《世界银行:2023年个体和小型采矿业状况报告(英文版)(144页).pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《世界银行:2023年个体和小型采矿业状况报告(英文版)(144页).pdf(144页珍藏版)》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。
1、2023 State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining SectorA GLOBAL PLATFORM FOR ARTISANAL&SMALL SCALE MINING DATAPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedDelve is a global platform for artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM)data.Its
2、 vision is a world in which ASM is recognized as an important contributor to global development.Recommended citation:World Bank.2023.2023 State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector.Washington,D.C.:World Bank.Acknowledgments and key contributors:The 2023 State of the Artisanal and Small-Sca
3、le Mining Sector report is a collaboration between the World Banks Extractives Global Programmatic Support Multi-Donor Trust Fund and Pact.The lead report editors and authors are Professor Nellie Mutemeri(MutConsult),Dr.James McQuilken(Pact),Dr.Rachel Perks(World Bank),and Itai Mutemeri(MutConsult)w
4、ith contributions from Nathan Schneck(World Bank)and Susanne Madigan(World Bank).Sunny Kaplan(World Bank)provided editorial assistance.The chapter overviews and case studies are written by a range of Delve partners as specified at the start of each section.Thank you to all contributors of the 2023 D
5、elve report.Layout and design are provided by BitterSweet Creative Group.This document was produced with financial assistance from the World Banks Extractives Global Programmatic Support Multi-Donor Trust Fund.Survey:With thanks to the following organizations for their support in collecting data for
6、 this report:Government Questionnaire:Bolivia(Vice-Ministry of Mining Policy,Regulation and Inspection of the Ministry of Mines and Metallurgy);Ecuador(Government of Azuay,National Mining Company,Undersecretary of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining);Indonesia(Directorate of Engineering and Environment
7、al Mineral and Coal-Directorate General of Mineral and Coal(DGMC),Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources);Kenya(Ministry of Mining,Blue Economy and Maritime Affairs,National Mining Corporation,Mineral Prospecting Department);Malawi(Ministry of Mining and Natural Resources,Department of Mines);Mong
8、olia(Head of the Technics and Technology Department,Department of Mining,Authority of Mineral and Oil resources);Papua New Guinea(Mineral Tenements Administration Branch,Regulatory Operations Division,Mineral Resources Authority of PNG);Per(Ministry of Energy and MinesGeneral Directorate of Mining F
9、ormalization);the Philippines(Mining Technology Division,Mines and Geosciences Bureau,Department of Environment and Natural Resources);Tanzania(Small Scale Mining Development Section,Department of Minerals,Ministry of Minerals);Zambia(Ministry of mines and minerals development department of Planning
10、 and Information);and Zimbabwe(Department of Mining Research,Value Addition and Beneficiation,Ministry of Mines and Mining Development Zimbabwe).Women in Mining Questionnaire:Ecuador(Association of self-employed miners)Ghana(Women in Mining Ghana);Indonesia(Women in Mining&Energy);Mongolia(Umbrella
11、Federation of ASCM in Mongolia);Mozambique(Association of the Mozambican Women in Mining);Peru(National Network of Women Miners of ASM);Sierra Leone(Women on Mining and Extractives);Tanzania(Tanzania Women Miners Association);Zambia(Association of Zambian Women in Mining);and Zimbabwe(African Women
12、in Mining Empowerment Trust,Zimbabwe Association for Women in Mining Association);Mine Site Questionnaire:Bolivia(Cumbre del Sajama);Guyana(Mining 360);Mongolia(Artisanal and Small-scale Miners National Federation of Mongolia);Sierra Leone(Cemmats Group Ltd);Zimbabwe(Zimbabwe Environmental Law Assoc
13、iation Trust).Cover photo:Roseline Nyambu,artisanal miner in Kenya,presents her mined gemstones.Credit:World BankDisclaimers:All opinions,views,and comments expressed in this report solely belong to the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank,Pact,MutConsult or any of the inst
14、itutions the authors are affiliated with.All data points and original open-access sources used in this report are on the Delve platform.To avoid further data recycling when referencing any information contained in this report,the original source should be included,for example:McQuilken and Hilson,20
15、16,as cited in World Bank,2023.http:/www.stateofthesector23.delvedatabase.org/Contents.I TABLE OF BOXES.II TABLE OF FIGURES.II TABLE OF TABLES.III ACRONYMS.IVExecutive Summary.1 GLOBAL OUTLOOK ON ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING AND SDG 5 GENDER EQUALITY.1 CONCLUSION.8 CASE STUDIES:A SUMMARY.10 REFE
16、RENCES.14Introduction:Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 5Gender Equality.16(IN)VISIBILITY CRISIS:WOMEN IN ASM ARE NOT BEING COUNTED.18 EVOLUTION OF ASM AND GENDER LITERATURE.19 METHODOLOGY.21 REFERENCES.24Make Mining Laws and Economic Policies Gender Inclusive.26 OVER
17、VIEW.27 LEGAL PROVISIONS TO END DISCRIMINATION AND PROMOTE EQUALITY,ACCESS,AND EMPOWERMENT.29 INSIGHTS FROM THE 2023 STATE OF SECTOR SURVEY.35 INSIGHTS FROM THE CASE STUDIES.41 CONCLUSION.42 REFERENCES.43Case Study#1:Increasing the Presence of Women in Alluvial Mining in Peru:The Case of Madre De Di
18、os.44Case Study#2:Formalization and Gender:Lessons from the Diamond ASM Kimberley Case in South Africa.47Case Study#3:Capacity Training as a Springboard to Sustainable Development in Nigerias Mining Sector.50Case Study#4:The Necessary Next Step in Sierra Leones Efforts to Mainstream Gender into ASM
19、Formalization.54Case Study#5:ASM Formalization to Promote Womens Human Rights In Colombia.59Advance Womens Social Protections at the Mine and Home.65 SOCIAL PROTECTION AS A CONCEPT.66 INSIGHTS FROM THE 2023 STATE OF SECTOR SURVEY.69 INSIGHTS FROM THE CASE STUDIES.76 CONCLUSION.77 REFERENCES.78Case S
20、tudy#6:Local Civil Society Organizations Working Together with the Colombian Municipal Government to Address Child Labor in ASM.79Case Study#7:Concerns Over the Social Protection for Mongolian Artisanal Miners.83Case Study#8:Gendered Impacts of ASM Formalization:Women in the Artisanal Mining Sector
21、of the Central African Republic.87Case Study#9:For Women Entrepreneurs in Ghanas Mining Communities,Finance is Golden.92Case Study#10:Unearthing Hope:A Holistic Approach to Supporting Girls and Boys in Tanzanian Mining Communities.95ContentsIState of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023C
22、ase Study#11:Empowering Women in Philippine ASM Communities through Compassionate Gold.101Account for Gendered Differences in Occupational Health and Safety Efforts at Mine Sites.105 OVERVIEW.106 GENDER INEQUALITIES IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY.107 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS FOR WOMEN
23、 IN MINING.107 INSIGHTS FROM THE 2023 STATE OF THE SECTOR SURVEY.111 INSIGHTS FROM THE CASE STUDIES.114 CONCLUSION.115 REFERENCES.116Case Study#12:The Women Who Age too Fast:Embodied Experiences in the Democratic Republic of Congo.119Case Study#13:Improving Health and Development Outcomes in Formali
24、zed ASM Operations through Promoting Responsible Mining Principles.123Case Study#14:Illuminating Small-Scale Mining in Rwanda.127Conclusion.131Table of boxes BOX 1.Definitions.28 BOX 2.Formalization in Colombia.62 BOX 3.The ILO strategy on the extension of social protection.67 BOX 4.Livelihood and e
25、conomic dynamics of mining in Rwanda.128Table of figures FIGURE 1.Mapping SDG 5 Gender Equality targets to artisanal and small-scale mining.17 FIGURE 2.From your experience in your organizations work what are the challenges women in ASM experience?(WIM Questionnaire).36 FIGURE 3.What types of progra
26、ms has your group participated in?(WIM Questionnaire).37 FIGURE 4.What support does the government need to better consider the needs of women in ASM?(Government Questionnaire).40 FIGURE 5.What,in your opinion,has been the greatest challenge?(Government Questionnaire).40 FIGURE 6.Active women miners
27、per annum.48 FIGURE 7.Training sessions organized by Women in Mining Training Institute.52 FIGURE 8.Map of Nigeria showing G4M presence and number of student members in six states.52 FIGURE 9.In recent years,has the number of women working in ASM changed?(Mine Site Questionnaire).71 FIGURE 10.In rec
28、ent years has societys perception of women in ASM changed?(Mine Site Questionnaire).72 FIGURE 11.In recent years have the number of women with licenses/permits changed?(Mine Site Questionnaire).73II FIGURE 12.In recent years how have the cases of GBV in ASM changed?(Mine Site Questionnaire).74 FIGUR
