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1、BelgiumBESpainESHungaryHUSlovakiaSKBulgariaBGFranceFRMaltaMTFinlandFICzechiaCZCroatiaHRNetherlandsNLSwedenSEDenmarkDKItalyITAustriaATGermanyDECyprusCYPolandPLIcelandISEstoniaEELatviaLVPortugalPTLiechtensteinLIIrelandIELithuaniaLTRomaniaRONorwayNOGreeceELLuxembourgLUSloveniaSISwitzerlandCH2023 editio
2、nKey figures on EuropePrinted by Imprimerie Bietlot in BelgiumManuscript completed in June 2023This document should not be considered as representative of the European Commissions official position.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2023 European Union,2023The reuse policy of Europ
3、ean Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents(OJ L 330,14.12.2011,p.39).Except otherwise noted,the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International(CC-BY 4.0)licence
4、(https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union,permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholder
5、s.The European Union does not own the copyright in relation to the following elements:Cover and images:EU original,additional elements FMaps,administrative boundaries EuroGeographics UN-FAO TurkstatKosovo this designation is without prejudice to positions on status,and is in line with UNSCR 1244/199
6、9 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the European Union.Theme:General and regional statisticsCollection:Flagship publicationsPrint:ISBN 978-92-68-04392-9
7、 ISSN 1830-7892 doi:10.2785/42580 KS-El-23-001-EN CPDF:ISBN 978-92-68-04391-2 ISSN 2315-201X doi:10.2785/494153 KS-EI-23-001-EN-N ForewordKey figures on Europe 2023 edition3ForewordThis sixth edition of Key figures on Europe follows on from the success of the five previous editions.It aims to provid
8、e innovative and intuitive visualisations and concise text so that users can rapidly obtain an understanding of the overall situation in the European Union(EU)as well as the differences between EU Member States.Key figures on Europe contains a selection of key indicators at both EU and individual Me
9、mber State level,drawing on the rich collection of data available.It provides an insight into recent developments across the EU with regard to:people and society;the economy and business;the environment and natural resources.The statistical indicators presented in the 2023 edition may be used to ass
10、ess the economic and social effects of the Russian military aggression against Ukraine and the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions and measures on the EU and its Member States.You can find more up-to-date information on a wide range of socioeconomic issues in Statistics Explained,a portal that forms pa
11、rt of Eurostats official website,presenting statistical topics in an easily understandable way.The latest and most complete data can also be downloaded from the Eurostat website.I hope that you find this publication interesting and useful both in your work and your daily life.Mariana KotzevaDirector
12、-General,Eurostat Key figures on Europe 2023 edition4AbstractAbstractKey figures on Europe presents a selection of statistical data on the European Union(EU).Most data cover the EU and its Member States as well as the EFTA countries.This publication may be viewed as an introduction to EU statistics
13、and provides a starting point for those who wish to explore the wide range of data that are freely available on Eurostats website at https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat;they are complemented by a comprehensive selection of online articles in Statistics Explained.EditorsNina Jere,Annika Johansson and Helene
14、 StrandellEurostat,Unit B4 Dissemination and user supportContact detailsEurostatBtiment Joseph Bech5,rue Alphonse Weicker2721 LuxembourgE-mail:estat-user-supportec.europa.euProduction and layoutGiovanni Albertone,Simon Allen and Andrew Redpath INFORMA s.r.l.For more information please consultEurosta
15、ts website:https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostatStatistics Explained:https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explainedAcknowledgementsThe editors would like to thank colleagues in Eurostat who were involved in the preparation of this publication.Table of contentsKey figures on Europe 2023 edition5Table of co
16、ntentsForeword 3Introduction 61.People and society 9Population 10Health 16Education 18Labour market 21Living conditions 27Digital society 302.Economy and business 33Economy and finance 34Prices 36Household consumption expenditure 39Government finance 40International trade 42Business 46Research and d
17、evelopment 53Tourism 543.Environment and natural resources 57Transport 58Energy 63Environment 68Agriculture 72Fisheries 74Forestry 75 IntroductionKey figures on Europe 2023 edition6IntroductionEurostat is the statistical office of the European Union(EU)situated in Luxembourg.Its mission is to provid
18、e high quality statistics for Europe,such as key information on Europes society,its economy and the environment that are needed by both citizens and decision makers.Key figures on Europe is published every year:it focuses on annual data.The 2023 edition describes the situation in the EU and the Euro
19、pean Free Trade Association(EFTA)countries,with the most recent data generally for 2021 or 2022(depending on the source).As a consequence,the recovery from the COVID-19 crisis and the impact of the Russian military aggression against Ukraine may be seen for a variety of indicators.Structure of the p
20、ublicationKey figures on Europe provides users of official statistics with an overview of the wealth of information that is available on Eurostats website and within its online databases.It has been conceived to offer a balanced set of indicators for a broad cross-section of information covering soc
21、ioeconomic and environmental developments in the EU.Key figures on Europe is divided into an introduction and three main chapters.The introduction includes information concerning data coverage and more generally how to access European statistics and supporting sources of information.The main chapter
22、s treat the following areas:people and society(population,health,education,the labour market,living conditions and the digital society);economy and business(GDP,prices,household consumption,government finance,international trade,business,research and development,and tourism);environment and natural
23、resources(transport,energy,environment,agriculture,fisheries and forestry).Each chapter presents a set of key indicators:a great deal more information can be found when consulting Eurostats website,which contains subject-specific publications,online articles and databases covering a broad and compre
24、hensive range of data.Data extraction and coverageData extractionThe statistical data presented in this publication were extracted at the start of May 2023.Spatial data coverageThis publication presents information for the EU(a sum/average covering the 27 current Member States of the EU)as well as t
25、he individual EU Member States and the four EFTA countries.Data for consumer prices are an exception insofar as the composition of the EU aggregate changes over time(reflecting the composition of the EU as Member States join/leave the EU).The order of the EU Member States in the figures usually refl
26、ects their ranking according to the values for(one of)the indicator(s)illustrated.The map on the inside cover page identifies the EU Member States and EFTA countries,as well as showing the location of their capital cities.IntroductionKey figures on Europe 2023 edition7Codes for EU Member States and
27、EFTA countriesBE BelgiumBG BulgariaCZ CzechiaDK DenmarkDE GermanyEE EstoniaIE IrelandEL GreeceES SpainFR FranceHR CroatiaIT ItalyCY CyprusLV LatviaLT LithuaniaLU LuxembourgHU HungaryMT MaltaNL NetherlandsAT AustriaPL PolandPT PortugalRO RomaniaSI SloveniaSK SlovakiaFI FinlandSE SwedenIS IcelandLI Li
28、echtensteinNO NorwayCH SwitzerlandTemporal data coverageIf data for a reference year(or reference period)are not available for a particular country,then efforts have been made to complete the coverage using data for recent previous reference years(these exceptions are footnoted).Particular attention
29、 should be paid to these deviations when the standard reference year is 2020 or 2021,as for some indicators particularly those impacted by the COVID-19 crisis large changes in 2020 and/or 2021 mean that earlier data may not be a good proxy for missing 2020 or 2021 data.Notes and flagsNotes and flags
30、 are means of explaining and defining specific characteristics of particular data.In this publication,these have been restricted as far as possible in order to allow more space for illustrating the data.The publication includes only the main notes required for interpretation of the data and to highl
31、ight when data for one year have been replaced with data for another.A full set of notes and flags are available on Eurostats website via online data code(s)presented for each illustration.Accessing European statisticsThe simplest way to obtain Eurostats wide range of statistical information is thro
32、ugh its website.Eurostat provides users with free access to its databases and its publications in portable document format(PDF).The website is updated daily and presents the latest and most comprehensive statistical information available on the EU,its Member States,EFTA and enlargement countries(for
33、 some datasets,information may be provided for a wider range of non-EU countries).Eurostat online data codes,such as nama_10_gdp,allow easy access to the most recent data on Eurostats website.In this publication,these online data codes are given as part of the source for each illustration.Some of th
34、e indicators presented in this publication are relatively complex.Statistics Explained provides a comprehensive online glossary with definitions for a broad range of statistical indicators,concepts and terms;it is organised under thematic headings.1People and societySource:Eurostat(online data code:
35、demo_gind)Population(million inhabitants,1 January 2022)DEEU446.7 millionPopulationOver the last decade,the total number of inhabitants in the EU grew at a relatively slow pace,when compared with historical developments.During 2020 and 2021,the EUs population declined;to some extent this reflected t
36、he impact of the COVID-19 crisis.As of 1January 2022,there were 446.7million people living in the EU,which was 265000 less than a year before and 750000 less than on 1January 2020.There are considerable differences in population levels between EU Member States:on 1January 2022,the number of inhabita
37、nts ranged from 0.5million in Malta up to 83.2million in Germany.Together,Germany,France,Italy,Spain and Poland were home to almost two thirds(66.1%)of the EUs population.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition10Population(EU,1 January 19602100)Population change(%of total population,1
38、January 20122022)Source:Eurostat(online data codes:demo_gind and proj_23np)and United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division(2022).World Population Prospects 2022,Online EditionSource:Eurostat(online data code:demo_gind)EU overall change 1.4%Between 1January 2012 and 2
39、022,the EUs population rose 6.2million(or 1.4%);net inward migration was the driving factor behind this growth.The rate of population increase during this period was highest in Malta and Luxembourg,with their populations increasing overall by almost one quarter(24.8%and 23.0%,respectively);at the ot
40、her end of the range,the biggest decreases in percentage terms were observed in Croatia(down 9.7%)and Latvia(down 8.3%).A natural decrease in the number of inhabitants(more deaths than births)in Latvia,Lithuania,Croatia,Romania and Greece was reinforced by net outward migration(more people emigratin
41、g than immigrants arriving)leading to a decline in population numbers.There was also an overall decline in the populations of Bulgaria,Hungary,Portugal,Poland and Italy,despite net inward migration.In 1974,the EUs share of the global population fell below 10.0%.This downward pattern continued throug
