation,Bangkok(Thailand),and Asian Development Bank,Manila(Philippines),2020,pg.1640 UNFPA,2021,My Body is My Body,My Life is My Lif