29、E 13.When was the last time you heard of any instances of gender-based violence against women in mining communities in the area?(Mine Site Questionnaire).75 FIGURE 14.Do you know if the survivors were provided with any assistance/support?(Mine Site Questionnaire).75 FIGURE 15.Map of Southwestern Cen
30、tral African Republic for AMPRs supported women activities.88 FIGURE 16.Health problems and care-seeking behavior by gender.97 FIGURE 17.Involvement in mining by gender.98 FIGURE 18.Which of these environmental impacts have you observed on the mining site?(Mine Site Questionnaire).111 FIGURE 19.In r
31、ecent years have the negative environmental impacts to which women are exposed changed?(Mine Site Questionnaire).112 FIGURE 20.Is maternal health and sexual health and reproductive care available near or at the site?(Mine Site Questionnaire).113 FIGURE 21.Do you believe you are making informed decis
32、ions regarding sexual relations,contraceptive use and reproductive health care?(Mine Site Questionnaire women only).113 FIGURE 22.At what age were you married?(Site Questionnaire).114 FIGURE 23.Comic strip.121 FIGURE 24.Training methods used on the project.124 FIGURE 25.Lighting use at surveyed mine
33、s shows hand torches are main source.129Table of tables TABLE 1.Geographical coverage and gender disaggregation of the 2023 State of the Sector Report Survey and legal analysis.23 TABLE 2.Gender assessment of legal frameworks.30 TABLE 3.What have been the impacts of government formalization interven
34、tions on?(Government Questionnaire).39 TABLE 4.Laws increasing womens empowerment in Sierra Leone.56 TABLE 5.Beneficiaries of AMPR VSLA Support.89 TABLE 6.Beneficiaries of AMPRs livelihoods support.90 TABLE 7:Summary of gender Issues in ASGM.102 TABLE 8.OHS exposure and related health implications i
35、n ASM.108 TABLE 9.Pathologies and specific health risks faced by female workers.120IIIState of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Acronyms 4-Cs Cut,Carat,Color and Clarity 4IR Fourth Industrial Revolution AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AFAMC Association of Women Artisanal Miner
36、s of Carnot AFAMCA Association of Women Artisanal Miners of the Central African Republic AFESMICA Association of Women in the Central African Mining Sector AGC Artisanal Gold Council AGI Africa Gender Index AMDC African Minerals Development Centre AMV African Mining Vision ARM The Alliance for Respo
37、nsible Mining ART Antiretroviral therapy ASGM Artisanal and small-scale gold mining ASM Artisanal and small-scale mining ASOMUSELUPAZ The Association of Women Mineral Selectors and Peacebuilders AWOME African Women in Mining Empowerment Trust AZWIM Association of Zambian Women in Mining BECDOR Burea
38、u dexpertise et de contrle du diamant et de lor CEDAW The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEGEMI Centre dExpertise en Gestion Minire CIETI The Inter-Institutional Committee for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor CG Compassionate Gold CL Child Lab
39、or CLHIV Children living with HIV CRAFT Code Code of Risk-mitigation for ASM engaging in Formal Trade CSO Civil Society Organization DA The Philippines Department of Agriculture DC District councils DMRE South Africas Department of Mineral Resources and Energy DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EGPS E
40、xtractive Global Programmatic Support EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPRM European Partnership for Responsible Minerals FCT Federal Capital Territory FWO Research Foundation Flanders ICBF The Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICMM The International Council on Mining and Metals IGF The
41、Intergovernmental Forum on Mining,Minerals,Metals and Sustainable Development IHI Ifakara Health Institute ILO International Labour Organization IQ Intelligence Quotient ISMR Illuminating Small-Scale Mining in Rwanda G4M Girls for Mining Club GBV Gender-based violence includes sexual violence GHS Gh
42、ana Health Service HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HTS HIV testing services KPCS Kimberly Process Certification Scheme LGU Local Government Unit MDD Madre de Dios MiniCom Ghanas Minerals Commission MMG Central African Republics Ministry of Mines and Geology MMSD Nigerias Minister of Mines and Steel
43、 DevelopmentIV MOHCDGEC Tanzanias Ministry of Health,Community Development,Gender,Elderly and Children MPRDA Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act,2002 NGO Non-governmental Organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Comm
44、issioner for Human Rights OHS Occupational health and safety OSIWA Open Society Initiative for West Africa OUWC Other Unacceptable Working Conditions OVC Orphans and vulnerable children PDA Peace Diamond Alliance PEPFAR The U.S.Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PPE Personal protective equipm
45、ent RED SOCIAL Instituto Redes de Desarrollo Social RMB Rwanda Mines,Petroleum and Gas Board SDG Sustainable Development Goal SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SMDF Solid Minerals Development Fund SN The Pilares Solidarity Network SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health STD Sexually Transmitted Disea
46、se STEM Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics STI Sexually Transmitted Infection SIRITI System for the Identification,Registration and Characterization of Child Labor and its Worst Forms TAMOWA Tanzanian Women Miners Association VSLAs Village Savings and Loans Associations UC University of
47、Cartagena UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development USAID AMPR USAID Artisanal Mining and Property Rights VLIR-UOS Flemish Interuniversity Council WIAMO Rwanda Women In/And Mining Organization WIASM Women in Artisanal Scale Mining WHO World Health Organization WIM Wo
48、men in Mining WIMIN Women in Mining in Nigeria WIMTI Women In Mining Training Institute WoME Women on Mining and Extractives WRC Ghanas Water Resources CommissionVState of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Credit:Senderistas,ShutterstockVIEXECUTIVE SUMMARYGlobal outlook on Artisanal an
49、d Small-Scale Mining and SDG 5 Gender Equality Since the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)were adopted in 2015,SDG 5“Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls”(SDG 5 Gender Equality)was showing improvement.Girls access to education increased,womens representation in parliament grew,a
50、nd child marriage has decreased.1 However,since the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 the world has witnessed increases in violence,child marriage,and women and girls in caregiver roles.Since the end of the pandemic,the annual Sustainable Development Goals Report has painted a worrisome picture warni
51、ng that the“world is not on track to achieve SDG 5 Gender Equality by 2030”(UNECA,2023).1State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 20231State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2020Since 2015,the annual SDG Report has also repeated ad infinitum the same consistent message:the
52、equality and empowerment of women and girls will not be possible until their rights are secured in legal frameworks.Various reports outline how“assuring womens rights through legal frameworks is a first step in addressing discrimination against them”(UNECA,2016),that“empowering women requires addres
53、sing structural issues such as unfair social norms and attitudes as well as developing progressive legal frameworks that promote equality between women and men”(UNECA,2018),and“discriminatory laws and legal gaps continue to prevent women from enjoying their human rights”(UNECA,2021).The pace of gend
54、er-related legal reforms is also slowing with economies in 2022 adopting the fewest gender-related reforms in more than two decades(World Bank 2023a).The World Banks forthcoming Gender Strategy 20242030 recognizes the urgent imperative to accelerate gender equality for a sustainable,resilient,and in
55、clusive future(World Bank 2023b).The 2023 State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining(ASM)Sector report takes up this call to action to examine whether and how legal frame-works inhibit or promote womens equality and empowerment in ASM,along with analyzing several other key barriers to womens part
56、icipation and empowerment in the sector including social protections and access to occupational health and safety(OHS).The report finds that while considerable work remains to get back on track to achieve SDG 5 by 2030,gains are being made through women-fo-cused initiatives advancing the development