42、h to 2022 by when the EU accounted for 5.6%of the worlds population.According to information based on Eurostats baseline projections,the population of the EU will grow,albeit slowly,up until the year 2026(453.3million inhabitants),after which it is projected to fall back to 419.5million by 2100.Thes
43、e developments,coupled with faster population growth in the rest of the world,mean that it is projected that around 1 in 25 people or 4.1%of the global population will be living in the EU by the turn of the century.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition11Fertility rate(live births per
44、 woman,2021)Ageing population(ratio,number of people aged 2064 years per person aged 65 years,EU,2002,2022 and 2100)Source:Eurostat(online data codes:demo_pjanind and proj_23np)Source:Eurostat(online data code:demo_find)EU average1.53 birthsper womanPopulation ageing has been observed across much of
45、 Europe in recent decades.Changes in population structure can have serious implications for issues such as pension funds,government revenues and the provision of services such as health and social care.The number of working-age people(defined here as those aged from 20 to 64 years)in the EU expresse
46、d relative to the number of older persons(aged 65 years or over)fell from 3.8 in 2002 to 2.8 by 2022.According to Eurostats baseline projections,this dependency ratio is expected to fall to 1.5 by 2100.In developed countries,a total fertility rate of 2.1 is considered to be the replacement level:in
47、other words,this is the average number of live births per woman that is required to keep the total number of inhabitants at a constant level(in the absence of migration).In 2021,the total fertility rate ranged from a high of 1.84 live births per woman in France and 1.83 in Czechia,down to 1.13 in Ma
48、lta.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition12Citizenship of the population(%,share of total population,1 January 2022)Note:ranked on the total share for all foreign citizens,including stateless and unknown.Source:Eurostat(online data code:migr_pop1ctz)EU3.1%citizens of other EU Member
49、States5.3%non-EU citizensOn 1January 2022,there were 37.5million foreign citizens living in the Member States of the EU.This figure was composed of 13.7million persons who were citizens of EU Member States other than the one in which they resided and 23.8million citizens of non-EU countries.Note tha
50、t there was also a small number of stateless persons and persons whose citizenship was unknown(not shown;together they accounted for 0.08%of the EUs total population).In relative terms,foreign citizens accounted for 8.4%of the total population in the EU,with this share ranging from almost half(47.1%
51、)of the population in Luxembourg to less than 1.0%in Croatia.A majority(20)of the EU Member States reported a higher number of non-EU citizens than foreign citizens of other EU Member States within their populations.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition13First time asylum application
52、s(number of applications in EU Member States,2022)Note:rounded data.Includes only applications made by non-EU citizens.Source:Eurostat(online data code:migr_asyappctza)Total applicants to the EU881 220Having peaked during the migrant crisis of 2015 and 2016 at over onemillion first time asylum appli
53、cations,the number of applications to the EU had fallen to just over half a million in 2021.However,there was a rebound in 2022(up 64.0%),with the total number of asylum applications rising to 881220(equivalent to 0.2%of the EUs population).The highest numbers of asylum applications came from Syrian
54、(131970)and Afghan(113495)citizens.Within the EU Member States,the most common countries for lodging an application included Germany,France,Spain and Austria.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition14First time asylum applications(number per 100 000 inhabitants,2022)Note:applications ma
55、de by non-EU citizens.Source:Eurostat(online data codes:migr_asyappctza and demo_gind)In 2022,there were 197 first time asylum applications lodged in the EU per 100000 inhabitants.This figure varied considerably between EU Member States with the highest ratios,by far,in Cyprus(2386 applications per
56、100000 inhabitants)and Austria(1185 applications per 100000 inhabitants).At the lower end of the range,there were two Member States that recorded single-digit ratios:Slovakia(9 applications lodged per 100000 inhabitants)and Hungary(zero applications per 100000 inhabitants;a total of 45 first time as
57、ylum applications were lodged in Hungary during the course of 2022).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition15Life expectancy at birth(years,EU,20022021)Life expectancy at birth(years,2021)Note:the y-axis is cut.DE and IE:2020.Source:Eurostat(online data code:demo_mlexpec)Note:the y-axi
58、s is cut.Source:Eurostat(online data code:demo_mlexpec)EU 80.1 yearsHealthAmong the EU Member States,the highest average(for both sexes)life expectancy at birth in 2021 was recorded in Spain(at 83.3 years),while the lowest was in Bulgaria(71.4 years).Women had higher life expectancy than men in ever
59、y EU Member State,with particularly large gender gaps in the Baltic Member States Latvia(9.8 years),Lithuania(9.3 years)and Estonia(8.7 years).The narrowest gaps were recorded in the Netherlands(3.3 years),Malta(3.5 years)and Sweden(3.6 years).The impact of the COVID-19 crisis led to a fall in life
60、expectancy in both 2020 and to a lesser degree 2021.Life expectancy at birth across the EU in 2021 was 82.9 years for women and 77.2 years for men.The narrowing gender gap witnessed during the previous two decades was reversed during the pandemic.Key figures on Europe 2023 edition16People and societ
61、y1Excess mortality(%,compared with average annual baseline deaths,20192021)Note:ranked on excess mortality in 2021.The baseline number of deaths is the average annual number of deaths during the period 20162019.Source:Eurostat(online data code:demo_magec)In 2021,there were 5.3million deaths in the E
62、U.Compared with 2019(before the onset of the COVID-19 crisis),the number of deaths in 2021 was 644261 higher in absolute terms,up 13.8%.In the EU,excess mortality was considerably more volatile and greater in 2020 and 2021 than in the years prior to the pandemic.Excess mortality was greater in 2021
63、than in 2020 in a majority(20)of EU Member States.The largest decreases in excess mortality between 2020 and 2021 were observed in Belgium and Spain.The highest rates of excess mortality in 2021 were observed in Slovakia(37.4%)and Bulgaria(37.3%),with rates also above 25.0%in Poland,Romania and Czec
64、hia.By contrast,there were eight Member States where the number of deaths in 2021 was less than 10.0%above the baseline average(for the period 20162019).In 2021,the lowest excess mortality rates were recorded in Sweden and Belgium.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition17Early leavers
65、from education and training(%,share of people aged 1824 years,2022)Note:early leavers are defined as people who have attained at most a lower secondary education and who are not involved in further education or training.Source:Eurostat(online data code:edat_lfse_14)EU9.6%The risk of poverty,unemploy
66、ment or social exclusion is higher among people leaving school at a relatively young age.In 2022,the share of early leavers in the EU was 9.6%,ranging from 15.6%in Romania to 2.3%in Croatia.Young men(11.1%)in the EU were more likely than young women(8.0%)to be early leavers from education and traini
67、ng.In 2022,this gender gap was apparent in the vast majority of EU Member States(25 out of 27),with Bulgaria and Greece the only exceptions(with a higher share of early leavers among young women than young men).The largest difference between the sexes was recorded in Estonia,where the share of early
68、 leavers among young men was 6.8 percentage points higher than that for young women.Relatively wide gender gaps were also observed in Spain and Latvia.By contrast,there was almost no difference between the sexes in terms of their share of early leavers in Slovakia and Slovenia.EducationKey figures o
69、n Europe 2023 edition18People and society1Note:IS,2019.Source:Eurostat(online data code:educ_uoe_lang02)Learning two or more foreign languages(%,share of students in general upper secondary education,2021)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training(%,share of people aged 1524 ye
70、ars,2022)Note:CH,2020.Source:Eurostat(online data code:edat_lfse_20)61%of general uppersecondary pupils in the EU studied two or more foreign languages in 2021Some 61.0%of general upper secondary students in the EU were studying two or more foreign languages in 2021.At least 99.0%of all general uppe
71、r secondary students in Luxembourg,France and Romania were studying two or more foreign languages,compared with less than 15.0%in Ireland and Portugal.The share of young people(aged 1524 years)neither in employment nor in education and training(NEET)concerns people who were not employed and had not
72、received any form of education or training during a specified period of time.In 2022,the NEET rate for young people in the EU stood at 9.6%.The rate in Romania(17.5%)was more than six times as high as that observed in the Netherlands(2.8%).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition19Field
73、s of study for university graduates(%share of all graduates,EU,2020)Note:ranked on the total share of graduates(male and female combined).Source:Eurostat(online data codes:educ_uoe_grad01 and educ_uoe_grad03)4.2 millionuniversity graduates in the EUIn 2020,there were 4.2million tertiary education gr
74、aduates across the EU:female university graduates(2.4million)outnumbered their male counterparts(1.8million).This pattern of more female than male graduates was repeated for a majority of fields of study and was particularly apparent among those having studied education,where there were more than fo
75、ur times as many female as male graduates.By contrast,there were almost four times as many male as female graduates among those having studied information and communication technologies.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition20Source:Eurostat(online data codes:lfsi_emp_a,lfsi_pt_a and
76、lfsa_ugan)Source:Eurostat(online data codes:lfsi_emp_a,lfsi_pt_a and lfsa_ugan)Annual change in the labour force composition(%,persons aged 2064 years,EU,2022)Annual change in the labour force composition by age group(%,EU,2022)Labour marketFollowing the heavy impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the EU
77、 labour market in 2020 and to a lesser extent in 2021,in 2022 there was a perceptible return to work:the size of the EU labour force(for persons aged 2064 years)increased 1.1%compared with a year before.The number of persons in employment grew 2.0%,while there were also increases in the number of pa
78、rt-time workers(up 1.0%)and the number of employed persons with a temporary contract(up 1.2%).By contrast,the number of unemployed persons fell 12.2%.In 2022,a core group of working-age people(aged 25 to 54 years)accounted for almost three quarters(72.0%)of the EUs labour force(employed and unemploy
79、ed persons)and for a slightly higher share of the total number of persons employed(72.5%).Young people(aged 1524 years)are much more likely than older people to be in precarious work,such as agency,temporary,seasonal or casual work,or part-time employment.While young people accounted for 8.2%of the
80、total number of employed persons in the EU in 2022,their shares of part-time employment(15.2%)and employment with a temporary contract(29.6%)were considerably higher.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition21Source:Eurostat(online data code:lfsi_emp_a)Employment rate(%,share of populati
81、on aged 2064 years,2022)EU74.6%The EU employment rate which measures the share of the population aged 2064 years who were in work was 74.6%in 2022.There were eight EU Member States where at least 80.0%of adults aged 2064 years were in employment:the highest rates were recorded in the Netherlands(82.
