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1、The Global Publishing Industry in 2022The Global Publishing Industry in 2022This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.The user is allowed to reproduce,distribute,adapt,translate and publicly perform this publication,including for commercial purposes,without explicit
2、permission,provided that the content is accompanied by an acknowledgement that WIPO is the source and that it is clearly indicated if changes were made to the original content.Suggested citation:World Intellectual Property Organization(2023).TheGlobal Publishing Industry in 2022.Geneva:WIPO.DOI:10.3
3、4667/tind.48714 Adaptation/translation/derivatives should not carry any official emblem or logo,unless they have been approved and validated by WIPO.Please contact us via the WIPO website to obtain permission.For any derivative work,please include the following disclaimer:“The Secretariat of WIPO as
4、sumes no liability or responsibility with regard to the transformation or translation of the original content.”When content published by WIPO,such as images,graphics,trademarks or logos,is attributed to a third-party,the user of such content is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the rig
5、ht holder(s).To view a copy of this license,please visit https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Any dispute arising under this license that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitration in accordance with Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(
6、UNCITRAL)then in force.The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute.The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
7、 on the part of WIPO concerning the legal status of any country,territory or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.This publication is not intended to reflect the views of the Member States or the WIPO Secretariat.The mention of specific companies o
8、r products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WIPO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.WIPO,2023First published 2023World Intellectual Property Organization 34,chemin des Colombettes,P.O.Box 18 CH-1211 Geneva 20,SwitzerlandISBN:978
9、-92-805-3574-7(print)ISBN:978-92-805-3575-4(online)Attribution 4.0 International(CC BY 4.0)Cover:Getty Images/PrathanChorruangsak,maximkabbWIPO Publication No.1064EN23-2 3ContentsAcknowledgements 4Introduction 5Publishing industry data covering the trade and educational sectors 6Publishing industry
10、revenue 6Number of titles published 7Childrens books 7Legal deposits in recognized repositories 13What is a legal deposit system?13How many books were published and deposited at national legalrepositories?14Nielsen BookScan data 19International standard book number(ISBN)registrations data 21What is
11、an international standard book number?21IPA and Nielsen BookData survey 23Education infrastructure 23School and higher education enrollment 24Number of publishers in IPA member countries 24Comparing data from various sources 27Conclusions 29Annexes 304 The Global Publishing Industry in 2022 was prep
12、ared under the direction of Daren Tang(Director General)in the IP and Innovation Ecosystems Sector led by Marco Alemn(Assistant Director General)and supervised by Carsten Fink(Chief Economist).The report was prepared by Mosahid Khan and Kyle Bergquist,both from the Department for Economics and Data
13、Analytics.Gratitude is also due to Enrico Turrin of the Federation of the European Publishers for advice and guidance on European country data and to Vikrant Mathur(Executive Director,Nielsen BookData)for sharing education infrastructure data with WIPO.We express our gratitude to Sylvie Forbin(Deput
14、y Director General),Kevin Fitzgerald,and Dimiter Gantchev all from the Copyright and Creative Industries Sector for their support in encouraging various stakeholders to share their data with WIPO.We are grateful to the copyright offices,the(IPA),national legal depositories,national publishers associ
15、ations,Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en Amrica Latina y el Caribe(CERLALC),the Federation of European Publishers(FEP),the International ISBN Agency and the Nielsen Company for sharing publishing industry data with WIPO.Their invaluable cooperation has made The Global Publishing Industry
16、in 2022 report possible.Samiah Do Carmo Figueiredo and Jovana Stojanovi provided administrative support.Gratitude is also due the Information and Digital Outreach Division for the editing and design.Acknowledgements 5This fifth edition of the Global Publishing Industry report provides the latest ava
17、ilable publishing industry data compiled from many sources.The aim is to make this information accessible to the wider user community.The report highlights the limitations of producing such statistics,both in terms of data consistency and comparability.Unfortunately,publishing industry data are not
18、unified under a single authority,making it necessary to gather data from various sources in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the industry.A drawback to this approach is that it may result in conflicting information with regard to market size and industry trends,due to differences in me
19、thodology and market coverage.The sources for the publishing statistics reported are:(a)a publishing industry survey,(b)a legal deposits survey,(c)Nielsen BookScan data,(d)the International Standard Book Number(ISBN)Agency and(e)a new survey conducted by the international publishers association(IPA)
20、and Nielsen BookData.The publishing industry survey is a joint effort between the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)and the Federation of European Publishers(FEP),with support from Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en Amrica Latina y el Caribe(CERLALC).The legal deposits survey w
21、as conducted by WIPO alone,while CERLALC and the International ISBN Agency compiled the ISBN data.The Nielsen BookScan company kindly provided data for 10 countries covering the 20192022 period.The IPA and Nielsen BookData compiled data for education infrastructure and the number of publishers for t
22、he 76 members of the IPA.To facilitate cross-country comparison,every effort has been made to compile statistics based on consistent definitions.It is important,however,to exercise caution when interpreting the data,as some may be incomplete or partial.For instance,several countries submitted only r
23、evenue and/or title data for print format publications,meaning digital components were missing.In some countries,legal deposits data is only available for physical publications,as legislation regarding legal deposits has not been updated to capture digital publications.Additionally,some countries re
24、ported revenue data based on market value derived from retail prices rather than net revenue.The compilation of data from multiple sources allows users to validate and/or complement the information gathered through surveys.It is our belief that the data presented in this report will serve as a valua