57、 of the ASM sector.Successful initiatives have addressed the legal and structural barriers to female partici-pation in ASM,included women in their design and implementation,and developed womens capacities in law,mining,and business.However,significant progress is needed to make ASM legal frameworks
58、gender inclusive,advance womens social protections at work and home,and account for gendered differences in ASM occupational health and safety.The contributions of ASM to SDG 5ASM is a vital contributor to our global economy and way of life.It supplies notable volumes of minerals to global industrie
59、s from jewelry,construction,agriculture,information technology,manufacturing,automotive,and defense.Women play a critical role in this sector,with an estimated 13.4 million women working in ASM worldwide,comprising 30%of the global 44.67 million ASM workforce.2 However,the lack of sex-disaggregated
60、data on womens partici-pation in ASM could make this figure far higher.Women perform multiple direct and indirect tasks along the ASM value chain:mining,sorting,crushing,grinding,sieving,washing and panning;and transporting ores,food sales,and other related services.Some of these tasks are visible,o
61、ccurring at the mine face.But many female-concentrated ASM job categories happen away from view,such as retreating material in rivers downstream,processing gold with mercury in their homes,and preparing food for miners.Many of these tasks are never recognized,let alone documented,even when mine surv
62、eys do occur at sites,leaving the impression that mining remains a mans world.Simply put:women are not being counted.The result is that without interventions that promote womens participation,policies and practices to improve the well-being and standing of miners are gender blindmeaning they fail to
63、 acknowledge and accommodate gender differences that affect equal participation of men and women in ASM.Some examples of gender-blind reforms and prac-tices in ASM include:a lack of prioritizing womens sanitation and hygiene infrastructure at mine sites,child care provisions,or lighting that could i
64、mprove security and OHS;the introduction of mechaniza-tion and simple technologies that increase produc-tivity but inadvertently take jobs away from women without re-deployment elsewhere;structures and processes to report malpractices at sites being governed by the very people who commit the abuses
65、against women.Not only does the lack of visibility of women exclude them from meaningful reforms to the sector,but it often leads to economic and physical discrimina-tion.As a result of performing ancillary roles such as 2washing,processing,and transporting ore,women in ASM are excluded from the hig
66、hest-earning activities and do not derive the same economic benefits as men in ASM do.Achieving SDG 5 in ASM:Recommendations and key findingsThe 2023 State of the Sector report examines the intersection of ASM and SDG 5 and the steps that need to be taken to achieve gender equality.Drawing on a revi
67、ew of mining and legal frameworks in 21 countries and the collection of primary data,a first for the 2023 report,through a trio of surveys with over 1,900 participants from government,women in mining groups,and miners themselves,3 the 2023 report amplifies the visibility of womens contributions in A
68、SM and provides quantitative and qualitative data to underpin its recommendations.The 2023 report effectively communicates the voices of women by including a substantial repre-sentation of 67%female participants in the survey who shared their experiences with the legal and structural barriers.Fourte
69、en case studies(repre-senting 12 countries)contributed by 34 authors from 23 organizations illustrate practical exam-ples to follow in order to advance SDG 5 in ASM.Women-led mining groups and networks were instrumental in the data collection of this report,and their organizational and influencing p
70、ower should be capacitated and harnessed to help close the gender gap in ASM.“As miners and as an association,we need support.Support from government agen-cies,municipalities,and the country as a whole,that supports the mining sector and gives more confidence to women,supports us in gender and human
71、 rights.They should strengthen us and help us grow,give us a hand,and help us move forward”DIVANEY VIVEROS(FEMALE ARTISANAL MINER FROM SUREZ CAUCA,COLOMBIA,2023)“Maman minyangala”at work,Democratic Republic of CongoCredit:Sara Geenen3State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Executive
72、 summaryTo best understand and analyze the challenge of achieving SDG 5 gender equality and women and girls empowerment in ASM,the 2023 State of the Sector report employed an analytical framework that identified three key barriers to womens partic-ipation and empowerment in the sector.The report is
73、structured in three chapters,with each providing findings from the research,illustra-tive case studies,and a key recommendation to advance womens participation in ASM:1.Make mining laws and economic policies gender inclusive.2.Advance womens social protections at the mine and home.3.Account for gend
74、ered differences in occupational health and safety(OHS)efforts at mine sites.Please see the full report for supporting informa-tion informed by primary research for each of the key findings.RECOMMENDATION 1:MAKE MINING LAWS AND ECONOMIC POLICIES GENDER INCLUSIVELike its global ambition,advancing SDG
75、 5 in ASM must start from the position of legal recognition.Legislation can either support or impede gender equality and womens empowerment within wider society,which then impacts womens full and effective participation in ASM.The 1935(No.45)International Labour Organization Underground Work(Women)C
76、onvention4 formed the basis of discrimination against women in the mining industry writ large,making it illegal for women to work in underground mines.Despite more recent amend-ments in many national legislations and lack of enforcement in others,it still provided the basis for banning women from mi
77、ning,including in ASM.The Convention is proposed for abrogation at the 112th session of the International Labour Conference in 2024,signaling an important step in protecting womens access to work in mining and providing a catalyst for further reforms.The 2023 State of the Sector finds that most mini
78、ng codes around the world are gender blind or gender neutral and do not contain stipulations to enhance womens participation in ASM.An in-depth legal analysis of the mining code and relevant laws(such as land and reproductive health rights)of 21 ASM countries across Latin America and the Caribbean,A
79、frica,and East Asia and Pacific found that 14 mining codes(67%)and 17(80%)property right laws are gender blind or neutral,leaving women behind in terms of access and control over resources.Seven countries are found to have included gender in their mining codes,with most being in Sub-Saharan Africa,w
80、hile only three of the 21 countries have passed gender-sensitive land laws(Colombia,Tanzania,and Zambia).Governments pointed to capacity building and financial support as the most common forms of support needed to better consider the needs of women.Officials cite lack of funding as the greatest chal
81、lenge to inte-grating gender considerations into efforts aimed at supporting the sector.Legal frameworks guaranteeing the rights and fundamental freedoms of women in society and mining are not the only factor constraining womens full participation in ASM.Traditional beliefs and discriminatory custom
82、ary practices can also constrain women in ASM from fully enjoying their rights,exercising economic autonomy,and making decisions independently.But what is the impact of mining,land,and health rights legislative frameworks being gender blind and gender neutral,as well as customary practices limiting
83、womens equality and full participation in ASM?Gender-blind approaches to formalize the sector overlook women in ASM as an important stakeholder group and fail to consider their unique gender-specific needs.Consequently,there is a lack of information and understanding of the on-the-ground needs of wo
84、men in ASM.Somewhat reassuringly,however,the 2023 State of the Sector finds that governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of women in ASM,with 67%of officials responding that they have under-taken programs that specifically empower women in ASM or have women-specific components.4Addit
85、ionally,83%of government officials stated they included women in the development of ASM formalization interventions.Though there is some way to go in understanding and capacity develop-ment on gender-inclusive policy and programming.Exploring the outcomes and impact of such inter-ventions further co