82、9%),Sweden(82.2%)and Estonia(81.9%).At the other end of the range,less than 70.0%of adults aged 2064 years were in employment in Croatia(69.7%),Spain(69.5%),Romania(68.5%),Greece(66.3%)and Italy(64.8%).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition22Annual change in the employment rate(percen
83、tage points based on share of population aged 2064 years,2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:lfsi_emp_a)EL+3.7 pointsEU+1.5 pointsLU+0.7 pointsHaving fallen 1.0 percentage points between 2019 and 2020(to 71.7%),the EUs employment rate for people aged 2064 years rebounded,climbing to 73.1%in 2021.T
84、here was further growth in 2022,as the rate rose an additional 1.5 percentage points to 74.6%.In 2022,employment rates in all EU Member States were higher than they had been in 2019,prior to the COVID-19 crisis.Between 2021 and 2022,the employment rate for people aged 2064 years rose in each of the
85、EU Member States.The biggest annual increases were observed in Greece(up 3.7 percentage points)and Ireland(3.3 points).France and Luxembourg were the only Member States where the employment rate did not increase by at least 1.0 percentage points.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition2
86、3Source:Eurostat(online data code:une_rt_a)Unemployment rate(%,share of labour force,EU,20092022)In 2009,the EU unemployment rate for people aged 1574 years was 9.3%.In the wake of the global financial and economic crisis,the unemployment rate rose sharply,peaking at 11.6%in 2013.During the followin
87、g six years,the unemployment rate fell each and every year,to stand at 6.8%by 2019.In 2020,as labour markets were impacted by the COVID-19 crisis,the rate increased to 7.2%.This was followed by a modest decrease in 2021 and a more marked decrease in 2022.The EU unemployment rate stood at 6.2%in 2022
88、.The EU youth unemployment rate(for people aged 1524 years)was 14.5%in 2022,which was 2.3 times as high as the rate for the whole population(aged 1574 years)and 3.2 times as high as the rate for older persons(aged 5574 years).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition24Source:Eurostat(onl
89、ine data code:une_rt_a)Annual change in the unemployment rate(percentage points based on share of labour force aged 1574 years,2022)Unemployment rate(%share of labour force aged 1574 years,2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:une_rt_a)EU6.2%Compared with 2021,the unemployment rate in 2022 for peopl
90、e aged 1574 years was unchanged in Romania;it fell in all of the remaining EU Member States.The largest falls were recorded in Greece(down 2.2 percentage points),Spain(down 1.9 points)and Ireland(down 1.7 points).In 2022,the highest unemployment rates among the EU Member States for people aged 1574
91、years were recorded in Spain(12.9%)and Greece(12.5%);none of the other Member States recorded double-digit rates.Relatively low unemployment rates close to 3.0%were recorded in Germany,Malta and Poland,while the lowest rate was observed in Czechia(2.2%).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023
92、edition25Unadjusted gender pay gap(%,difference between earnings of female and male employees as a percentage of earnings of male employees,based on average gross hourly earnings,2021)Note:IE,2020;EL,2018.Source:Eurostat(online data code:earn_gr_gpgr2)Women in the EU earn on average 12.7%less than m
93、enThe unadjusted gender pay gap provides an overall picture of the differences in pay between men and women.It measures the gap in hourly earnings between male and female employees in industry,construction and services among enterprises with 10 or more employees.In 2021,average hourly earnings for w
94、omen across the EU were 12.7%lower than those for men.The widest gender pay gap was recorded in Estonia,where womens earnings were 20.5%lower than those of men.By contrast,the gap was less than 5.0%in Poland(4.5%),Slovenia(3.8%)and Romania(3.6%).A different pattern was observed in Luxembourg,as the
95、average earnings of women were marginally higher than those of men(by 0.2%).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition26People at risk of poverty or social exclusion(million persons,EU,2022)People at risk of poverty or social exclusion(%share of total population,2022)Note:CH,2021.NO:2020.
96、IS:2018.Source:Eurostat(online data code:ilc_peps01n)Source:Eurostat(online data code:ilc_pees01n)EU 21.6%Living conditionsIn 2022,95.3million people,or 21.6%of the EU population,were at risk of poverty or social exclusion.This means that they were in at least one of the following three conditions:a
97、t risk of poverty after social transfers;facing severe material and social deprivation;or living in a household with very low work intensity.The greatest risk of poverty or social exclusion was from income poverty,in other words,people who were at risk of poverty after social transfers:this conditio
98、n was faced by 72.7million people in 2022,among whom 25.6million were affected at the same time by one or both of the other two conditions.Compared with a year earlier,there were 0.3million fewer people at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2022.In 2022,the share of the population that was at ri
99、sk of poverty or social exclusion was highest among the EU Member States in Romania(34.4%)and Bulgaria(32.2%).At least one in four of the population in Greece,Spain,Latvia and Estonia were also at risk of poverty or social exclusion.At the other end of the range,less than one in six people in the Ne
100、therlands,Slovakia,Finland,Poland and Slovenia were at risk of poverty or social exclusion,with a low of 11.8%recorded in Czechia.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition27Inability to face unexpected financial expenses(%share of total population,2022)Note:CH,2021.NO:2020.IS:2018.Source
101、:Eurostat(online data code:ilc_mdes04)EU31.5%Material deprivation refers to the enforced inability(rather than the choice not to do so)to pay for/afford specific expenses;one example is unexpected financial expenses.In 2022,almost one third(31.5%)of the EU population living in private households wer
102、e unable to face an unexpected financial expense.This share was 1.3 percentage points higher than in 2021(which may,at least in part,be linked to the growing cost-of-living crisis).More than two fifths of the population were unable to face an unexpected financial expense in 2022 in five of the EU Me
103、mber States,with the highest share in Romania(47.9%).By contrast,a relatively small proportion of the population in Malta and the Netherlands was unable to face such expenses(15.4%and 14.6%respectively).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition28Inability to afford paying for a one-week
104、annual holiday away from home(%share of total population,2022)Note:CH,2021.NO:2020.IS:2018.Source:Eurostat(online data code:ilc_mdes02)EU28.6%Another component of material deprivation is the inability to afford one week of holiday away from home each year.In 2022,some 28.6%of the EU population were
105、unable to afford such a holiday.Note that these figures refer to an inability to afford a holiday and are not impacted by whether or not people could actually depart on holiday(for example,simply because they did not feel like taking a holiday).Some of the highest shares among the EU Member States b
106、etween two fifths and half of the population were recorded in Hungary,Croatia,Bulgaria and Greece;a peak of 62.5%was observed in Romania.By contrast,the share of the population that was unable to afford one weeks holiday away from home was around one tenth in Sweden(10.2%)and was lower in Luxembourg
107、(7.6%).1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition29Source:Eurostat(online data code:isoc_ci_ac_i)Internet activities(%,share of people aged 1674 years,2022)Digital societyThe internet has become an integral part of most peoples lives,changing the way people study,work,communicate and enjo
108、y their free time.In 2022,90.0%of people(aged 1674 years)in the EU declared they had used the internet during the previous three months.Across the EU,some of the internet activities most commonly performed in 2022 by people aged 1674 years included:sending/receiving e-mails(77.0%),using instant mess
109、aging(71.8%),finding information about goods and services(69.6%)and telephoning or making video calls(65.5%).A majority of people aged 1674 years in the EU also used the internet(among other purposes)for reading online news sites/newspapers/magazines(63.6%),internet banking(59.7%),participating in s
110、ocial networks(58.2%)and seeking health information(52.0%).Key figures on Europe 2023 edition30People and society1Internet activities(%,share of people aged 1674 years,EU,2017 and 2022)Note:using instant messaging,not available for 2017.Source:Eurostat(online data code:isoc_ci_ac_i)The proportion of
111、 people aged 1674 years in the EU having participated in many of the most commonly performed internet activities grew between 2017 and 2022.As well as a continuation of a gradual well-established upward trend,the most recent developments may also reflect the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on some peo
112、ples internet activities.This was most apparent when looking at the use made of telephoning or video calls,as the share of people performing this activity rose 28.5percentage points between 2017 and 2022.In a similar vein,given the widespread use of remote learning for schools,tertiary education and
113、 training during 2020 and 2021,it is unsurprising that the share of the EU population using online learning material also increased,up 7.3points;note that a large part of the school-age population(pupils aged less than 16 years)is not covered by these statistics.There was also a relatively large inc
114、rease in the proportion of the EU population making use of internet banking,up 10.8 points between 2017 and 2022.As lockdown restrictions ended and people could once again participate in a broader range of leisure activities,participation rates for some of the most commonly performed internet activi