25、ble resource for the publishing industry.Introduction6 This section presents publishing industry data provided by the 35 countries that responded to the global publishing industry survey undertaken in 2023.In total,33 national publishers associations and copyright authorities agreed to share their 2
26、022 data,while Mexico and the Republic of Korea provided the latest available 2021 data.The following provides an overview of publishing industry revenue and the number of titles published.Publishing industry revenueThe 2022 sales and licensing revenue data covering the trade and the educational sec
27、tors are available for 24 countries.In addition,Azerbaijan,Hungary,the Philippines and Sweden provided revenue data for the trade sector alone.The total publishing industry revenue for these 28 countries was USD 76.3 billion in 2022.The United States of America(US)(USD 26.2 billion)reported the high
28、est sales revenue,followed by Germany(USD 9.9 billion),Japan(USD 9.3 billion),India(USD 9.1 billion)and the United Kingdom(UK)(USD 5 billion)(table 1).The 2022 revenue data for the Republic of Korea is unavailable;however,the Republic of Koreas 2021 revenue covering both the trade and educational se
29、ctors was USD 6.7 billion,enough to place it among the top five countries according to sales revenue.Trade sector revenue accounted for 50%or more of total revenue for 14 of the 23 countries for which 2022 data by sector are available ranging from 55.5%in Italy and the UK to 93.2%in Japan.Meanwhile,
30、the educational sector generated two-thirds or more of total revenue in India(93.3%),the Kingdom of the Netherlands(66%)and Trkiye(73.5%)(table 1).The 2022 revenue by format print,digital or audio is available for 18 countries.The share for digital/audio formatted titles ranged from 0.5%in Malta to
31、43.1%in Japan(figure 1).Digital/audio formatted titles generated around one-third of total revenue in Denmark(37%),Finland(39.7%),Japan(43.1%)and Sweden(36.1%).The 2022 digital/audio formatted titles share for all four countries is considerably higher than it was in 2021.For example,Denmarks digital
32、/audio formatted titles share was 29.5%,in 2021,while Finland saw a similar increase of 6.5 percentage points over the same period.Only 11 countries were able to provide publishing industry revenue by destination(domestic or foreign market)for 2022.Of those,Belgium(53.9%)generated more than half of
33、total revenue from foreign markets,followed by the UK(44.1%)and Spain(11.4%).Foreign market share for Denmark(0.7%),Italy(1.5%),Trkiye(0.2%)and the US(4.1%)was below 5%(figure 2).Although only 4.1%of the USs total revenue was generated from foreign markets,in absolute terms this amounted to USD 1.1
34、billion in 2022.Revenue data by sales channel brick and mortar,online and others are available for 18 countries for 2022.Online sales generated around two-thirds of total publishing industry revenue in Sweden(59.3%)and the UK(59.1%)in 2022(figure 3).Italy(52.3%)Publishing industry data covering the
35、trade and educational sectorsPublishing industry data covering the trade and educational sectors 7generated more the half of total revenue through online sales.Belgium(44.6%),Finland(39.5%)and the Russian Federation(42.5%)also had a large proportion of total revenue generated through online sales.Ho
36、wever,brick and mortar continued to generate the bulk of total revenue in France(69.3%),Hungary(88.4%)and Spain(70.7%).Number of titles publishedData on the total number of titles published in 2022 covering both the trade and educational sectors are available for 24 countries.Trkiye reported a combi
37、ned total of 206,674 titles published in 2022.Brazil(146,575),France(111,503),Italy(121,127)and the UK(153,000)all reported more than 100,000 published titles in 2022(table 2).The trade sectors share of titles published ranged from 25.1%in New Zealand to 97.7%in Japan.In every country where data was
38、 reported by sector,the trade sector accounted for more than half of all titles published,the exceptions being Belarus(45.9%),New Zealand(25.1%)and the Philippines(26.2%).Like in Japan,the trade sector accounted for the vast bulk of titles published in Ecuador(79.5%),Ireland(84%),Italy(78.9%)and Nor
39、way(78.6%)(table 2).In total,17 countries reported data on the number of titles published by format(print,digital or audio)in 2022.The share of digital/audio formatted titles ranged from 2.5%in Hungary to 72.4%in Brazil(figure 4).Shares were largest in Brazil(72.4%),Finland(47.5%),Norway(47.5%)and S
40、weden(51.8%),where more than 47%of titles were digital/audio formatted titles.In contrast,less than 5%of titles published in Hungary(2.5%)and Malta(4%)were in either of these formats.Childrens booksThe total revenue generated from childrens book sales is available for 23 countries and amounted to US
41、D 9.9 billion in 2022.The US reported revenue of USD 4.9 billion from childrens books in 2022,followed by Germany(USD 1.8 billion),Japan(USD 702 million),the UK(USD 529 million)and Spain(USD 495 million)(figure 5).Revenue from childrens books represented more than one-third of trade sector revenue i
42、n Colombia(35.1%),Denmark(35.2%)and New Zealand(37.6%)(figure 6).Data on childrens books published by the trade sector in 2022 is available for 18 countries.France(18,535)reported the highest number of childrens books published in 2022,followed by Trkiye(17,238),the Russian Federation(13,857)and Ita
43、ly(10,509)(figure 7).Childrens books represented the largest share of trade sector published titles in the Philippines(48.9%),New Zealand(38.6%)and Greece(34.4%)(figure 8).The Global Publishing Industry in 20228 Publishing industry surveyThe publishing industry survey was established in 2017 through
44、 a collaboration between the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)and the International Publishers Association(IPA).WIPO has strengthened cooperation with Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en Amrica Latina y el Caribe(CERLALC)and the Federation of European Publishers(FEP)in order to
45、 reduce the burden on respondents and extend the surveys geographical coverage.CERLALC provided data for several Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC)countries,while the FEP compiled and shared 2022 data relating to 16 European countries(all FEP members).WIPO is grateful to CERLALC and the FEP for sh
46、aring data.The scope of the publishing industry survey is limited to(a)the trade and educational sectors and(b)those published materials(i.e.,books,monographs,and so on)issued with an ISBN,a Digital Object Identifier(DOI)or any other book identifier.Table 1.Total publishing industry revenue by secto
47、r(USD million),2022Country TotalTradeEducationalShare of total(%)TradeEducationalAustria369.1314.254.985.114.9Azerbaijan(a)17.817.8.Belgium(b)318.1135.9182.242.757.3Brazil1,113.4458.0655.441.158.9Colombia211.5105.2106.349.850.2Czech Republic153.0119.034.177.722.3Denmark265.7110.4155.341.558.5Finland