86、uld be a useful avenue in future work to better understand the gap between law,policy,and program interventions.The report provides ways in which womens full participation in ASM can be promoted through five illustrative case studies from partner organizations on the ground in the Peru,South Africa,
87、Nigeria,Sierra Leone,and Colombia.KEY FINDINGS -The lack of gender-sensitive language in national laws is hindering gender equality in ASM.-Governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of women in ASM.-Capacity development and financial support are crucial areas that require immediate att
88、en-tion to enable government officials to advance gender equality in the ASM sector.RECOMMENDATION 2:ADVANCE WOMENS SOCIAL PROTECTIONS AT THE MINE AND HOMESocial protections are defined as the“set of policies and programs aimed at preventing and protecting all people against poverty,vulnerability an
89、d social exclusion,throughout their life.”(SPIAC-B,2019).Focused on SDG target 5.4:“recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provi-sion of public services,infrastructure and social protection policies,”social protections are a funda-mental construct within national development s
90、trat-egies and support gender equality and womens and girls empowerment.Placing an emphasis on vulnerable groups,social protections can be a catalyst for reducing gaps in inequality,promoting social inclusions,and eradicating poverty.Within ASM,establishing and improving social protection mechanisms
91、 through policies and policy reforms has the potential to drive growth that is more inclusive and fair.However,it is estimated by the International Labour Organization that 55%of the worlds population does not have any social protec-tion coverage while many others have only partial protection.This w
92、orryingly large gap in social safety nets is especially true for informal economic activity of which the majority of ASM falls,with 8090%of ASM miners worldwide estimated to operate infor-mally without the licenses and permits required by law and poor practices(World Bank,2020).The recommendation to
93、 advance womens social protections at work and home through ASM is therefore urgently needed.The report illustrates there is good progress in this regard and the sector is responding to these gaps in social protection through partnerships with governments and civil society organizations toward incre
94、asing access to social protection for artisanal and small-scale miners.According to government officials,Women in Mining(WIM)groups,and miners,formalization interven-tions are leading to perceived increases in womens participation in ASM,mining license applications,and improvements in perception of
95、women miners.However,the share of domestic work women are expected to undertake has not significantly decreased.This quantifies the“double burden”that women carry(combination of domestic and work duties)and is a significant reason why women work fewer hours in ASM than men do.On average,women workin
96、g in the ASM value chain performed 26%(five hours per week)more domestic work than men.Additionally,gender-based violence(GBV)that disproportionally affects women is not being actively monitored by governments at ASM sites,meaning data-driven and evidence-based policies and initiatives to address GB
97、V in ASM communities cannot be robustly developed and implemented.A second powerful finding,and a recurring theme throughout the report,is the importance of gender-specific ASM networks and associations to improve womens visibility in ASM and advance gender equality,and the importance of stakeholder
98、s working together to achieve beneficial outcomes for women.WIM groups participation in formal-ization initiatives resulted in a reported increase 5State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Executive summaryin the number of women in leadership positions,decrease in discrimination,redu
99、ction in GBV,and increase in womens access to land/mine owner-ship.Empowering,legitimizing,and professional-izing these gender-specific professional groups is critical to advancing gender equality in ASM.In countries where there are no nationwide inter-ventions that include women in ASM,the 2023 rep
100、ort finds that WIM groups and NGOs remain critical in facilitating multistakeholder engagement.Along with the trainings,workshops,and commu-nity meetings these groups provide,TV,radio,newspapers,and social media were all reported as being important to spread awareness of govern-ment and nongovernmen
101、t programs and opportu-nities to grow social protections.While well-structured policy is important to improve social protections for women in ASM,it takes concrete actions to enable these policies.The report presents six case studies from organizations working in Colombia,Mongolia,the Central Africa
102、n Republic,Ghana,Tanzania,and the Philippines illustrating methods being used to bring about meaningful changes in the lives of artisanal and small-scale miners.KEY FINDINGS -Women are being included by government in ASM development initiatives,increasing womens participation and improving percep-ti
103、ons of them in ASM.-ASM support initiatives need to consider how to reduce disparities in domestic work performed by women versus men.-Gender-specific ASM networks and associ-ations are critical to improving womens visi-bility in ASM and advancing gender equality.-Governments lack a reporting mechan
104、ism to monitor GBV in ASM communities.RECOMMENDATION 3:ACCOUNT FOR GENDERED DIFFERENCES IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY EFFORTS AT MINE SITESEngaging in ASM bears the risk of numerous occu-pational health and safety(OHS)hazards.The gendered division of labor,anatomical and biolog-ical differences,
105、employment patterns,cultural beliefs,societal roles,expectations,and respon-sibilities contribute to gender-specific patterns of OHS hazards and risks and result in differen-tiated,and sometimes higher,risks of negative OHS impacts in ASM.The 2023 report explored gendered inequality of OHS in ASM ac
106、cording to four categories:i)physical and biomechanical,ii)chemical,iii)psychosocial,and iv)environmental.The 2023 State of the Sector highlights how womens lower earnings in periphery roles with repetitive manual tasks such as rock breaking and ore grinding,and lack of access to capital means they
107、face specific biomechanical impacts and cannot afford personal protective equipment or improved mining and processing technologies.In many countries,women are excluded from gold extraction activities due to cultural beliefs and presumed regard for their perceived safety.Instead,women are confined to
108、 processing activities conducting mercury amalgamation and vaporization.Women and children are disproportionately impacted by occupational mercury use as the powerful chemical neurotoxin can be transferred to young and unborn children through breastfeeding and the placenta causing adverse birth outc
109、omes,spontaneous abor-tions,low birth weights,and preterm births.Psychosocially(the influence of social and phys-ical factors on an individuals mind or behavior),the level of physical activity in ASM can result in extreme fatigue and chronic pain not only because of the arduous work but also due to
110、the additional domestic demands placed on women,resulting in abuse of drugs and alcohol as a coping mechanism.Hunger and malnutrition,with women traditionally being the food providers at home and mine sites,can have additional psychosocial impacts.The negative environmental impacts of ASM activ-itie
111、s that result in agricultural land degradation 6and destruction are found to disproportionately affect women because they often rely on farming for income and to supplement the household diet.With women most often being responsible for food provision in the home,when the quality,quantity and nutriti
112、onal value of food is reduced,it is often women who go without to feed their families first.The report calls for interventions to account for gendered differences in OHS within ASM to ensure gender equality and womens full participation in the sector.The differentiated OHS impacts of ASM are further
113、 evidenced by the 2023 State of the Sector Survey findings that show the negative environmental impacts of ASM are increasing and disproportionately impacting women as reported by over one-third of miners participating in the Mine Site Questionnaire.Miners often lack access to health care near the A