115、ties fell.This was particularly notable for the share of the EU population aged 1674 years seeking health information online;the proportion of people participating in this internet activity fell 3.3percentage points between 2021 and 2022.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition31Note:IS
116、 and CH,2021 instead of 2022.Source:Eurostat(online data code:isoc_ci_ac_i)Using the internet for telephoning or video calls(%,share of people aged 1674 years,2017 and 2022)The share of people aged 1674 years in the EU using the internet to make telephone or video calls increased 28.5 percentage poi
117、nts between 2017 and 2022.The proportion of people using the internet to make such calls rose in each of the EU Member States during the period under consideration.The largest increases were recorded in Spain(up 45.8 percentage points)and Ireland(up 42.0 points).Having risen rapidly at the onset of
118、the COVID-19 crisis,the share of people in the EU making use of the internet for telephone or video calls rose at a slower pace in 2021,before almost stagnating in 2022.A closer analysis of the latest data reveals that the EU Member States were almost evenly split,with 13 Member States recording a f
119、all in 2022 in their share of people using the internet to make telephone or video calls compared with 2021.The biggest decreases were registered in Austria and Slovenia,both down more than 5.0 percentage points.1People and societyKey figures on Europe 2023 edition322Economy and business GDP(%,share
120、 of EU total,2022)EU GDP 15.8 trillionSource:Eurostat(online data code:nama_10_gdp)Economy and financeGross domestic product(GDP)is an indicator used to measure the size and performance of an economy.It provides information on the value of goods and services produced during a given period.Within the
121、 EU,GDP was valued at 15.8trillion in 2022.Germany had the largest economy among the EU Member States(3.9trillion,or 24.5%of the EU total),followed by France(16.7%)and Italy(12.1%).At the other end of the range,Malta(0.1%)had the smallest economy in the EU.Key figures on Europe 2023 edition34Economy
122、 and business2Source:Eurostat(online data code:naida_10_gdp)Note:IS and NO,2021.CH:2020.Source:Eurostat(online data code:nama_10_pc)GDP per inhabitant(EU=100,based on PPS,2022)Real change in GDP(%,annual change,based on chain-linked volumes,EU,20002022)GDP per inhabitant in the EU35 210The real chan
123、ge in GDP shows the rate of change in economic output having removed the effects of price changes(inflation or deflation).Between 2000 and 2008,the EU economy grew each year,with GDP rising 0.63.9%in real terms.From 2009 to 2013,the economy was strongly affected by the global financial and economic
124、crisis,with GDP falling 4.3%in 2009 and much smaller amounts in 2012 and 2013(0.7%and 0.1%,respectively).Thereafter,the EU economy progressively recovered,with annual growth rates in the range of 1.62.8%between 2014 and 2019.In 2020,the economy was heavily impacted by the COVID-19 crisis(the direct
125、health consequences and related restrictions)and GDP fell 5.6%.GDP rebounded,rising 5.4%in 2021 and growth was sustained the following year,when GDP rose a further 3.5%.GDP per inhabitant can be used to compare economic output of different sized economies.Within the EU,this ratio fell from 31310 in
126、2019 to 30030 in 2020.However,it rebounded in 2021 and then grew further in 2022,as the EUs GDP per inhabitant climbed to 35 210.As the cost of living varies from place to place,the information presented here has been adjusted to reflect price level differences using an artificial currency unit call
127、ed a purchasing power standard(PPS).Based on this measure,the relative living standards of individual EU Member States can be expressed in relation to the EU average(set to equal 100).In 2022,the highest value was recorded in Luxembourg,where GDP per inhabitant in PPS was 2.6 times as high as the EU
128、 average.By contrast,GDP per inhabitant in Bulgaria was close to three fifths(58.7%)of the EU average.Key figures on Europe 2023 edition352Economy and businessInflation rate(%,annual change,2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:prc_hicp_manr)Source:Eurostat(online data code:prc_hicp_aind)Inflation r
129、ate(%,annual rate of change,EU,average for 20152020,2021 and 2022)EU inflation was relatively modest during the period 20152020.Thereafter,the rate of inflation accelerated and by December 2021 it was 5.3%.This pattern continued into 2022,as price rises continued to increase up until a peak in Octob
130、er(when the inflation rate was 11.5%).There were signs of slower price growth during the final two months of the year.The inflation rate shows the change in the price of a basket of consumer goods and services.Prices in the EU increased 0.7%in 2020,2.9%in 2021,and 9.2%in 2022.Double-digit price incr
131、eases were observed in 12 of the EU Member States in 2022,with annual inflation highest in Estonia at 19.4%.Prices2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition36Consumer prices(%,annual rate of change,EU,2021 and 2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:prc_hicp_aind)In 2022,the EUs overall i
132、nflation rate(covering all items)was 9.2%.During the period 20152020 the annual inflation rate had been in the range of 0.11.9%.However,the sharp increase in overall prices experienced during 2021 and 2022 was not uniform,with marked differences between the different components that make up the all-
133、items index;some of these differences may be linked to the impact of Russian military aggression against Ukraine.Housing,water and energy prices were up 18.0%across the EU in 2022,transport prices up 12.1%,and the price of food and non-alcoholic beverages up 11.9%.At the other end of the range,price
134、 increases for education,health,and clothing and footwear were relatively subdued(within the range of 2.03.0%),while there was a modest fall(down 0.1%)in the price of communications.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition37Source:Eurostat(online data code:prc_ppp_ind)Comparative pric
135、e levels(EU=100,2021)Price level indices measure price differences between countries;these are expressed as a percentage of prices for the EU average,which is therefore set to equal 100.In 2021,the overall price level index was highest among the EU Member States in Luxembourg,Ireland and Denmark,all
136、 with values that were more than 40%above the EU average.Price levels were around half the EU average in Romania and Bulgaria.There was a relatively low degree of variation in price levels for food and non-alcoholic beverages,with the highest prices in Luxembourg(25%above the EU average)and the lowe
137、st in Romania(30%below).A similar pattern existed for transport,with the highest prices in Denmark and Sweden(28%above the EU average)and the lowest in Bulgaria and Romania(31%below).By contrast,the price of housing,water and energy displayed a greater variation,from 94%above the EU average in Irela
138、nd down to 64%below in Bulgaria.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition38Source:Eurostat(online data code:prc_hicp_inw)Household budget structure(%,share of total household consumption expenditure,EU,January 2022 and 2023)In January 2023,the largest categories of household consumptio
139、n expenditure in the EU were:food and non-alcoholic beverages;housing,water and energy;and transport.Together they accounted for close to half(47.1%)of total expenditure.All three of these categories were characterised by high price increases during 2022,underlying their role in relation to the cost
140、-of-living crisis.The COVID-19 crisis impacted not only overall economic activity,but also household consumption patterns.Across the EU,the share of household expenditure on several categories commonly related to eating and living at home increased between January 2020 and January 2021.However,with
141、COVID-19 restrictions lifted,there was some evidence that household consumption was returning to its pre-pandemic structure.There was a rebound in the share of expenditure for activities outside the home between January 2022 and January 2023,most notably an increase of 2.1 percentage points for rest
142、aurants and hotels;there were also notable gains for recreation and culture and for transport(up 0.7 and 0.5 points,respectively).Household consumption expenditure2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition39Source:Eurostat(online data code:gov_10dd_edpt1)General government deficit/surpl
143、us(%,relative to GDP,2021 and 2022)Government financeIn 2022,the general government deficit across the EU was equivalent to 3.4%of GDP.Between 2021 and 2022 the deficit narrowed,reflecting the decreasing impact of the COVID-19 crisis on government expenditure.Six of the EU Member States recorded a b
144、udget surplus in 2022;the highest was observed in Denmark(3.3%of GDP).By contrast,Malta,Hungary and Romania had deficits that were greater than 5.0%of GDP,with this ratio peaking at 8.0%in Italy.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition40General government gross debt(%,relative to GDP,
145、2021 and 2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:gov_10dd_edpt1)Consolidated gross debt in the EU was 84.0%of GDP in 2022,down 6.0 percentage points from its peak of 90.0%in 2020(reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 crisis in that year).In 2022,consolidated debt was highest across the EU Member State
146、s in Greece at 171.3%of GDP.Italy,Portugal,Spain,France and Belgium also recorded ratios of more than 100%.At the other end of the range,Luxembourg and Bulgaria had ratios of debt to GDP that were below 25.0%of GDP,with the lowest ratio observed in Estonia(18.4%).In a majority of the EU Member State
147、s,there was a fall in debt relative to GDP between 2021 and 2022.The biggest decrease was recorded in Greece(down 23.3 percentage points),while Cyprus,Portugal,Ireland and Croatia also recorded decreases in double digits.There were four Member States where debt as a share of GDP rose in 2022,with th