48、290.3133.9156.346.153.9France2,909.12,156.4752.774.125.9Germany9,945.07,995.81,949.280.419.6Hungary(a)125.7125.7.Iceland33.5.India(c,d)9,131.5342.28,517.33.793.3Ireland(c)30.720.110.665.634.4Italy3,567.81,980.01,587.855.544.5Japan9,315.78,686.1629.793.26.8Malta4.02.61.465.035.0Mexico*467.0124.5342.4
49、26.773.3Netherlands (Kingdom of the)1,006.0341.9664.134.066.0New Zealand111.789.022.779.720.3Norway337.1163.8173.248.651.4Philippines(a,c)380.6380.6.Portugal300.1184.3115.861.438.6Republic of Korea*6,654.33,390.83,263.551.049.0Russian Federation1,486.81,251.7235.184.215.8Spain2,862.71,619.81,242.956
50、.643.4Sweden(a)199.9199.9.Trkiye638.3169.1469.226.573.5UK5,024.32,786.12,238.155.544.5US26,150.917,360.88,790.166.433.6Note:Data for Austria,Germany,Ireland,Italy,Portugal and Spain are at market value calculated from retail prices.See annex A for details regarding the exchange rate used to convert
51、revenue data from a national currency into USD.(a)trade sector only.(b)French-speaking region.(c)print format only.(d)USD 272 million(3%of the total)are unclassified.Therefore,the total figure is greater than the sum of the two sectors.*2021 data.indicates not available.Source:WIPO Statistics Databa
52、se and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.Publishing industry data covering the trade and educational sectors 9Figure 1.Distribution of publishing industry revenue by format,2022Share of digital/audio(%)0.51.22.53.74.75.45.68.410.3 11.3 11.6 13.1 24.7 25.3 25.4 29.2 36.1 37.0 39.7
53、43.Distribution of publishingindustry revenue(%)MaltaTrkiyeHungary(a)Mexico*Brazil(b)Czech RepublicSpainColombiaFranceRussian FederationRepublic of Korea*(a)ItalyBelgium(c)UKUS(a)NorwaySweden(a)DenmarkFinlandJapan(b)CountryPrintDigital/audioNote:Data for Italy and Spain are at market valu
54、e calculated from retail prices.(a)trade sector only.(b)educational sector only.(c)French-speaking region.*2021 data.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.Figure 2.Distribution of publishing industry revenue by destination,2022Share of foreign(%)0.2
55、0.71.01.54.04.14.44.66.69.39.39.611.444.153.90255075100Distribution of publishingindustry revenue(%)Trkiye(a)DenmarkNorway*ItalyMexico*USRepublic of Korea*(a)Netherlands(Kingdom of the)*Czech RepublicNew ZealandPortugalColombiaSpainUKBelgium(b)CountryDomesticForeign Note:Data for Italy and Spain are
56、 at market value calculated from retail prices.(a)trade sector only.(b)French-speaking region.*2021 data.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.Figure 3.Distribution of publishing industry revenue by sales channel,2022Share of online(%)3.46.79.711.21
57、5.921.721.922.7 24.127.3 29.5 30.9 31.139.5 42.5 44.6 52.3 59.159.30255075100Distribution of publishingindustry revenue(%)Mexico*New ZealandSpainHungary(a)TrkiyeJapan(a)FranceDenmarkGermanyMaltaUSNorwayBrazilFinlandRussian Federation(a)Belgium(b)ItalyUKSweden(a)CountryBrick and mortarOnlineOther Not
58、e:Data for Germany,Italy and Spain are at market value calculated from retail prices.Online category includes digital sales.(a)trade sector only.(b)French-speaking region.*2021 data.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.The Global Publishing Industr
59、y in 202210 Table 2.Total number of titles published by sector,2022Country TotalTradeEducationalShare of total(%)TradeEducationalAustria*12,157.Belarus(a)8,5863,9384,64845.954.1Belgium(b)10,559.Brazil146,57585,55561,02058.441.6Colombia15,4119,4335,97861.238.8Cuba*1,5541,43112392.17.9Czech Republic13
60、,4136,8966,51751.448.6Denmark*11,859.Ecuador6,6005,2461,35479.520.5Estonia5,534.Finland12,3909,0043,38672.727.3France(a)111,50383,11628,38774.525.5Germany(a)71,524.Greece13,2188,0435,17560.839.2Hungary(c)16,04516,045.Iceland(c)1,0461,046.Ireland2,1621,81534784.016.0Italy121,12795,58325,54478.921.1Ja
61、pan(a)68,42966,8851,54497.72.3Kyrgyzstan*(a)1,00380020379.820.2Lebanon2,500.Malta57142814375.025.0Mexico*(a)18,5897,97310,61642.957.1New Zealand2,4756211,85425.174.9Norway66,21252,03614,17678.621.4Portugal21,115.Philippines(a)5,7921,5194,27326.273.8Republic of Korea*(a,c)64,65764,657.Russian Federat
62、ion(a)81,61545,15136,46455.344.7Spain83,091.Sweden(c)7,4757,475.Thailand*16,03113,8052,22686.113.9Togo*78611778.221.8Trkiye206,674115,41391,26155.844.2UK153,000.Ukraine*(a)16,78610,2136,57360.839.2(a)print format only.(b)French-speaking region.(c)trade sector only.*2021 data.indicates not available.
63、Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.Figure 4.Distribution of titles published by the trade and educational sectors by format,2022Share of digital/audio(%)2.54.012.513.320.321.722.128.829.630.731.338.639.547.547.551.872.40255075100Distribution of t
64、itles published(%)Hungary(a)MaltaTrkiyeGreeceCzech RepublicIrelandIceland(a)PortugalColombiaItalySpainEcuadorEstoniaFinlandNorwaySweden(a)BrazilCountryPrintDigital/audioa)trade sector only.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.Publishing industry da
65、ta covering the trade and educational sectors 11Figure 5.Childrens books revenue(USD million),20224,8711,8307025294953983002428570644843432revenue(USD million)Childrens booksUSGermanyJapan(a)UKSpainFranceItalyRussian FederationIndia(a)AustriaNetherlands(Kingdom of the)PortugalSwedenNorway
66、DenmarkHungaryColombiaMexico*New ZealandFinlandCountryNote:Data for Austria,Germany,Italy,Portugal and Spain are at market value calculated from retail prices.(a)print format only.*2021 data.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.Figure 6.Share of ch
67、ildrens books within trade sector revenue,2022Share of childrens(%)14.2 15.1 15.1 18.5 18.8 19.0 19.4 20.6 22.4 22.9 24.2 24.4 25.0 26.1 28.1 30.3 30.5 35.1 35.2 37.60255075100Childrens booksshare of trade sectorrevenue(%)Japan(a)Ireland(a)ItalyFranceNetherlands(Kingdom of the)UKRussian FederationSw
68、edenAustriaGermanyFinlandNorwayIndiaPortugalUSHungarySpainColombiaDenmarkNew ZealandCountryOtherChildrens booksNote:Data for Austria,Germany,Ireland,Italy,Portugal and Spain are at market value calculated from retail prices.(a)print format only.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of Europ
69、ean Publishers(FEP),November 2023.Figure 7.Number of childrens books titles published by the trade sector,202218,53517,23813,85710,5099,1508,3298,3213,0582,7692,7111,9531,7461,537743564264240200152119Number of childrens bookstitles publishedFrance(a)TrkiyeRussian FederationItalySpain(a)Republic of K
70、orea*(a)Germany(a)HungaryGreeceFinlandMexico*(a)SwedenColombiaPhilippines(a)Belarus(a)IcelandNew ZealandIrelandEcuadorMaltaCountry(a)print format only.*2021 data.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.The Global Publishing Industry in 202212 Figure 8
71、.Distribution of childrens books within trade sector titles,2022Share of childrens(%)2.911.011.012.9 14.3 14.9 16.3 19.122.3 23.4 24.5 25.2 27.0 27.8 30.1 30.7 34.4 38.6 48.90255075100Distribution of childrens bookswithin the numberof titles published(%)EcuadorIrelandItalyRepublic of Korea*(a)Belaru