114、SM sites where they work,cutting off access to maternal and sexual health and reproductive care.And worryingly,women in ASM are dispropor-tionally 11 times more likely to be in early marriage(under the age of 18)than men,which can limit their freedoms and at times be a form of modern slavery.Gender-
115、responsive ASM policy and interventions can address the various OHS challenges faced by women.Legislation that enhances womens access to and ownership of land could empower women in ASM to participate in the sector actively and mean-ingfully without fear and risk of GBV.Gender equality can be promot
116、ed through interventions that enable women to advance from hazardous lower-earning peripheral jobs,which has constrained them from participating in decision making,to higher-paid decision making roles.By elevating the position of women in ASM,approaches aimed at fostering gender equality can disrupt
117、 the gendered social norms and cultural barriers that result in pervasive gender discrimination and GBV in ASM communi-ties and the wider society.To better understand the ways in which ASM produces gendered effects on womens well-being,three case studies from the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC),Gh
118、ana,and Rwanda demonstrate the wide array of OHS risks and mining-related health impacts,as well as the various interventions and multi-stakeholder approaches needed to improve womens OHS in ASM and address the differential risks women face.KEY FINDINGS -Women in ASM are being exposed to an increasi
119、ng number of negative environmental impacts.-There is limited availability of maternal health and sexual health and reproductive care near mine sites and mining communities.-Girls are at a disproportionately higher risk of child marriage in ASM communities than boys.Gender and governance workshop wi
120、th the women of the ASOMUSELUPAZ associationCredit:Alliance for Responsible Mining7State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Executive summaryRecommendationDescriptionMake mining legal frameworks gender inclusiveIt is imperative to proactively promote and bolster gender equality withi
121、n mining laws.This requires a comprehensive reevaluation and amendment of gender-blind or gender-neutral mining codes and national mining policies to ensure the acknowledgment and safeguarding of women miners rights.Specifically,the forthcoming abrogation of the ILO Underground Work(Women)Convention
122、 1935(No.45),which bars female employment in underground mine work,provides a clear catalyst for dialogue and reforms to be built upon.Furthermore,reinforcing legal frameworks that shield women from discrimination and detrimental practices is vital for fostering a more inclusive and equitable enviro
123、nment.In the sphere of land rights and resource access,a fundamental transformation of both statutory land ownership systems and customary tenure arrangements is essential.This transformation enables women to transition from peripheral roles in the ASM value chain to ownership,thereby guaranteeing t
124、hey receive the same economic benefits as their male counterparts.Ownership enables women to access capital and credit to grow their operations,buy equipment and invest in technology,to generate higher value from mining,and lead the decision making regarding operational and financial management for
125、the benefit of both women and men.Advance womens social protections at the mine and homeAdvancing social protections for women in ASM provides a critical mechanism to support gender equality and womens empowerment in ASM.Women in ASM are faced by a multitude of socioeconomic challenges beginning fro
126、m childhoodyoung girls face barriers in accessing education;in adolescence,many are forced to leave school early and some are at risk of early pregnancies;and then in adulthood,women are faced with unequal treatment and precarious and unsafe working conditions,including sexual and gender-based viole
127、nce(SGBV)at mines and at home.Governments and civil society organizations must partner to develop programs and interventions that facilitate greater access for women to educational and livelihood training programs to realize decent work,financial literacy programs that can build economic resilience
128、and independence,and comprehensive sexual and reproductive health support,including access to education,contraceptives,medication,and unrestricted abortion services.Tackling SGBV in ASM through social protection measures is imperative.Robust legal frameworks and specific mine site measures to safegu
129、ard the safety and well-being of women are fundamental to their inclusion in ASM,while the deeply ingrained culture of masculinity in mining and ASM also needs tackling through awareness campaigns and education.Account for gendered differences in occupational health and safety efforts at mine sitesG
130、ender inequalities in occupational health and safety(OHS)result in women being differentially and more greatly exposed to risks in ASM.The differences are due to socio-cultural beliefs that may prevent womens full and direct participation in mining activities and confine them to certain roles such a
131、s breaking rocks,carrying heavy loads on heads,panning and mercury use in gold amalgamation.These roles have heightened risks of repetitive and muscular skeletal injuries and exposure to chemical toxins,especially for pregnant and breastfeeding women.Mine site organization,infrastructure,and persona
132、l protective equipment(PPE)designed with men in mind also adversely impact women in ASM.A lack of separate changing and washing facilities,no childcare options,and poorly fitting PPE can prevent womens equal participation and endanger their lives and that of their children they may have to bring to
133、the mine.To address these issues and achieve gender equality in ASM,an in-depth understanding of the specific risks and needs women in ASM face is needed with which to design ASM sites and PPE that account for gendered differences,train and sensitize miners,government,and development partners to ena
134、ble womens equal and safe participation in all roles.Conclusion The obstacles confronting women in ASM span legal,social,and economic domains.These difficul-ties are exacerbated by the persisting gender-blind-ness within mining laws,resulting in discrimination against women miners and hindering thei
135、r access to resources,education,and economic advance-ment,placing their safety and well-being at risk.Without action and reforms,women will remain unable to realize the full economic and social bene-fits afforded by a well-developed ASM sector.The 2023 State of the ASM Sector report summarizes the f
136、ollowing key recommendations to improve SDG 5 outcomes in ASM.The role of professional mining groups like Women in Mining in advancing these actions and achieving reforms cannot be understated.Governments must continue to empower,legitimize,and profes-sionalize these gender-specific groups in order
137、to improve womens visibility in ASM and advance gender equality.8The 2023 State of the Sector Survey underscores that overcoming the barriers faced by women in ASM demands a comprehensive approach,from revising gender-blind mining laws to challenging cultural and societal norms.Governments need to b
138、olster their capacity to design,implement,and monitor gender-sensitive policies and interventions and fund programs aimed at empowering women in ASM.It is critical to prioritize gender equality in the ASM sector and collaboratively create an environment where women can fully participate,flourish,and
139、 enjoy their rights without discrimination or hindrance.END NOTES 1 See annual summaries of progress and data on SDG 5 on the UNECA website:https:/sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5#progress_and_info 2 According to latest estimates in Delve platform(August 2023):https:/delvedatabase.org/See the 2023 report int
140、roduction for more informa-tion about the different estimates of women working in ASM of 1850%.3 The survey includes three question-naires with 1,935 participants from 22 countries,including government officials(Government Questionnaire,54%women),leaders of Women in Mining(WIM)groups(WIM Questionnai
141、re,100%women),and artisanal and small-scale miners(Mine Site Questionnaire,79%women).A total of 16 local partner organizations undertook the data collection,11 of which were women in mining groups.The 14 case studies cover 12 countries:two on Latin America and the Caribbean,eight on Africa,and two o
142、n East Asia and Pacific.4 It states,“no female,whatever her age,shall be employed on under-ground work in any mine.”9State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Executive summaryChapter 1 and the recommendation to“make mining laws and economic policies gender inclusive”is accompanied by