148、e highest increase in Czechia(up 2.1 points).2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition41International trade in goods with non-EU countries(billion,EU,20022022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:ext_lt_intratrd)EU trade deficit430 billionInternational tradeHaving posted a trade surplus fo
149、r goods during 10 consecutive years from 2012 to 2021,the EU posted a deficit in 2022.Goods exported from the EU to non-EU countries were valued at 2573billion,which was 430billion lower than the value of goods imported into the EU.The latest figures available suggest that world trade was booming in
150、 2022,with record highs for both exports and imports.Note that the data in this section are valued in current price terms and that part of the rapid increase in the value of trade may be attributed to price inflation,in particular for goods such as energy and food.2Economy and businessKey figures on
151、 Europe 2023 edition42Note:the figure shows the share of EU exports to non-EU countries and the share of EU imports from non-EU countries.Selected based on the average share of exports and imports.Source:Eurostat(online data code:ext_lt_maineu)Top 10 partners for international trade in goods(%,share
152、 of all partners,EU,2022)EU exportsEU importsIn 2022,the United States was the EUs leading export market,receiving 19.8%of the total value of goods exported outside the EU.The next largest export markets for EU goods were the United Kingdom(with a 12.8%share)and China(excluding Hong Kong;9.0%).There
153、 was a different picture for imports,as more than one fifth(20.9%)of all goods imported into the EU in 2022 originated from China(excluding Hong Kong).The United States was the second largest country of origin for EU imports(11.9%).Between 2021 and 2022,there was a decline in the relative importance
154、 of Russia as one of the EUs leading trading partners,reflecting the impact of sanctions/restrictions imposed by the EU following Russian military aggression against Ukraine.While the value of EU exports to the rest of the world was 18.0%higher in 2022(than in 2021),exports to Russia were 38.1%lower
155、.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition43Source:Eurostat(online data code:bop_its6_det)Note:calculation based on the average value of exports and imports.Source:Eurostat(online data codes:ext_lt_intratrd and ext_lt_intercc)International trade in goods with Member States(%,share of t
156、rade with all partners(intra-and extra-EU),2022)International trade in services with non-member countries(billion,EU,20102022)Intra-EU trade59.9%of total tradeIn 2022,59.9%of the EU Member States trade in goods concerned exchanges between Member States.The relative share of intra-EU trade was highes
157、t in Luxembourg at 86.3%and also accounted for three quarters or more of total trade in Slovakia and Czechia.By contrast,the share of intra-EU trade was relatively close to 50.0%in Italy,Cyprus and Greece,while Ireland had the lowest share,at 37.6%.In recent years,there has been a rapid increase in
158、the value of world trade in services.This pattern was also observed across the EU,despite a fall in trade during the COVID-19 crisis.In 2022,exports of services from the EU to non-EU countries were valued at 1300billion while imports into the EU were valued at 1126billion.The EU recorded a trade sur
159、plus for services throughout the period 20102022,with the surplus of 175billion in 2022 the highest during this period.2Key figures on Europe 2023 edition44Economy and businessNote:the figure shows the share of EU exports to non-EU countries and the share of EU imports from non-EU countries.Selected
160、 based on the average share of exports and imports.The data shown for offshore financial centres exclude Singapore(for which information is shown separately).Source:Eurostat(online data code:bop_its6_tot)Top 10 partners for international trade in services(%,share of all partners,EU,2021)EU exportsEU
161、 importsIn 2021,the EUs leading trade partners for services were the United States and the United Kingdom.Around one fifth of services exported from the EU were destined for the United States(22.3%)and the United Kingdom(19.2%).Switzerland was the third largest trade partner for the EUs service expo
162、rts(10.8%).By contrast,more than one third(34.5%)of services imported into the EU from non-EU countries originated in the United States,followed at some distance by the United Kingdom(18.5%).2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition45Source:Eurostat(online data code:nama_10_a10)Develop
163、ments for the sectoral structure of value added(%,share of total value added,EU,2000 and 2022)Sectoral structure of value added(%,share of total value added,EU,2022Note:the shares do not sum to 100.0%for reasons of rounding.BusinessBetween 2000 and 2022,the share of EU total value added that was gen
164、erated within the services sector rose from 69.2%to 71.9%,mainly due to increases in the output of professional,scientific,technical administrative and support service activities.By contrast,the relative share of some other parts of the EU economy contracted:industrys share went down from 22.6%to 20
165、.6%,while the share of agriculture,forestry and fishing fell from 2.5%to 1.9%and that of construction from 5.7%to 5.5%.Looking at the changes between 2021 and 2022,value added increased(in current price terms)for all four parts of the EU economy.There were double-digit growth rates observed for:agri
166、culture,forestry and fishing;industry;and construction.By contrast,the services sector saw its value added increase at a slower pace,up 8.1%.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition46Source:Eurostat(online data code:nama_10_a10)Sectoral gross value added(%,share of total value added,2
167、022)ServicesIndustryConstructionAgriculture,forestry and fishingEU71.9%EU20.6%EU5.5%EU1.9%In 2022,the share of services in total value added was above 80.0%in the tourism-oriented economies of Cyprus and Malta,although the highest share was recorded in Luxembourg at 86.3%(which is characterised by a
168、 large financial services sector).The industrial economy contributed more than two fifths of total value added in Ireland(41.2%),with the next highest share in Czechia(28.1%).The largest relative contribution from construction(7.8%)was observed in Austria,while the largest contribution from agricult
169、ure,forestry and fishing(5.8%)was recorded in Latvia.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition47Developments in the sectoral structure of employment(%,share of total employment,EU,2000 and 2022)Sectoral structure of employment(%,share of total employment,EU,2022)Source:Eurostat(online
170、data code:nama_10_a10_e)Note:the shares do not sum to 100.0%for reasons of rounding.The relative importance of services within the EU economy was almost the same for employment as it was for value added.In 2022,services provided work to 73.5%of people employed in the EU,compared with 64.6%at the tur
171、n of the millennium.The relative importance of all other sectors decreased between 2000 and 2022:the share of the EU workforce that was employed within the industrial economy fell from 19.9%to 15.6%,while the share of the agriculture,forestry and fishing workforce halved from 8.6%to 4.3%,and the sha
172、re of persons employed in construction fell from 6.9%to 6.7%.There was a 1.4%fall in the total number of people employed across the EU at the onset of the COVID-19 crisis in 2020,followed by a comparable rebound the following year(up 1.5%in 2021).The latest information available shows employment gro
173、wth accelerating in 2022,up 2.0%.The number of people employed increased in the EU in three of the four broad activity groupings in 2022,with the highest growth registered for construction and services;the only decline was in agriculture,forestry and fishing.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europ
174、e 2023 edition48Sectors of employment(%,share of total employment,2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:nama_10_a10_e)ServicesIndustryConstructionAgriculture,forestry and fishingEU73.5%EU15.6%EU6.7%EU4.3%Among the EU Member States,Romania had the lowest share(49.5%)of its workforce employed in the s
175、ervices sector in 2022.By contrast,services provided work to 83.8%of those employed in the Netherlands.Czechia was the only Member State to report that industry accounted for more than one quarter(28.0%)of the total workforce.Romania(21.1%)was characterised by a high share of total employment in agr
176、iculture,forestry and fishing,while Luxembourg was the only Member State to report a double-digit share(10.5%)of its workforce employed in construction.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition49Note:the non-financial business economy includes the sectors of industry,construction,distr
177、ibutive trades and most market services other than finance.Enterprises:estimates made for the purpose of this publication.Source:Eurostat(online data code:sbs_sc_sca_r2)Enterprise size class structure of the non-financial business economy(%,share for each enterprise size class,EU,2020)Micro,small an
178、d medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)in other words,enterprises with less than 250 persons employed are often referred to as the backbone of the EUs economy,providing jobs and growth opportunities.In 2020,an overwhelming majority(93.5%)of enterprises in the EUs non-financial business economy had less tha
179、n 10 persons employed and were therefore classified as micro enterprises.By contrast,just 0.2%of all enterprises in the EU in 2020 had 250 or more persons employed and were classified as large enterprises.The economic weight of large enterprises in the EU was considerably greater in employment and v
180、alue added terms,as they provided work to more than one third(35.7%)of the EUs non-financial business economy workforce and contributed close to half(47.5%)of its value added.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition50Note:RO,2019.CY:excluding electricity,gas,steam and air conditioning
181、 supply.AT:excluding electricity,gas,steam and air conditioning supply and real estate activities.PT:excluding real estate activities.Source:Eurostat(online data code:sbs_sc_sca_r2)Enterprise size class shares of value added in the non-financial business economy(%,share for each enterprise size clas