72、s(a)TrkiyeColombiaHungaryFrance(a)SwedenMexico*(a)IcelandSpain(a)MaltaFinlandRussian FederationGreeceNew ZealandPhilippines(a)CountryOtherChildrens books(a)print format only.*2021 data.Source:WIPO Statistics Database and Federation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.13This section presents da
73、ta on legal deposits.In total,82 national repositories shared their 2022 data with WIPO.1 WIPOs legal deposits survey covers four categories of deposit,namely:(a)books,(b)music sheets and music audio files,(c)films and videos and(d)periodicals(journals,e-series,etc.).The main reason for compiling da
74、ta from national repositories is to complement and validate publishing industry data gathered from other sources.What is a legal deposit system?Legal deposit is a statutory obligation at the national level requiring publishers to deposit a certain number of copies of published documents at a reposit
75、ory,that is,a recognized place of legal deposit.Ordinarily,national legal provisions require at least two copies to be submitted,although this varies across countries and territories.In a majority of countries,the legal deposit system is mandatory;however,there are some exceptions,such as the Kingdo
76、m of the Netherlands and Paraguay.In some countries/territories,legal deposits are required only for printed books,while in others digital publications and other formats are also required.Moreover,a number of countries reported items as having recently undergone a process of digitalization,resulting
77、 in a more comprehensive data coverage,but also a significant increase in digital publications.In some countries,there is no legal obligation to deposit e-books,although this may be done on a voluntary basis.For this reason,care should be exercised when making cross-country comparisons.There are adv
78、antages to compiling data from national legal repositories.These include reliable data from authoritative sources and comprehensive coverage incorporating self-publishing.But there are limitations to such data.For example,as mentioned,in some countries it is a legal requirement for both printed and
79、digital materials to be deposited at a repository,while in others this applies solely to printed materials.Nonetheless,it is possible to address some of these limitations and derive comparable data.However,although this report attempts to harmonize the data compiled,care should still be exercised wh
80、en making cross-country comparisons,because of the methodological differences mentioned.1 In addition,China shared its 2021 data,while Zimbabwe replied saying it was unable to provide 2022 data.Colombia provided general aggregate 2022 data that is not comparable,and Italy provided partial 2022 data;
81、therefore,data for both these countries are not included in the report.Legal deposits in recognized repositoriesThe Global Publishing Industry in 202214 How many books were published and deposited at national legal repositories?The number of books deposited at national repositories rose from 2.4 mil
82、lion in 2018 to a peak of 2.8 million in 2019,mostly due to a growth in digital deposits(figure 9).However,between 20202021 the number of books deposited declined considerably,because of COVID-19 restrictions 12%fewer deposits in 2020 compared to 2019.The latest data show a healthy 5%increase to 2.7
83、 million deposits in 2022,though this is slightly below the 2019 peak.The world estimate is based on data from 91 national repositories.In 2022,Europe accounted for over half(52.1%)of the 2.7 million books deposited globally,followed by Asia(34.0%)and North America(10.5%)(figure 10).Africa,Latin Ame
84、rica and the Caribbean(LAC),and Oceania,combined,accounted for just 3.3%,due in part to limited survey responses only 26 national repositories across these three regions sharing their 2022 data with WIPO.The highest number of books published and deposited at a national repository in 2022 was recorde
85、d by Germany(401,197),followed by the US(264,722),the UK(167,000),Japan(113,296)and Spain(98,289)(figure 11).Chinas 2022 data are unavailable,but in 2021 the National Library of China received 467,417 books,which is far above the number received by Germany.Where available,data for all countries are
86、presented in table 3.Among the top 10 national repositories,the US saw the biggest increase in deposits,which rose from 197,931 in 2021 to 264,722 in 2022.Denmark(+49,700),Spain(+7,239)and the UK(+14,645)also received substantially more book deposits in 2022 compared to the year before.Germany(11,96
87、1)and the Republic of Korea(11,132)reported the steepest decreases over the same period.Of the 79 countries or territories for which data for 2021 and 2022 are available,48 reported an increase in books deposited in 2022,whereas the remaining 31 saw a decrease.Data on books deposited by format print
88、,digital or other are available for 53 countries or territories.More than two-thirds of all books deposited in Denmark(82.4%),Germany(71.4%)and the US(91.7%)in 2022 were in a digital format(figure 12).In contrast,print format constituted almost all books deposited in Romania(93.4%),Sweden(96%)and Vi
89、et Nam(90.4%).The high shares reported for books in print format could in part be owing to the fact that data coverage for digital formats is not comprehensive in some countries.Thirty-four national repositories reported data on both music sheets and music audio(hereafter referred to as music items)
90、deposited in 2022.2 Germany received 54,221 music item deposits in 2022,followed by France(14,085),Sweden(13,220),Japan(12,978)and Spain(12,630)(figure 13).3 Among the top five countries,Germany saw a substantial growth in music items,increasing from 43,267 in 2021 to 54,221 in 2022.Sweden also reco
91、rded a substantial increase(+9,075 additional music items),while Japan saw a modest increase of 2,281 additional items over the same period.In contrast,France(4,170)and Spain(1,629)reported fewer music items in 2022 compared to 2021.Music audio constitutes almost all the music items deposited in Ice
92、land(98.9%),Norway(96.5%)and Sweden(97.4%).France(90.1%)and Poland(91.1%)also had a high percentage of music audio within total music items(figure 14).In fact,music audio accounted for more than three-quarters of total music items in 12 of the 20 countries reported in figure 14.2 In addition,eight r
93、epositories reported music sheets data,while 11 repositories reported music audio data.3 The Republic of Korea reported 10,686 music audio items deposited in 2022;however,data on music sheets are unavailable for the country therefore not included.Legal deposits in recognized repositories 15Figure 9.
94、Number of books deposited at legal repositories,201820222.412.782.442.552.68Number of books deposited(million)200212022YearNote:Graph covers data for 91 national repositories.Source:WIPO Statistics Database,November 2023.Figure 10.Distribution of books deposited at legal repositories by r
95、egion,202252.1%Europe34.0%Asia10.5%North America2.4%LAC0.7%Africa0.2%Oceania2022Note:Graph covers data for 91 national repositories.Each region includes the following number of offices:Africa(12),Asia(24),Europe(39),Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC)(13),North America(2)and Oceania(1).Source:WIPO