143、 five case studies.They show the need for legal frameworks and formalization initiatives to include women in their creation and implementa-tion to realize gender equality in ASM.The first case study on Madre Dios,Peru,by the Instituto Redes de Desarrollo Social(RED SOCIAL)highlights the prominence a
144、nd leader-ship role of women as legally recognized miners.Madre Dios has the highest level of female partic-ipation in ASM in the country.Women constitute 30%of the legal concession holders and also 30%of the 9,520 people involved with the formaliza-tion process.The high levels of women miners in Ma
145、dre Dios can be attributed to the conducive geological structure,increased learning opportuni-ties,the use of clean technologies,and women in leadership positions due to existing interventions and practices that include women in the creation of regulations.Madre Dios provides an understanding of the
146、 cause and effect of higher levels of female participation in ASM activities.Next,a case study on ASM in South Africa by Imbokodo Mining Services,the National Association of Artisanal Miners,and Women in Artisanal Scale Mining(WIASM)improves under-standing of the gendered aspects of formalization pr
147、ograms.The case study provides some much-needed insight into how women are impacted by formalization initiatives,including unintended consequences,that in this case included increased gender discrimination and marginalization of some women involved in the intervention.Through gender-disaggregated da
148、ta tracking(a recom-mendation of the 2020 State of the Sector report),the longitudinal study charts the experience of 159 women involved in the landmark intervention.The South African experience provides an under-standing of the unique gender dynamics of ASM formalization that lays the groundwork fr
149、om which gender sensitive policy frameworks can be created.The third case study by Women in Mining in Nigeria(WIMIN)explores the advancement of gender equity through the lens of education and capacity building in Nigeria.To counter the significant gender gap in Nigerias mining sector,WIMIN,in collab
150、oration with the Ford Foundation and Open Society Initiative for West Africa(OSIWA),established the Women in Mining Training Institute(WIMTI)to provide women in the sector with contin-uous training and capacity development.In an effort to address gender inequality at the source,they also launched th
151、e Girls for Mining(G4M)Club,an intervention aimed at girls in school.Through CASE STUDIES:A SUMMARYThe three report chapters and their recommendations are accompanied by 14 case studies,contributed by 23 organizations that are directly working to advance SDG 5 in ASM.The case studies cover 12 countr
152、ies and provide innovative,practical,and replicable examples to advance womens full participation in ASM and sustainable development programming.10coaching and mentorship,it encourages them to pursue science,technology,engineering and math-ematics(STEM)-related courses and exposes them to opportunit
153、ies in mining.These largely online forums demonstrate the opportunity to leverage digital technologies to address gender inequality and capacity building in ASM.Sierra Leones 2018 Artisanal Mining Policy designed to promote formalization is discussed in the fourth case study by Cemmats Group.Althoug
154、h the national mining laws and regulations offer some protection for women,there have been no specific directives toward safeguarding women in the sector and the initiatives that may see women protected and empowered.The case study clearly highlights how important gender-inclusive mining legal frame
155、works are to the full participation of women in ASM.Adjacent policies and regulations have played a role in increasing womens security and progress in the industry,with a new Gender Equality Act in 2023 that aims to increase womens participation at the leadership and decision making level through ge
156、nder targets and safeguarding mechanisms,but specific mining legislation is also needed.The case study ends with a call to action for the government to spur the formation of women cooperatives as a means to help catalyze financing and improve their standing within the ASM sector.Notwithstanding the
157、impetus for greater social protection,women will continue to face significant challenges,particularly in financial equity and security,if improved legislation and policy is not matched with concomitant on the ground activities.The fifth and final case study in Chapter 1 details the partnership betwe
158、en the Alliance for Responsible Mining(ARM)and the Association of Women Mineral Selectors and Peacebuilders(ASOMUSELUPAZ)in the municipality of Suarez,Cauca,Colombia.Women account for more than 50%of ASM workers in Colombia,yet they face a range of gender-based barriers and inequalities,earning less
159、 than men for the same roles,exposed to gender-based violence,and often excluded from mining associations and cooperativesleaving them unable to access formal markets.To overcome this,ARM supported a group of women miners to organize and become formally recog-nized as a miner collective,leading to t
160、he creation of ASOMUSELUPAZ.Through becoming legally recognized as a group,ASOMUSELUPAZ increased their legitimacy with state entities,creating collec-tive identity to represent them and participate in public dialogues they were previously shut out of thereby improving the participation,representati
161、on,and visibility of women miners.Chapter 2 and the second report recommenda-tion to“advance womens social protections at the mine and work”is accompanied by six case studies.The case studies reveal the interconnec-tivity between the sustainable development of the ASM sector and realization of socia
162、l protection systems.The collective examples also offer insight into ways in which social protection systems must be designed and implementedwith gender inclu-sion and equity as integral parts,to stimulate socio-economic growth and well-being.The sixth case study in the report by the interna-tional
163、NGO Pact focuses on the Pilares Solidarity Network in Bolivar,Colombia,demonstrating the power of collective social protection approaches to address child labor and unacceptable working conditions in ASM.Beginning as an associa-tion of 12 civil society organizations,growing to 36,the collective appr
164、oach by the network has created common objectives to better represent the community and legitimacy with local government.In turn,this has resulted in the network having greater influence on local government as well as a more collaborative approachworking together on shared social challenges across A
165、SM,agricul-ture,and fishing livelihoods to promote the creation and adoption of comprehensive public policy social protection measures on child labor.The network has also supported its members through diagnostic tools and awareness-raising to empower them to identify and implement social protection
166、measures in their municipalities.The case study demonstrates the importance of local actors including communi-ties,civil society,and government to identify and implement social protection measures within ASM and related communities for a holistic and powerful collective approach.11State of the Artis
167、anal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Case studies:a summaryThe Artisanal Gold Council and planetGOLD Mongolia provide the seventh report case study on Mongolia.The case study shares findings from an assessment on artisanal miners access to social services covering four key aspects of social protec
168、-tion i)social insurance,ii)social welfare,iii)health insurance,and iv)health care services.The assess-ment finds,despite the vulnerability and differenti-ated needs of artisanal miners,there is no specific or targeted social protection program for them,and miners are left out of existing social wel
169、fare and employment support programs as they are not considered target groups within these programs.Social protection programs that exist for busi-nesses in Mongolia have not been tailored to ASM as they do not account for dynamics of seasonality,irregularity,migration,mobility,and high levels of pe
170、rsonnel turnover.Inconsistent ASM formalization policy framework and non-allocation of new ASM land over the last three years has also meant many artisanal miners are jobless and failed to pay social health insurance contributions that serve as one of the most important bases for social protection i