182、s,2020)In 2020,there were 23.4million SMEs(with less than 250persons employed)in the EUs non-financial business economy.Together,these SMEs employed 82.0million people and contributed 3410billion of value added.The economic contribution made by SMEs was particularly notable in Cyprus(excluding elect
183、ricity,gas,steam and air conditioning supply),Malta and Estonia,where SMEs provided more than 75.0%of the value added in the non-financial business economy.The contribution of micro enterprises(employing fewer than 10 persons)was particularly high in these three EU Member States.By contrast,large en
184、terprises(with 250or more persons employed)accounted for almost two thirds(65.7%)of value added within the Irish non-financial business economy and for more than half of the value added in France,Germany and Sweden.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition51Volume developments of indus
185、trial output(%,annual change,EU,20012022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:sts_inpr_a)(%,overall change in output,20022022)In real terms,the EUs industrial output peaked in April 2008 at the onset of the global financial and economic crisis and declined during the remainder of 2008.Output fell 14.3%i
186、n real terms in 2009(compared with a year before).Subsequent growth came to an end in 2019 as industrial output decreased 0.2%.In 2020,as the impact of the COVID-19 crisis was felt,output decreased a further 7.3%.In 2021,it rebounded(up 9.1%)and returned to a level that was slightly above its pre-pa
187、ndemic peak(recorded in 2018).The upward development continued in 2022,as industrial output grew a further 3.0%.Across the EU,the level of output for the mining of coal and lignite fell(in real terms)every year during the period 20012020;there was a rebound in 2021 although output remained considera
188、bly below its pre-pandemic level and a further rapid expansion in 2022.A similar pattern was observed between 2018 and 2022 for clothing manufacturing and motor vehicles manufacturing,although their rebound in activity was more modest and only started to show signs of accelerating in 2022.By contras
189、t,the level of output for pharmaceuticals increased almost continuously during the period 20012022.Pharmaceuticals was one of only a handful of industrial activities to report an increase in output in 2020 and this was followed by very high growth rates for the two subsequent years.2Economy and busi
190、nessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition52Gross domestic expenditure on R&D(%relative to GDP,2021)Note:CH,2019.Source:Eurostat(online data code:rd_e_gerdtot)RO0.47%SE3.35%2.25 and above 1.50 2.25 1.00 1.50 Below 1.00Research and developmentResearch and development(R&D)and innovation are central to pro
191、viding the scientific and technical solutions needed to meet global societal challenges such as climate change or active and healthy ageing.EU gross domestic expenditure on R&D(GERD)was 328billion in 2021,which marked a 5.9%increase on the year before.Note that this rate of change is in current pric
192、es.GERD is often expressed relative to GDP,resulting in an indicator that is also known as R&D intensity.The EUs R&D intensity rose above 2.00%for the first time in 2011 and continued to grow at a modest(and almost uninterrupted)pace through to 2020(2.30%).With economic activity rebounding from the
193、COVID-19 crisis at a faster rate than the increase in R&D expenditure,the EUs R&D intensity fell to 2.26%in 2021.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition53Number of nights spent at tourist accommodation(billion nights,EU,20112022)Distribution of nights spent at tourist accommodation(E
194、U,2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:tour_occ_nim)Note:these statistics cover business and leisure travellers.Source:Eurostat(online data codes:tour_occ_ninat and tour_occ_nim)2.73 billion nights spent in the EU in 2022TourismPrior to the COVID-19 crisis,there was a relatively even split in terms
195、 of nights spent at tourist accommodation between domestic tourists(those who are resident in the same country as where they were staying)and international tourists.However,this situation changed during the pandemic,as international tourists faced a broader range of restrictions preventing them from
196、 travelling.In 2021,domestic tourists accounted for 67.9%of the total nights spent in EU tourist accommodation.There was a partial recovery of international tourism in 2022,with the share of international tourists increasing to 44.1%,while that of domestic tourists fell to 55.9%.The pandemic also im
197、pacted the type of accommodation that was used by tourists:the proportion of nights spent by tourists in holiday and other short-term accommodation and camping grounds increased.With the recovery in tourism activity during 2022,hotels and similar accommodation accounted for an increased share of the
198、 nights spent in EU tourist accommodation(61.9%).Tourism was heavily impacted by the COVID-19 crisis,with the total number of nights spent in tourist accommodation across the EU halving between 2019(2.87billion nights spent)and 2020(1.42billion).The impact of the COVID-19 crisis persisted into 2021,
199、as the number of nights spent in tourist accommodation in the EU partially recovered to 1.83billion.In 2022,this measure of tourism returned to a level close to that observed before the pandemic,with 2.73billion nights spent across the EU.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition54Annu
200、al change in summer nights spent at tourist accommodation(million nights,2022)Note:BG,EE,IE,not available.Source:Eurostat(online data codes:tour_occ_ninat and tour_occ_nim)From the summer of 2021 onwards,there was a rebound in tourist activity across much of the EU as many of the restrictions linked
201、 to the COVID-19 crisis were phased out;this pattern accelerated during 2022 as higher numbers of international tourists started to travel.During 2022,the largest increases,in absolute terms,in nights spent by domestic tourists were recorded in the two largest EU economies:Germany(up 97.4million nig
202、hts compared with 2021)and France(up 52.1million).For international tourists,the number of nights spent rose substantially in Spain(up 157.6million nights),Italy(up 86.4million),France(up 67.3million),Greece(up 52.9million)and Austria(up 43.3 million).In Germany and Poland,there were more nights spe
203、nt by domestic tourists than by international tourists.The smallest overall changes were observed in Lithuania,Latvia and Luxembourg,where the number of nights spent in tourist accommodation in 2022 was fewer than 3.0 million more than in 2021;this was also the case in Liechtenstein.2Economy and bus
204、inessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition55Arrivals in EU tourist accommodation(million arrivals,EU,2019 and 2022)Source:Eurostat(online data code:tour_occ_arm)The number of arrivals in EU tourist accommodation has a strong seasonal component,with a peak recorded during the summer months.By the spring
205、 of 2022,domestic arrivals in EU tourist accommodation had(more or less)returned to pre-pandemic levels.International arrivals remained somewhat lower than they had been in 2019,although the gap closed during the year.Considering the whole of 2022,the number of domestic arrivals was back to 96.6%of
206、the equivalent figure for 2019,while the corresponding figure for international arrivals was 83.0%.2Economy and businessKey figures on Europe 2023 edition563Environment and natural resources559 carsper 1 000 inhabitants in the EUPassenger cars(number of cars per 1 000 inhabitants,2020)Note:DK,exclud
207、ing vans.Source:Eurostat(online data codes:tran_r_vehst and demo_pjan)TransportIn 2020,there were 250million passenger cars on the EUs roads,equivalent to 559cars per 1000 inhabitants or slightly more than one car for each two persons.Car ownership rates were highest in Luxembourg(682per 1000 inhabi
208、tants),followed by Italy,Poland,Finland and Cyprus(all above 640per 1000 inhabitants).There were less than 400cars per 1000 inhabitants in Latvia(390)and Romania(379).From a technology perspective,newer cars may be less environmentally-damaging,with more efficient engines and lower emissions,althoug
209、h these benefits may be offset to some extent if there is a trend towards heavier or more powerful vehicles.There is also a growing share of electric/hybrid vehicles in the EU.In 2020,more than half(53.0%)of all passenger cars in the EU were estimated to be at least 10 years old,compared with 12.4%t
210、hat were less than two years old.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition58Passengers carried by air(million passengers carried arrivals and departures,EU,20112021)Source:Eurostat(online data code:avia_paoc)The COVID-19 crisis had a considerable impact on air passenger tr
211、ansport,with a collapse in the number of passengers carried during 2020.This was followed by a modest recovery in 2021.In 2019,the total number of passengers carried by air to or from airports in the EU was around onebillion(1035million).This figure dropped to 277million in 2020,while there was a pa
212、rtial rebound the following year,with 374million passengers carried in 2021.Looking in more detail at the latest information available for 2021,there were 86 million air passengers carried on national flights within EU Member States in 2021.The number of air passengers flying between different Membe
213、r States was 142 million,while a similar number of passengers were carried on international flights starting or finishing outside of the EU(146 million).In 2021,the number of national passengers was at 53.6%of its 2019 level,while lower ratios were recorded for international transport:passenger numb
214、ers on flights between different Member States and on international flights outside the EU were at,respectively,39.9%and 28.1%of their 2019 level.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition59Busiest EU passenger airports(passengers on board,2022)Note:DK and EL,not available.