96、Statistics Database,November 2023.Figure 11.Number of books deposited at the top 20 legal repositories,2022401,197264,722167,000113,29698,28991,14590,08089,11081,90940,59829,96929,65025,03023,40022,92922,85621,34521,06719,93319,351Number of booksdepostiedGermanyUSUK(a)Japan(a,b)SpainTrkiyeDenmarkRep
97、ublic of KoreaFrance(b)PolandViet NamFinlandHungaryNetherlands(Kingdom of the)(c)Austria(b)MalaysiaSingaporeBrazil(b)RomaniaThailandCountry(a)20212022 fiscal year.(b)print format only.(c)digital deposits collected on a voluntary basis.Source:WIPO Statistics Database,November 2023.The Global Publishi
98、ng Industry in 202216 Figure 12.Distribution of books deposited at selected legal repositories by format,2022Share of digital(%)1.55.46.56.98.69.110.5 15.0 15.6 20.0 21.8 26.5 27.3 27.4 42.5 45.4 61.3 71.4 82.4 91.70255075100Distribution of booksdeposited(%)SwedenViet NamRomaniaBelgium(a)SingaporeGr
99、eece(b)TrkiyeMalaysiaThailandPolandRepublic of KoreaHungaryCanada(b)SpainNetherlands(Kingdom of the)(c)UK(b)FinlandGermanyDenmarkUSCountryPrintDigitalOther(a)digital deposits collected on a voluntary basis.(b)20212022 fiscal year.(c)deposits are voluntary,as they are not covered by legislation.Sourc
100、e:WIPO Statistics Database,November 2023.Figure 13.Number of music sheets and music audio deposited at selected legal repositories,202254,22114,08513,22012,97812,63010,6868,1936,2615,6913,5922,6581,6981,1461,0509509487Number of music itemsdepositedGermanyFrance(a)SwedenJapan(a,b)Spain(a)R
101、epublic of Korea(a,c)NorwayPoland(a)IcelandNew Zealand(b)FinlandCanada(b)UK(a,b,d)Czech Republic(a)US(a)CroatiaTrkiyeHungarySloveniaLithuaniaCountry(a)physical format only.(b)20212022 fiscal year.(c)music audio only.(d)music sheets only.Source:WIPO Statistics Database,November 2023.Figure 14.Distrib
102、ution of music sheets and music audio deposited at selected legal repositories,2022Share of music audio(%)13.4 20.9 31.4 39.7 44.8 59.3 62.0 65.4 76.5 78.3 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.3 84.8 90.1 91.1 96.5 97.4 98.90255075100Distribution of music itemsdeposited(%)HungaryLithuaniaSpain(a)TrkiyeSloveniaGermanyG
103、reece(b)Canada(b)CroatiaCzech Republic(a)US(a)New Zealand(b)Japan(a,b)FinlandSlovakia(a)France(a)Poland(a)NorwaySwedenIcelandCountryMusic sheetsMusic audio(a)physical format only.(b)20212022 fiscal year.Source:WIPO Statistics Database,November 2023.Legal deposits in recognized repositories 17Table 3
104、.Number of books deposited at recognized repositories,2022Country/territoryTotalPrintDigitalOther formatsAlbania15,08015,04535.Algeria5,3755,30570.Andorra1469749.Argentina(a)5,2975,297.Armenia(a)3,2803,280.Austria(a)22,92922,929.Azerbaijan5,4335,41023.Belgium(b)17,42216,2231,199.Belize(a)5454.Brazil
105、(a)21,06721,067.Burkina Faso(a)222222.Canada(c)17,53912,7404,78712Chile9,1899,17019.China,Hong Kong SAR(a)11,12311,123.China,Macao SAR78373449.Costa Rica4,7132,4962,217.Croatia7,3546,90339853Cyprus(a)3535.Czech Republic18,75018,319.431Denmark90,08015,83074,250.Ecuador1,7071,66740.Estonia5,7153,3272,
106、3871Finland29,65011,40318,18958France(a)81,90981,909.Georgia4,6604,471189.Germany401,19798,997286,63315,567Ghana1,3891,137252.Greece(c)18,76517,0531,70111Hungary25,03018,3846,62521Iceland4,7184,12765526Ireland(a)1,8641,864.Israel11,1909,5391,651.Jamaica4073989.Japan(a,c)113,296113,296.Jordan5,9245,1
107、74750.Kenya(a)2,1882,188.Latvia3,7772,87682279Liechtenstein50938110028Lithuania9,4438,447996.Luxembourg2,6071,4931,114.Madagascar(a)186186.Malaysia22,85619,4323,424.Maldives(a)125125.Malta(a)471471.Mauritius(a,c)1,7121,712.Mexico6,6925,5121,180.Monaco(a)160160.Montenegro(a)1,4481,448.Mozambique(a)81
108、81.Myanmar(a)2,4612,461.Namibia(a,c)291291.Netherlands(Kingdom of the)(d)23,40013,4419,94712New Zealand(c)6,4002,5233,8761North Macedonia(a)1,3591,359.Norway14,7358,0606,64827Pakistan(a)1,9111,911.Panama80478024.Paraguay(d)1,Peru9,6457,6442,001.Philippines1,352987365.Poland40,59832,4088,1
109、2862Portugal(a)14,63714,637.Republic of Korea89,11069,56219,391157The Global Publishing Industry in 202218 Country/territoryTotalPrintDigitalOther formatsRepublic of Moldova3,0442,800244.Romania19,93318,6201,29419Serbia11,85011,843.7Seychelles(a)101101.Singapore21,34519,5101,835.Slovakia6,2725,77048
110、319Slovenia8,7136,8611,82230Spain98,28970,48426,970835Sri Lanka(a)3,0823,082.Sweden18,59417,852281461Thailand19,35116,2883,02043Trinidad and Tobago(a)5353.Trkiye91,14581,5509,52570Uganda(a)1,5231,523.UK(c)167,00091,24475,756.Uruguay(a)2,5932,593.US264,72221,894242,828.Uzbekistan1,3871,338481Viet Nam
111、29,96927,0851,6191,265(a)print only.(b)digital deposits collected on a voluntary basis.(c)20212022 fiscal year.(d)deposits are voluntary basis,as they are not covered by legislation.not available.Source:WIPO Statistics Database,November 2023.19Nielsen BookScan collects transactional data at point of
112、 sale,direct from the tills and dispatch systems of major book retailers.It operates in numerous countries,including Brazil,India and the UK.In the UK,for instance,Nielsen BookScan tracks sales made through around 6,500 retailers.However,Nielsen BookScan market data coverage does vary across countri
113、es,ranging from 90%in Australia,Italy and the UK down to around 60%in New Zealand(see annex B).This section is based on Nielsen BookScan data for 10 countries and covers the 20192022 period.Table 4 presents data on units sold and revenue generated for the 20192022 period.The UK had the highest numbe
114、r of copies sold in 2022,amounting to 208.8 million copies,but which is 3.8 million fewer than 2021.The UK was followed by Italy(107 million),Australia(70.9 million)and Spain(66.5 million).Six of the 10 countries presented sold more copies in 2022 than in 2021.The biggest increases were in Australia
115、(+5.4 million additional copies sold),Mexico(+2.7 million)and Brazil(+1.7million).The distribution of books sold by sector childrens,fiction and non-fiction shows that childrens books accounted for over 45%of total copies sold in Australia(45.8%)and New Zealand(46.4%)in 2022,similar to the 2021 rati
116、o.Revenue generated at point of sale amounted to USD 2.2 billion in the UK,in2022.The UK was followed by Italy(USD 1.7 billion)and Spain(USD 1.1 billion).The COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable negative impact on sales revenue during the 20192020 period.However,sales revenue recovered in 2022,six o
117、f the 10 countries reporting higher revenue in 2022 compared to 2021.The most notable increases in revenue were observed for Brazil(+11.7%)and Mexico(+21.8%).Note that the growth rate calculation is based on national currency data,so as to exclude exchange rate fluctuations.Nielsen BookScan dataThe
118、Global Publishing Industry in 202220 Table 4.Total copies sold and sales revenue,20192022Books sold(million)Country200222022 distribution(%)FictionChildrensNon-fictionAustralia60.667.265.570.925.945.828.1Brazil41.543.456.958.629.724.045.9India30.929.738.235.915.628.853.5Ireland12.213.113.