171、n Mongolia.The result is end-of-life poverty for both female and male miners,disability,and early deaths for miners and in ASM communities.Village-level savings and loans associations(VSLAs)for artisanal mining communities in the Central Africa Republic are a social protection example shared by USAI
172、D and Tetra Tech in the eighth case study.With no microfinance services available for women in the remote southwestern part of the Central African Republic,women miners were being left behind in the broader governance shift to professionalization,commercialization,and strengthening of Kimberley Proc
173、ess Certification Scheme(KPCS)chain of custody in the diamond mining sector.As part of the Artisanal Mining and Property Rights project,VSLAs were therefore established to enhance womens social inclusion and provide much-needed financing to do so.The 14 VSLAs saved enough money to offer a 5%interest
174、 rate,significantly lower than the 15%rate from traditional microfinance institutions,providing finance to their members for investments and insur-ance in case of emergencies.Crucially,women were engaged from the outset of the project design through Participatory Rural Appraisal assessments and deve
175、lopment of a Gender Action Plan,ensuring their voice and agency are heard and protected.The ninth case study by Solidaridad also focuses on access to finance through a pilot project with women goldminers in Ghana.Following a review of women working in artisanal and small-scale gold mining(ASGM)a key
176、 barrier to their equal partic-ipation was found to be a lack access to finance and performing low-paid jobs,reflecting their wider marginalized position in their communities,and hindering their economic and social development.To address this inequality,the project aimed to improve the financial and
177、 social position of women through a range of activities including establishing VSLAs,external funding for business support,engagement of women,men,and key stakeholders on the role of women in households and businesses,and training in responsible mining,group dynamics,and leadership skills.The Solida
178、ridad case study provides a benchmark for how to support women in exercising their economic rights and financial inclusion,thereby enhancing their social protection safety nets.The 10th case study by the international NGO Pact and Ifakara Health Institute(IHI)provides exam-ples of social protection
179、measures to remove children from mining in Tanzania.As part of the five-year(20162021)USAID Kizazi Kipya project,the case study highlights the numerous risks and vulnerabilities that children in mining face such as dangerous working conditions,susceptibility to HIV,violence,limited education opportu
180、nities,and difficulty accessing essential social services.To address these challenges,the project was designed with a focus on childrens health,safety,education,and livelihoods,considering gender and age.The intervention employed a gender-sen-sitive case management approach,which tailored support to
181、 each childs specific needs.Professional social workers played a crucial role in dealing with complex cases,including high rates of violence.They identified abuse cases and provided parenting interventions to improve skills and reduce harsh punishment.Regular visits by social workers led to a reduct
182、ion in abuse frequency among children who disclosed experiencing it,emphasizing the importance of ongoing support and intervention.12The project also implemented strategies to support children engaged in mining by focusing on school enrollment,progression,and alternative livelihood options.The endli
183、ne assessment showed that over half of the children involved in mining at the begin-ning of the project had left mining activities.This progress is essential to supporting parents and caregivers and providing safer livelihood opportu-nities for children in ASM communities.The 11th and final case stu
184、dy in Chapter 2 under the recommendation to“advance womens social protections at the mine and work”is by BAN Toxics,an NGO in the Philippines.Focused on the Compassionate Gold program to engage with ASGM communities and promote gender inclu-sion,the NGO conducted a gender assessment to identify key
185、issues that women experience and potential mitigating actions.Through community awareness-raising and lobbying with local govern-ment,BAN Toxics operationalized their findings and empowered women in ASGM through targeted initiatives.Government agencies provided women in mining groups with livelihood
186、 starter kits and financial assistance,skills and business training,and seedlings and farming equipment to create alternative livelihood opportunities.These activi-ties legitimized the role women play in the ASGM value chain and also gave them the opportunity to pursue alternative livelihoods based
187、on their skills and talents increasing and diversifying their economic resilience and social protection from economic shocks.Chapter 3 features three case studies that demonstrate the need to account for gendered differences in occupational health and safety efforts at mine sites.These differences i
188、nclude socio-cultural factors such as perceptions around women working in ASM that can confine them to what might be considered safer but lower-paid roles such as breaking rocks and panning as well as ensuring that organizational structures,infra-structure,and safety equipment at mines are suited to
189、 womens physiological and biological needs and caregiving responsibilities.Summarizing the findings of in-depth research with women miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC),the 12th case study titled“The Women Who Age Too Fast”by five academic institutions in DRC and Belgium highlights key ge
190、ndered occupational health and safety(OHS)issues affecting women in ASM.These issues include early aging,fatigue,sleep disturbances,respiratory disease,a loss of libido,and poor eating habits.With far-reaching consequences on the physical and mental health,work,and home lives of women engaged in ASM
191、,the authors argue that a multi-stakeholder and holistic understanding of the lives of women miners is needed to address the acute,specific,and differentiated OHS chal-lenges women miners face.This includes a consid-eration of the womens socioeconomic needs,the socio-cultural environment,and the env
192、ironmental dimension.The intervention in Kamituga took a multi-pronged approach:the women miners were provided with sensitization on the specific OHS risks they face;targeted training was provided to health staff and technical government services;and a comic strip was circulated to educate the broad
193、er community about gender discrimination in mining.The 13th case study by Women in Mining Ghana(WIM Ghana)outlines a collective approach to improving the OHS of women in ASM.The Tinga Project is a collaboration between WIM Ghana,and The Social Investment Consultancy Africa(TSIC),with support from th
194、e World Banks Extractive Global Programmatic Support(EGPS)Emergency Response for Artisanal Mining Communities Impacted by COVID-19.During the project,a range of OHS risks were identified among women miners including limited access to health care facilities,potable drinking water,poor general knowled
195、ge of mining-related health issues,mercury dangers,and no use of personal protective equipment(PPE).Relatedly,mercury intoxication,respiratory diseases,and poor nutrition were all recorded among women miners and their communities.To help address these systemic health issues,govern-ment departments,u
196、niversities,and NGOs worked with the women miners to develop a training curric-ulum that focused on their self-defined needs and gaps in OHS knowledge.The training methods included body mapping exercises and role playing and used local dialects during teaching.This approach allowed the project to ed
197、ucate 13State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Case studies:a summarythe women miners on both OHS and responsible mining techniques,accounting for their differenti-ated impacts and needs.The final and 14th case study of the report by Pact and Rwanda Women In/And Mining Organization
198、(WIAMO)looks at the gendered impacts of poor lighting on the OHS and participation of women in Rwandas ASM sector.Through in-depth research by the Illuminating Small-Scale Mining in Rwanda(ISMR)project,implemented alongside the Rwanda Mines Petroleum and Gas Board(RMB),it was found that women are di
199、sproportionately negatively affected by poor lighting conditions in mining areas,creating a gender wage and safety gap.Poorly lit tunnels that require crouching and use of poor-quality handheld torches limits womens full and equal participation in ASM due to increased vulnerability to sexual and gen