215、Source:Eurostat(online data code:avia_paoa)Between 2021 and 2022,the number of air passengers more than doubled for 7 out of the 10 busiest airports in the EU.The only exceptions although they too posted rapid growth were Frankfurt,Paris Orly and Palma de Mallorca airports.Post-pandemic,the fastest
216、growth rates were observed in Mnchen and Roma Fiumicino airports,where passenger numbers were more than 2.5 times their level of 2021.Despite the rapid upturn,all 10 of the busiest airports in the EU continued to record lower passenger numbers than before the pandemic(in 2019).In terms of the number
217、 of passengers carried,the busiest airport in the EU in 2022 was Paris Charles de Gaulle with 57.5 million passengers on board.It was followed by Amsterdam Schiphol(52.5 million),Adolfo Surez Madrid Barajas(50.3 million)and Frankfurt(49.0 million).There are considerable differences concerning the or
218、igin/destination of passengers passing through the busiest airports in the EU:more than half of the passengers in Paris Charles de Gaulle,Amsterdam Schiphol or Frankfurt were on international flights starting or finishing outside the EU,whereas more than half of the passengers in Lisboa,Palma de Mal
219、lorca and Mnchen airports were flying to/from other EU Member States,and more than one third of the passengers passing through Paris Orly were on national flights.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition6077.3%of freight transport in the EU was by roadInland freight modes
220、 of transport(%,share of inland freight based on tonne-kilometres,2021)Note:CY and MT,no railways.CZ,DK,EE,IE,EL,ES,CY,LV,LT,MT,PL,PT,SI and NO:no navigable inland waterways.Source:Eurostat (online data code:tran_hv_frmod)EU inland freight transport(excluding pipelines)in 2021 was estimated at aroun
221、d 2.5 trillion tonne-kilometres.Most of this total(77.3%)was carried by road;the remainder was split between rail(17.0%)and inland waterways(5.6%).Rail accounted for more than half of all inland freight transported in Lithuania and Latvia(62.5%and 53.4%,respectively),while inland waterways accounted
222、 for 41.9%of the freight transported within the Netherlands.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition61The busiest 20 short sea shipping ports accounted for 51.5%of the total weight of goods transported to/from EU portsBusiest EU short sea shipping ports(million tonnes of
223、goods transported to/from main ports,2021)Note:excludes the movement of cargo across oceans(deep sea shipping).Source:Eurostat(online data code:mar_sg_am_pw)In 2021,the total weight of goods transported to/from main ports in the EU by short sea shipping was 1.8billion tonnes;this was equivalent to a
224、 6.0%increase when compared with 2020.Rotterdam in the Netherlands was by far the busiest EU port in terms of goods transported(215million tonnes;12.0%of the EU total).The weight of goods handled in Rotterdam was more than twice as much as in the second busiest port,namely Antwerp in Belgium(99milli
225、on tonnes),which in turn was around twice as much as in the next busiest port,Trieste in Italy(51million tonnes).3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition62Structure of final energy consumption(%,based on joules,EU,1990 and 2021)Note:solid fuels includes coal,manufactured
226、gases,peat,oil shale and oil sands.The residual category of waste(non-renewable)not presented here accounted for 0.5%of EU final energy consumption in 2021.Source:Eurostat(online data code:nrg_bal_s)EnergyIn 2021,the EUs final energy consumption was 39351petajoules(PJ);this was 6.2%higher than the l
227、evel recorded in 2020(when consumption fell as a result of the COVID-19 crisis).Petroleum products accounted for more than one third(34.8%)of the EUs final energy consumption(although their share was falling),with electricity(22.8%)and natural gas(22.6%)also recording relatively high shares.When com
228、pared with 1990,the EUs consumption of energy in 2021 remained more or less stable,with an average increase of 0.1%per year.This overall development hid a considerable shift in the structure of the EUs final energy consumption,moving away from solid fuels and petroleum products towards electricity a
229、s well as renewables and biofuels.For example,the share of solid fuels fell from 11.5%to 2.5%between 1990 and 2021,while that of renewables and biofuels rose from 4.3%to 11.8%during the same period.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition63Final energy consumption by end
230、use(1990=100,based on joules,EU,19902021)Note:the residual category of other sectors includes residential use,agriculture,forestry and fishing,and services other than transport.Source:Eurostat(online data code:nrg_bal_s)In 2021,industry accounted for slightly more than one quarter(25.6%)of the energ
231、y consumed within the EU,while the share for transport was 29.2%,leaving 45.2%for other sectors these mainly concern residential use and services.Energy consumption for transport rose at a relatively rapid and uninterrupted pace between 1990 and 2019(other than during the global financial and econom
232、ic crisis and its aftermath),as consumption increased overall 30.8%.By contrast,final energy consumption within industry fell by close to one quarter(down 22.9%)during the same period,with a particularly large decline in consumption during the global financial and economic crisis in 2009(down 13.6%)
233、.From 2020 onwards,these long-term developments were interrupted by the COVID-19 crisis.The overall level of final energy consumption in the EU fell 5.6%in 2020(compared with 2019),with a particularly large decline for transport(consumption down 12.9%).With a partial recovery from the pandemic in 20
234、21,overall energy consumption rebounded,increasing 6.2%(compared with 2020).The fastest increase in energy consumption was observed for transport(up 9.3%).3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition64Final energy consumption in the residential sector by use(%,EU,2021)Final e
235、nergy consumption in the residential sector by fuel(%,EU,2021)Note:the shares do not sum to 100.0%for reasons of rounding.Source:Eurostat(online data code:nrg_d_hhq)Note:the shares do not sum to 100.0%for reasons of rounding.Source:Eurostat(online data code:nrg_bal_c)In the EU,the main residential u
236、se of energy in 2021 was for heating homes,accounting for 64.4%of final energy consumption in the residential sector.The share used for water heating was 14.5%,just ahead of lighting and electrical(13.6%;this excludes the use of electricity for the main heating,cooling or cooking systems).Main cooki
237、ng devices required 6.0%of the energy used.Space cooling and other uses accounted for 0.5%and 1.1%,respectively.In 2021,around four fifths of the final energy consumption in the residential sector in the EU was covered by three fuels:natural gas(33.5%),electricity(24.6%)and renewables and biofuels(2
238、1.2%).Notably smaller shares were observed for oil and petroleum products(9.5%),derived heat(8.6%)and solid fossil fuels such as coal(2.5%).Key figures on Europe 2023 edition65Environment and natural resources3Electricity and natural gas prices(per kWh,household consumers,average prices for second h
239、alf 2022)Note:ranked on total electricity prices.IS:electricity prices,first half of 2022.LI:natural gas prices,first half of 2022.CY,MT,FI,IS and NO:natural gas prices not available.Source:Eurostat(online data codes:nrg_pc_204 and nrg_pc_202)Electricity and natural gas prices are typically composed
240、 of three components:the basic price of energy,network charges,and taxes and/or levies.The proportion of taxes and levies in the overall retail price varies greatly between EU Member States.In the wake of the rapid increase in the price of energy following Russias military aggression against Ukraine
241、,many governments in the EU provided some form of subsidy to help households and businesses.These subsidies in the form of refunds/allowances were sometimes greater than taxes and levies;this was the case,for example,in the Netherlands for electricity and Luxembourg for natural gas.In the second hal
242、f of 2022,household prices for electricity presented here for a household with annual consumption within the range of 25005000kWh averaged 0.284perkWh across the EU.Consumers in Denmark paid the highest prices for their electricity,5.4 times as much as those in Hungary.The price of natural gas measu
243、red here for a household with annual consumption within the range of 20200GJ averaged 0.114perkWh across the EU in the second half of 2022.Consumers in Sweden paid 7.9 times as much as consumers in Hungary for their natural gas.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition66En
244、ergy in the EU from renewable energy sources in 202121.8%Energy dependency rate(%,net imports as a share of gross available energy,2021)Energy from renewable energy sources(%,share of total gross final energy consumption,2011 and 2021)Note:NO,value not shown(=616.6%in 2021).A negative value indicate
245、s that a country exports more energy than it imports.Source:Eurostat(online data code:nrg_ind_id)Source:Eurostat(online data code:nrg_ind_ren)In 2021,some 21.8%of the EUs gross final energy consumption was from renewable energy sources,compared with 14.5%a decade earlier.In 2021,more than three fift
246、hs(62.6%)of the final energy consumption in Sweden was from renewable sources,while shares of more than two fifths were also recorded in Finland and Latvia.The energy dependency rate indicates the extent to which an economy relies upon imports to meet its energy needs.In 2021,the EUs dependency rate
247、 was 55.5%:in other words,net imports accounted for more than half of gross available energy.None of the EU Member States were self-sufficient in relation to their energy needs,with some of the smaller ones Malta,Luxembourg and Cyprus almost completely reliant on external supplies.3Environment and n
248、atural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition67Employment in the environmental economy(million full-time equivalents,EU,2005 and 2020)Note:the residual category of other environmental protection includes,for example,general environmental administration and education.Source:Eurostat(online data
249、code:env_ac_egss1)EnvironmentThe environmental economy includes activities that relate to environmental protection and the management of natural resources.Overall,there were 5.1million people working in the EUs environmental economy in 2020,which marked an increase of 47.5%when compared with the sit
250、uation in 2005.In 2020,the management of energy resources had the largest workforce within the EUs environmental economy(1.9million),followed by waste management(1.3million)and other environmental protection(1.1million).The size of the EU workforce for the management of energy resources was 2.2 time
251、s as large in 2020 as it had been in 2005;this was by far the most rapid expansion among the different subsectors of the environmental economy.By contrast,there was a modest fall during the same period in the number of persons employed for wastewater management.3Environment and natural resourcesKey
252、figures on Europe 2023 edition68Environmental tax revenue in the EU 2.2%of GDPEU31.7%compared with 1990Environmental tax revenue(%,relative to GDP,2021)Greenhouse gas emissions(1990=100,based on tonnes of CO2 equivalents,2020)Note:greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide,methane,nitrous oxide,hydrofl