119、313.428.936.134.5Italy93.190.8109.3107.034.622.842.6Mexico15.713.817.620.320.030.142.4New Zealand6.46.46.86.622.546.430.9South Africa8.67.08.08.222.635.340.8Spain62.655.465.166.533.231.824.0UK(a)191.4202.0212.6208.829.835.334.7Sales revenue(USD,million)Country200222022 distribution(%)Fict
120、ionChildrensNon-fictionAustralia79386295094026.829.443.5Brazil44334943549327.121.051.5India814.324.958.9Ireland927.428.343.7Italy1,6191,6341,9701,71734.518.147.4Mexico621.424.646.6New Zealand93911089425.529.444.9South Africa23.925.149.9Spain1,0959971,2001,
121、11532.424.827.3UK(a)2,1272,2562,5062,22926.624.548.7Note:The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the market in every country reported.Many countries were in lockdown at certain points in time during the 20192021 period.Post-16 education books(textbooks and study guides)are included within the non-fiction cat
122、egory.Coverage for all educational books varies from country to country.The percentage for non-fiction comprises all types of non-fiction,including trade,specialist books and titles without a classification at the time of analysis.See annex A for details regarding prevailing exchange rates and annex
123、 B for book market coverage for each country.(a)UK market is estimated using retail modelling and consumer reported purchases for 2020,2021 and 2022.Source:Nielsen BookScan,November 2023.21What is an international standard book number?An ISBN is a permanent international standard book identifier ass
124、igned to a publication and administered by the International ISBN Agency and national or regional ISBN agencies throughout the world.The ISBN is the most common publication identifier in use.The ISBN system has a three-tier administrative structure the International ISBN Agency,the national and regi
125、onal registration agencies,and publishers.The International ISBN Agency is the official registration authority appointed by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO)to supervise the global use of the ISBN Standard.There are around 150 registration agencies assigning unique registrant e
126、lements and ISBNs to publishers.Publishers are responsible for assigning unique ISBNs to individual publications from within the registrant elements they have been allocated.Publishers do,however,also use other identifiers,for example,an Amazon Standard Identification Number(ASIN),a Digital Object I
127、dentifier(DOI),and so on.ISBN data gives a good indication as to the size of the publishing market within a given country and is a means of validating data from other sources.For 2022,the International ISBN Agency shared data for 50 countries provided by national ISBN agencies.In addition,CERLALC sh
128、ared data for 15 countries covering the LAC region.Table 5 presents data on the number of ISBNs registered in 2021 and 2022.The US,with 3.3 million registered ISBNs in 2022,was by far the biggest user of the ISBN identifier in 2022,followed by Japan(902,311),the Republic of Korea(338,237),India(281,
129、091)and Germany(277,000).Chinas 2022 data one of the top five users of the ISBN identifier are unavailable.Registrations data for 2021 and 2022 are available for 48 countries,of which 23 reported an increase in ISBN registrations in 2022 compared to 2021.Japan(+717,326),the US(+394,608)and Brazil(+6
130、4,928)recorded the biggest increases.In contrast,Indonesia(51,474),Ukraine(16,031)and the UK(15,793)reported considerably fewer ISBN registrations in 2022 compared to the year before.Although ISBN data represents the number of publications,there will inevitably be some double counting,as alternative
131、 formats for the same publication(e.g.,e-book,paperback and hardcover editions)will each have been assigned a separate ISBN.International standard book number(ISBN)registrations dataThe Global Publishing Industry in 202222 Table 5.Total number of ISBN registrations,20212022Country20212022Change:2021
132、2022Country20212022Change:20212022Albania.3,174.Kenya.854.Argentina34,25635,500+1,244Latvia(b)3,5413,411130Australia33,46431,7081,756Lithuania5,1874,748439Bangladesh.10,298.Malawi311395+84Belgium(a).12,637.Malta1,0321,229+197Bolivia(Plurinational State of)1,5441,718+174Mexico23,30427,534+4,230Bosnia
133、 and Herzegovina.2,163.Mongolia3,9163,794122Brazil114,114179,042+64,928Netherlands(Kingdom of the)62,25159,2832,968Bulgaria13,08512,738347Nigeria18,30014,3923,908Canada(French)(b)19,31721,105+1,788Norway9,3249,033291Chile8,5288,288240Panama1,5961,319277Colombia20,34720,840+493Paraguay1,1121,03082Cos
134、ta Rica2,0071,95948Peru7,8858,310+425Croatia(c)7,2607,17981Philippines9,4979,889+392Cuba2,3611,944417Poland.99,995.Cyprus.2,193.Portugal(b)21,37921,115264Czech Republic26,59734,985+8,388Republic of Korea340,506338,2372,269Denmark39,183.Singapore.25,980.Dominican Republic1,8531,937+84Slovakia12,06514
135、,603+2,538Ecuador4,4775,128+651Slovenia.9,656.El Salvador661719+58Spain95,98595,811174Estonia(b)13,34225,391+12,049Sri Lanka(b).6,705.Germany284,000277,0007,000Sweden34,98437,338+2,354Ghana(b)2,2002,000200Switzerland.9,490.Greece.22,622.Syrian Arab Republic1,9002,540+640Guatemala1,2581,291+33Thailan
136、d18,22519,362+1,137Hungary.20,339.Tunisia.3,143.Iceland.1,470.Trkiye87,23183,6533,578India.281,091.UK168,960153,16715,793Indonesia159,330107,85651,474Ukraine25,7229,69116,031Iran(Islamic Republic of)89,888.Uruguay2,6972,786+89Italy142,267139,9702,297US2,884,6093,279,217+394,608Japan184,985902,311+71
137、7,326Venezuela(Bolivarian Republic of)3,0502,855195Jordan.4,785.(a)figure are for Flanders only.(b)figures are estimates provided by the relevant ISBN Agency.(c)ebooks that are chargeable or for which registration is needed are not included.not available.Source:International ISBN Agency and Centro R
138、egional para el Fomento del Libro en Amrica Latina y el Caribe(CERLALC),September 2023.23On behalf of the International Publishers Association(IPA),Nielsen BookData conducted a survey of the IPAs 76 members in order to compile publishing industry data relating to the following five areas:(a)educatio
139、nal infrastructure,(b)publisher and retailer landscape,(c)regulatory framework,(d)digital penetration,and(e)trade opportunities.The aim of the survey was to better understand the publishing industry landscape,which has undergone profound transformations impacting the way the publishing industry oper
140、ates,both in terms of content creation and consumption.This section will present a few selected indicators on educational infrastructure and the publishers landscape for selected IPA member countries.Data compiled through this survey for all IPA members can be accessed at:www.internationalpublishers
141、.org/international-publishing-data-2023.Education infrastructureEducation infrastructure indicators aim to understand how many schools and higher education establishments exist in each country,which are important outlets for content,such as textbooks and journals,produced by the publishing industry.
142、By far,India,with 1.5 million,leads with the highest number of schools among reported countries,followed by Indonesia(398,000),Mexico(250,150)and Brazil(178,346)(figure 15).Within Africa,Nigeria(144,042)and Kenya(31,000)have the most schools,while Mexico(250,150)and Brazil(178,346)lead within the LA
143、C region.France,with 56,936 schools,holds the top rank within Europe.The US(129,069)and Australia(9,614)have the most number of schools for North American and Oceania,respectively.Half of schools in Nigeria are managed by the private sector the highest private sector share among reported countries.T
144、he private sector share is also high in Indonesia(36.9%),Guatemala(30.1%)and the Republic of Korea(26%).In contrast,more than 90%of the schools in Japan(93.3%),the Russian Federation(98%)and South Africa(91.3%)are managed by the public sector.India also has the highest number of higher education ins
145、titutions,amounting to around 55,100 in 2022(figure 16).India is followed by Mexico(8,539),the US(5,916),Guatemala(5,006)and Indonesia(4,004).Looking at the top higher education institutions by region shows a similarity with the data for schools presented above.The same countries hold the top rank b
146、oth for schools and higher education institutions in every region,except for Africa,where Kenya(2,550)has the most higher education institutions,and Europe,where the Russian Federation(1,247)leads.Regarding the distribution between private and public management,the private sector share ranged from 4
147、.3%in Kenya to 98%in Cte dIvoire.In 11 of the 18 countries,more than two-thirds of all higher education institutes are privately managed.IPA and Nielsen BookData surveyThe Global Publishing Industry in 202224 School and higher education enrollmentSchool enrollment is highest in India,with 265 millio
148、n students enrolled in 2022.India was followed by the US(53.9 million),Brazil(47.4 million),Indonesia(44.2 million)and Nigeria(35.7 million)(figure 17).Almost all students enrolled in Kenya(98.6%)and the Russian Federation(99%)were enrolled at government managed schools.Canada(91.1%),South Africa(94
149、.8%)and the US(91%)also have a share of total enrollment for schools managed by the government.With 41.4 million students enrolled,India had the highest number of students enrolled at higher education institutions in 2022(figure 18).India was followed by the US(21.1 million),Brazil(9 million)and Ind
150、onesia(7.6 million).In Africa,higher education enrollments are highest in Nigeria,with 2.5 million students enrolled.The Russian Federation,with 4.1 million students enrolled at higher education institutes,ranked top for Europe.Australia reported 1.5 million students enrolled at higher education ins
151、titutes,making it the top ranking country for the Oceania region.Students enrolled at privately managed institutions accounted for more than two-thirds of total enrollment in Bangladesh(67.1%),Brazil(76.9%),Japan(73.8%)and the Republic of Korea(77.5%).Number of publishers in IPA member countriesFigu
152、re 19 shows the total number of publishers in selected countries.Approximately 68,600 publishers operated in Germany in 2022,followed by Switzerland with 43,346 publishers,Sweden with 41,095,and Greece with 34,462.In Africa,Nigeria leads with 290 publishers,while the Republic of Korea has the most p
153、ublishers among countries within Asia,totaling 30,552.In the LAC region,Guatemala reported the highest number of publishers at 1,500.The US has the most publishers within the North America region at 2,252,and Australia,with 200 publishers,ranked highest within the Oceania region.IPA-Nielsen BookData
154、 surveyThe survey was conducted in two phases.(a)Desk research was carried out to determine the availability of relevant information within the public domain for all 76 IPA member countries.This stage consisted of evaluating and validating information available from government websites,academic jour
155、nals,publisher associations,and so on.(b)A questionnaire was sent to the 76 IPA members in order to collect quantitative and qualitative data concerning the publishing industry.Figure 15.Total number of schools for selected countries,2022Private school share(%)22.6 36.9 14.8 23.0 12.7 50.3 23.6 20.1
156、 20.4.1,489,115398,000250,150178,346144,977 144,042129,06970,38359,89056,936IndiaIndonesiaMexicoBrazilPakistanNigeriaUS(a)TrkiyePhilippinesFrance(b)Total number of schoolsCountryPublic schoolsPrivate schoolsTotal Private school share(%)19.1 30.1 2.06.7.22.6 8.7 26.0 21.056,34945,48444,27134,84732,22
157、632,22231,00024,89420,70619,167ColombiaGuatemalaRussianFederationJapanUK(b)Spain(b)KenyaSouth AfricaRepublic ofKoreaCte dIvoireTotal number of schoolsCountryPublic schoolsPrivate schoolsTotalNote:Around 48,400 schools within India are unclassified by category.(a)20202021 data.(b)20212022 data.indica
158、tes not available.Source:Nielsen BookData,November 2023.IPA and Nielsen BookData survey 25Figure 16.Total number of higher education institutions for selected countries,2022Private share(%).64.9 68.0 81.0 95.4 45.4 33.3 87.8 97.9 4.355,0928,5395,9165,0064,0043,2233,0002,5742,5132,550IndiaMexicoUS(a)
159、GuatemalaIndonesiaPakistanSyrian ArabRepublicBrazilBangladeshKenyaTotal number of highereducation institutionsCountryPublicPrivateTotal Private share(%)71.1 80.9 26.6 77.2 98.0.49.8 75.1 72.1 36.82,4121,5551,2477866308204PhilippinesRepublic ofKoreaRussianFederationJapanCte dIvoireUK(b)Nig
160、eriaSouth AfricaColombiaTrkiyeTotal number of highereducation institutionsCountryPublicPrivateTotal(a)20202021 data.(b)20212022 data.indicates not available.Source:Nielsen BookData,November 2023.Figure 17.Student enrollment at schools for selected countries,2022Private share(%)33.3 9.0 19.0.26.2 10.
161、7 32.3 13.1 36.0 1.0265.253.947.444.235.729.329.327.720.117.7IndiaUS*BrazilIndonesiaNigeriaMexicoBangladeshPhilippinesPakistanRussianFederationTotal number ofstudent enrollementat schools(millions)CountryPublic schoolsPrivate schoolsTotal Private share(%)1.45.2.10.5.17.3.21.0 20.6 7.513.813.412.912.
162、810.69.87.47.35.95.7KenyaSouth AfricaFrance(a)JapanUK(b)ColombiaSpain(b)Cte dIvoireRepublic ofKoreaCanadaTotal number ofstudent enrollementat schools(millions)CountryPublic schoolsPrivate schoolsTotalNote:Of the 265.2 million students enrolled in India,6.7 million fell into the unknown category.Simi
163、larly,of the 5.7 million students enrolled in Canada,0.1 million fell into the unknown category.(a)20192020 data.(b)20212022 data.*2019 data.indicates not available.Source:Nielsen BookData,November 2023.Figure 18.Student enrollment at higher education institutions for selected countries,2022Private
164、share(%).76.9 57.9 35.8 49.7 9.3 77.5 73.8.41.421.19.07.65.14.24.13.22.92.9IndiaUS*BrazilIndonesiaMexicoPhilippinesRussianFederationRepublic ofKoreaJapanUK(a)Student enrollementat higher educationinstitues(millions)CountryPublicPrivateTotal Private share(%).10.7 67.1 35.5.17.4.17.9 8.12.72.52.32.12.