253、uorocarbons,perfluorocarbons,nitrogen trifluoride and sulphur hexafluoride.These gases are aggregated by using global warming potential(GWP)factors to obtain data in CO2 equivalents.Source:Eurostat(online data code:env_air_gge),based on European Environment Agency(EEA)Note:LI,2019.Source:Eurostat(on
254、line data code:env_ac_tax)Developments in the level of greenhouse gas emissions may be traced using data for the Kyoto basket of greenhouse gases.By 2020,greenhouse gas emissions in the EU had fallen 31.7%compared with their 1990 levels;note that economic activity was particularly low during the fir
255、st year of the COVID-19 crisis.Between 1990 and 2020,the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions fell in all but two of the EU Member States.The level of emissions more than halved in Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,Romania and Bulgaria.Environmental taxes can be used to try to influence the behaviour of econ
256、omic operators,both producers and consumers.In 2021,EU environmental tax revenues were valued at 326billion,equivalent to 2.2%of GDP.This ratio peaked at 3.9%in Greece,while it was at least 3.0%in Croatia,the Netherlands and Italy.By contrast,environmental tax revenues accounted for 1.5%of GDP in Lu
257、xembourg and for 1.2%in Ireland.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition69Source sectors of greenhouse gas emissions(%,based on tonnes of CO2 equivalents,EU,1990 and 2020)Note:energy industries includes not only fuel combustion in energy industries but also in sectors oth
258、er than transport,manufacturing and construction.Source:Eurostat(online data code:env_air_gge),based on European environment agency(EEA)In 2020,the total quantity of EU greenhouse gas emissions was 3.4billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.The principal sources of greenhouse gas emissions in t
259、he EU were energy industries(40.7%of the total;including not only fuel combustion in energy industries but also in sectors other than transport,manufacturing and construction)and transport(23.1%;this includes international aviation).The only source that increased the quantity of its greenhouse gas e
260、missions between 1990 and 2020 was transport,with an overall increase of 6.8%.This was despite a dramatic fall in emissions at the onset of the COVID-19 crisis.For example,emissions from international aviation fell 57.8%between 2019 and 2020.Otherwise,the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions fell be
261、tween 1990 and 2020 for each of the remaining sources,with decreases of more than one third recorded for waste management(down 39.5%),energy industries(down 41.7%)and manufacturing and construction(down 43.4%).3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition70EU530kgper inhabitan
262、tMunicipal waste generation(kg per inhabitant,2021)Municipal waste treatment methods(%,share of all methods,EU,2021)Note:BG,IE,IT,AT and IS,2020.EL:2019.Source:Eurostat(online data code:env_wasmun)Note:the shares do not sum to 100.0%for reasons of rounding.Incineration(disposal):2019.Source:Eurostat
263、(online data code:env_wasmun)Municipal waste constitutes around one tenth of the total waste that is generated each year in the EU.On average,each inhabitant in the EU generated 530kg of municipal waste in 2021.Among the EU Member States,municipal waste generation was highest in Austria(834kg per in
264、habitant),Luxembourg(793kg)and Denmark(786kg).By contrast,municipal waste generation was less than 400kg per inhabitant in Estonia,Poland and Romania,where the lowest rate was recorded(302kg per inhabitant).In 2021,there were 234.0million tonnes of municipal waste treated in the EU,representing 98.8
265、%of the municipal waste generated.Material recycling accounted for 30.1%of the municipal waste treated across the EU,while the share for composting and digestion was 19.3%:these are generally considered to be the most environmentally sustainable treatment methods.By contrast,more than one quarter(26
266、.7%)of the municipal waste treated in the EU was incinerated with energy recovery and a small part(0.5%;2019 data)without energy recovery,while almost one quarter(23.3%)was landfilled.Key figures on Europe 2023 edition713Environment and natural resourcesIEESITDEFRITFRDEESPLNLPLFRDEESELPLFRITESPLNLFR
267、ITESESROPLDEFRITNLPLFRDENote:milk,cereals and rice,vegetables,and fruits,berries and nuts,2021.EU estimates for poultry meat based on available data(excluding EE and NL).(1)All types of fruit and berries are covered,including strawberries,grapes and citrus fruit.Source:Eurostat(online data codes:apr
268、o_mk_farm,apro_cpnh1 and apro_mt_pann)Top five EU Member States for the production of selected agricultural products(%,share of EU total,2022)Agricultural products are a major part of the EUs regional and cultural identity.In 2021,there were 297.5million tonnes of cereals and rice harvested in the E
269、U,France accounting for the largest share(22.7%).In a similar vein,some 159.8million tonnes of raw milk were available on EU farms,with Germany recording the highest share(20.4%).A total of 65.8million tonnes of vegetables were harvested in the EU,with Spain accounting for the highest share(24.2%).T
270、here were 62.2million tonnes of fruit,berries and nuts harvested in the EU,with Spain again recording the highest share(28.3%);these figures comprise all types of fruit,including those used for the production of beverages.Fresher information is available concerning the production of meat:in 2022,the
271、 EU produced 22.1 million tonnes of pig meat,an estimated 12.1 million tonnes of poultry meat,and 6.6 million tonnes of bovine meat.Spain(23.0%)and Germany(20.3%)each accounted for more than one fifth of the pig meat produced in the EU.Poland had a similar share(22.5%)of the EUs production of poultr
272、y meat,while France accounted for around one fifth(20.5%)of the bovine meat produced in the EU.Agriculture3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition72Organic crop area in the EU9.1%15.0 and above 9.0 15.0 5.5 9.0 Below 5.5Austria25.7%Malta0.6%Note:the indicator shows the ar
273、ea fully converted or under conversion to organic farming as a share of the utilised agricultural area(excluding kitchen gardens).EU,EL,FR,AT,PL,IS and NO:2020.Source:Eurostat(online data code:org_cropar)Organic crop area(%,share of utilised agricultural area,2021)In 2020,the total area available fo
274、r organic crops across the EU was 14.7million hectares(excluding kitchen gardens).Organic crop farming accounted for 9.1%of the EUs total utilised agricultural area.The share of organic crop farming ranged in 2021 from lows of 2.0%or less in Malta,Bulgaria and Ireland to highs of 20.2%in Sweden,23.0
275、%in Estonia and 25.7%in Austria(2020 data).In several EU Member States Lithuania,Croatia,France(20192020),Luxembourg,Finland and Ireland there was double-digit growth between 2020 and 2021 in the area set aside for organic crops.Faster expansions were observed in Romania and Cyprus while by far the
276、largest increase was in Portugal where the area more than doubled.3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition7327 Northeast Atlantic37 Mediterranean and Black Sea34 Eastern Central Atlantic51 Western Indian Ocean21 Northwest Atlantic 41 Southwest Atlantic47 Southeast Atlanti
277、cNote:CZ,LU,HU,AT and SK are landlocked.IE:2017.EU totals by area include 2017 data for IE and 2016 data for LV.Source:Eurostat(online data code:fish_ca_main)EU Member States with the largest fish catches(1 000 tonnes live weight,main fishing areas,2021)FisheriesAlthough the EU fishing fleet operate
278、s worldwide,the vast majority(70.0%)of its catch in 2021 was taken from the Northeast Atlantic.The largest fish catches in this area were recorded for Denmark,France,the Netherlands,Spain and Ireland(2017 data),with the most common species including herring,mackerel and sprats.The next largest fishi
279、ng areas(by weight of catch)for the EU as a whole were the Mediterranean and Black Sea(9.8%of the total),the Eastern Central Atlantic(7.3%)and the Western Indian Ocean(7.0%).3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition74Finland76.1%EU43.9%Malta1.7%50.0 and above 33.3 50.0 25.
280、0 33.3 Below 25.0Area of forest and other wooded land(%share of total land area,2020)Source:Eurostat(online data codes:for_area and reg_area3)and Food and Agriculture OrganizationThe EU has many different types of forests,reflecting its climatic diversity,soil types,altitude and topography.Forests p
281、rovide an important renewable resource:for example,they offer a habitat for animals and a livelihood for humans,while mitigating climate change and providing some protection from concerns such as soil erosion or surface run-off.In 2020,there were 180million hectares of forests and other wooded land
282、covering 43.9%of the EUs land area.In absolute terms,Sweden(30.3million hectares)and Spain(28.0million hectares)had the largest areas of forest and other wooded land.In relative terms,the forests and other wooded land of Finland(76.1%)and Sweden(74.5%)covered the largest proportions of land area.Mal
283、ta was the only EU Member State to record a single-digit share(1.7%)and also had the smallest area of forest and other wooded land(530 hectares).Forestry3Environment and natural resourcesKey figures on Europe 2023 edition75Getting in touch with the EUIn personAll over the European Union there are hu
284、ndreds of Europe Direct Information Centres.You can find the address of the centre nearest you at:european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/meet-us_enOn the phone or by e-mailEurope Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union.You can contact this service -by freephone:00 800 6
285、 7 8 9 10 11(certain operators may charge for these calls),-at the following standard number:+32 22999696,-via the following form:european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/write-us_en.Finding information about the EUOnlineInformation about the European Union in all the official languages of the EU is avai
286、lable on the Europa website(european-union.europa.eu).EU PublicationsYou can view or order EU publications at op.europa.eu/en/web/general-publications.Multiple copies of free publications can be obtained by contacting Europe Direct or your local documentation centre(european-union.europa.eu/contact-
287、eu/meet-us_en).EU law and related documentsFor access to legal information from the EU,including all EU law since 1951 in all the official language versions,go to EUR-Lex(eur-lex.europa.eu).Open data from the EUThe portal data.europa.eu provides access to open datasets from the EU institutions,bodie
288、s and agencies.These can be downloaded and reused for free,for both commercial and non-commercial purposes.The portal also provides access to a wealth of datasets from European countries.Key figures on Europe presents a selection of statistical data on the European Union(EU).Most data cover the EU a
289、nd its Member States as well as the countries of the European Free Trade Association(EFTA).This publication may be viewed as an introduction to EU statistics and provides a starting point for those who wish to explore the wide range of data that are freely available on Eurostats website at https:/ec
290、.europa.eu/eurostat together with a range of online articles in Statistics Explained.For more informationhttps:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/Print:ISBN 978-92-68-04392-9PDF:ISBN 978-92-68-04391-2Print:KS-EI-23-001-EN-CPDF:KS-EI-23-001-EN-N KEY FIGURES ON EUROPE2023 EDITIONFollow us on social media!EU_eurostat EurostatStatistics eu_eurostat Eurostat