165、11.91.61.51.30.7France(b)NigeriaBangladeshColombiaCanadaPakistanSpain(a)AustraliaSouth AfricaKenyaStudent enrollementat higher educationinstitues(millions)CountryPublicPrivateTotal(a)20212022.(b)20192020.*2021 data.indicates not available.Source:Nielsen BookData,November 2023.The Global Publishing I
166、ndustry in 202226 Figure 19.Total number of publishers for selected countries,202268,61143,34641,09534,46230,89930,55224,5382,5002,2522,0001,7851,500820290227203200200150122Total number of publishersGermanySwitzerlandSwedenGreeceHungaryRepublic of KoreaIndiaTrkiyeUSIndonesiaJapanGuatemalaBrazilNiger
167、iaMexicoColombiaAustraliaSouth AfricaJamaicaKenyaCountrySource:Nielsen BookData,November 2023.27The publishing industrys data collection process is made difficult by the absence of a central collecting agency in a majority of countries.To present a wide-ranging picture of industry activity,this repo
168、rt draws upon data from a variety of sources.The number of titles published shown in figure 20 is from three sources:the publishing industry survey,the legal deposits survey,and ISBN registrations data.Countries were only included if data from at least two sources were available,and the selection of
169、 countries based on the title count reported by the publishing industry survey.Figure 20 shows a significant discrepancy in values between the three data sources.This discrepancy is not unexpected given the variations in data coverage and methodology.The purpose of comparing what are inconsistent so
170、urces is to highlight the potential dangers of basing conclusions about the performance of the publishing industry on a single source of information.In a few countries,such as Spain and the UK,the number of titles recorded by the three sources is of similar magnitude.For instance,Spain is estimated
171、to have published approximately 83,000 titles in 2022 based on the publishing survey(table 2),98,000 based on the legal deposits survey(table 3)and 95,000 based on ISBN registrations(table 5).Figure 20 includes data for 23 countries.Among them,Iceland and Germany have the most substantial difference
172、 between the number of titles published according to the publishing and legal deposits surveys,with legal deposits being 4.5 and 5.6 times higher,respectively.Many of the countries had either a similar or slightly higher number of titles registered with the ISBN system compared to the publishing sur
173、vey,with the exception of Czech Republic,Estonia,Germany,Japan and Sweden.The greatest difference between the two sources was seen with regards to Japan(ISBN data higher by a factor of 13.2),Sweden(5.0)and Estonia(4.6).This disparity could be due to many factors,including different data coverage.A s
174、traightforward comparison of the total number of titles published based on the three sources alone is not meaningful,as the scope of data collected varies between them.For a meaningful comparison,figure 21 presents print format data for selected countries.For four of the 18 selected countries Estoni
175、a,Ireland,Malta,Portugal the number of print publications recorded by the publishing and the legal deposits surveys are of a similar magnitude.Iceland and Sweden reported a considerably higher number of print publications in the legal deposits survey compared to the publishing industry survey.For Ec
176、uador,Norway and the Philippines,the opposite is true.Comparing data from various sourcesThe Global Publishing Industry in 202228 Figure 20.Variation in total number of titles published according to three different data sources,2022JapanGermanySwedenEstoniaIcelandCzech RepublicNew ZealandFinlandMalt
177、aGreeceBelgiumColombiaSpainItalyUKIrelandFrancePortugalTrkiyeEcuadorPhilippinesBrazilNorwayNumber of titles published(normalized publishing survey=1)CountryPublishing surveyLegal deposit surveyISBN registration0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Source:WIPO Statistics Database,Federation of European Publishers(FEP),I
178、nternational ISBN Agency,and Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en Amrica Latina y el Caribe(CERLALC),November 2023.Figure 21.Number of titles published in print format according to the publishing survey and the legal deposits survey,20221.00.51.01.71.00.41.01.01.01.81.00.71.01.41.01.51.05.11
179、.01.11.01.71.00.91.00.21.00.21.01.01.01.21.05.01.00.5Print publications(publishing survey=1)BrazilCzech RepublicEcuadorEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceIcelandIrelandJapanMaltaNorwayPhilippinesPortugalSpainSwedenTrkiyeCountryPublishing surveyLegal deposits surveySource:WIPO Statistics Database and F
180、ederation of European Publishers(FEP),November 2023.29WIPO aims to compile globally consistent and comparable data about the creative economy,enabling policymakers to monitor publishing industry performance across countries and over time.Despite progress having been made in data collection through t
181、he launch of a publishing industry survey in 2017 and a legal deposits survey in 2019,this report faces ongoing challenges in ensuring data consistency and cross-country comparability.The report identifies several significant data issues.They include the following:Publishing industry revenue is avai
182、lable for a limited number of countries,mostly European.Revenue data for many countries located within the Africa,Asia and LAC regions are unavailable.Concerted effort is require to identify additional data sources in order to improve data availability.Data coverage for digital publications remains
183、partial and incomplete in many countries.Furthermore,only a few countries reported online sales revenue data,which constitutes a significant proportion of total sales revenue following the rise of e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic.The publishing industry has undergone a significant shift towar
184、d digital publications,accelerated by the pandemic.It is therefore crucial that data collection covers both physical and digital publications,if it is to reflect industry activity accurately.Greater efforts are necessary to standardize definitions and methodologies for core indicators.For instance,s
185、ome countries reported sales revenue data based on retail prices rather than net revenue,which limits cross-country comparison.This inconsistency further underlines the need for harmonization.WIPO is grateful to those organizations that generously shared their 2022 data,or made efforts to do so.We r
186、ecognize that increasing data availability at the international level is a long-term process,and encourage all national publishers associations,copyright authorities and statistical offices to establish new national surveys or revise existing ones,so as to enable the reporting of a wide range of pub
187、lishing industry indicators on an internationally harmonized basis.Conclusions30 Annex A.Domestic currency per USD,period average,20202022Country202020212022Australia1.451.331.44Austria0.880.850.95Azerbaijan1.701.701.70Belgium0.880.850.95Brazil5.165.395.16Colombia3693.283744.244256.19Czech Republic2
188、3.2121.6823.36Denmark6.546.297.08Finland0.880.850.95France0.880.850.95Germany0.880.850.95Hungary308.00303.14372.60Iceland135.42126.99135.28India74.1073.9278.60Ireland0.880.850.95Italy0.880.850.95Japan106.77109.75131.50Malta0.880.850.95Mexico21.4920.2720.13Netherlands(Kingdom of the)0.880.850.95New Z
189、ealand1.541.411.58Norway9.428.599.61Philippines49.6249.2554.48Portugal0.880.850.95Republic of Korea1180.271143.951291.45Russian Federation72.1073.6568.48South Africa16.4614.7816.36Spain0.880.850.95Sweden9.218.5810.11Trkiye7.018.8516.55UK0.780.730.81US1.001.001.00Source:International Financial Statis
190、tics(IFS),November 2023.AnnexesAnnexes 31Annex B.Consumer book(print)market coverage(%)of Nielsen BookScan data,2022Country2022Australia90Brazil70India*Ireland70Italy90Mexico80New Zealand60South Africa85Spain80UK90*Market coverage for India is a significant part of the organized market.Source:Nielsen BookScan,November 2023.wipo.int