200、der-based violence and perceptions of their personal safety working underground.Additionally,women interviewed during the research expressed fear of commuting to and from the mines in dark-ness,which restricts their options for shifts and job opportunities.The study found that in the over 40 mines s
201、urveyed,only two women were engaged in underground mining.Improving lighting in small-scale mines is an important part of formalizing ASM activities globally,and key to ensuring the full partici-pation of women in ASM.To address these develop-ment challenges,ISMR is now working with private sector p
202、artners to introduce quality affordable head torches,financing models,and solar power for recharging.ISMR aims to ensure more resilient,sustainable,and responsible mining communities and promote the green energy transition,while,crucially,improving OHS and enabling women to fully participate in the
203、ASM sector.REFERENCES UNECA(2016).Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals,Report of the Secretary-General,2016 session.E/2016/75:https:/unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2016/secre-tary-general-sdg-report-2016-en.pdf UNECA(2018).The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018,United Nations:
204、https:/unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2018/TheSustainableDevelopment GoalsReport2018-EN.pdf UNECA(2021).Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals,Report of the Secretary-General,2021 session.E/2021/58:https:/docu-ments-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/109/71/PDF/N2110971.pdf?OpenElement UN
205、ECA(2023)Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.2023 PROGRESS AND INFO.Accessed September 2023:https:/sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5#progress_and_info World Bank,2020.“2020 State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector.!Washington,D.C.:World
206、 Bank.World Bank.(2023a).Women,Business and the Law 2023.World Bank.http:/ Bank.(2023b).World Bank Gender Strategy 2024-2030:Accelerate Gender Equality for a Sustainable,Resilient,and Inclusive Future Consultation Draft(English).Washington,D.C.:World Bank Group.http:/documents.worldbank.org/curated/
207、en/0990483/SECBOS04cf7b650208a5e08b784 c0db6a4 14Credit:Virtu Gem15State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023INTRODUCTION:ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 5GENDER EQUALITYASM AND SDG 5:THE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGESustainable Development Goal 5“
208、Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls”(SDG 5 Gender Equality)is a fundamental human right and precondition for a“peaceful,prosperous and sustainable”world.1 The United Nations explains that providing women with“equal access to education,health care,decent work,and representation in
209、 political and economic decision making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large.”2 This statement is also true in artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM)where womens equal access to full participation and representation in decision making processes will le
210、ad to more sustainable and beneficial mining operations for miners,their communities,and wider society.16Similarly,the five targets of SDG 5 and the devel-opment challenges they aim to address have a strong overlap with the experience of women in ASM(Figure 1).Women in ASM suffer discrimination by l
211、aws and social norms that prevent their rights,roles,and access to resources.There are docu-mented accounts in the literature of higher rates of sexual and gender-based violence(GBV),and child,early,and forced marriages in some ASM commu-nities.While women in ASM also undertake unpaid caregiving res
212、ponsibilities sometimes simultane-ously while miningwith no affordable childcare and a need to earn a living to support their families,the sight of women carrying ore on their heads and babies on their backs is not uncommon.This overlap between SDG 5 and ASM therefore creates a framework for analysi
213、s as well as the opportunity for action to show how improving gender equality for women in ASM also helps attain the SDGsthe globally recognized and shared framework for sustainable development.The creation of a sustain-able ASM sector through an appropriate legislative framework,access to informati
214、on,capital,equip-ment,capacity building,and greater representation FIGURE 1.Mapping SDG 5 Gender Equality targets to artisanal and small-scale miningSDG 5 TargetGender Issues in ASMTarget 5.1:End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhereWomen in ASM experience discrimination
215、 at an institutional level through prejudicial and gender-blind legislation and also at a societal level,where traditional beliefs shape gender norms and restrict womens rights,roles,and access to resources.Target 5.2:Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and priv
216、ate spheres,including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitationWomen working and living in communities around ASM have reported experiencing high rates of interpersonal and sexual violence.3Target 5.3:Eliminate all harmful practices,such as child,early and forced marriage,and female gen
217、ital mutilationChild,early and forced marriage occur in exchange for access to resources in ASM areas,sometimes known as gold marriages or sapphire marriages.4Target 5.4:Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services,infrastructure,and social protection po
218、licies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriateWomen undertake caregiving and domestic activities simultaneously while mining and processing contributing to their invisibility,such as taking turns to look after children by groups of wom
219、en at mine sites,carrying babies on backs while transporting ore,and processing minerals at home between household tasks.Target 5.5:Ensure womens full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political,economic and public life.Legal syste
220、ms,traditional beliefs,and social norms impede women in ASM from fully participating in leadership structures and decision making.Target 5.a:Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources,as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property,financial s
221、ervices,inheritance,and natural resources,in accordance with national lawsMost mining codes,land use,and property rights frameworks are gender blind and customary laws are primarily patriarchal in structure,which limits women from having access to or controlling natural resources and consequently ac
222、cessing formal financial services.Target 5.b:Enhance the use of enabling technology,in particular information and communications technology,to promote the empowerment of womenDue to the“invisibility”of women in ASM,they often do not benefit equally from government support or development intervention
223、s that are not gender mainstreamed or do not have a gender-specific component.Many women also lack the collateral and capacity to access financial services to invest in new technologies and equipment to graduate up the value chain.Target 5.c:Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legisl
224、ation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levelsTo a great extent,frameworks and strategies for the sustainable development of the ASM sector are gender blind and women are left out of policy discussions and decision making,which has resulted in the
225、ir needs not being met.17State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Artisanal and small-scale mining and Sustainable Development Goal 5 Gender Equalityand involvement in decision making processes is central to the sustainable development of the ASM sector and is in direct alignment wit
226、h SDG 5.For these reasons,the 2023 State of the Sector report focuses on the intersection of ASM and SDG 5.The SDG 5 targets and indicators act as a conceptual framework for understanding the gendered impacts of ASM development and the involvement(or lack thereof)of women in the development process.
227、(In)visibility crisis:Women in ASM are not being counted Women make up a significant portion of the global ASM workforce.It is estimated that women account for between 18%(World Bank,2020a,p.91),5 30%(Delve,2023),6 and 50%(IGF,2018)of the 44.67 million people who work in ASM across 80 coun-tries.Thi
228、s large range in estimates can be explained by several factors.First,is the overwhelming lack of sex-disaggregated labor data.As highlighted in the 2020 State of the Sector report:simply put,women in ASM are not being counted(Perks,2020;Perks and Shultz,2020).Second,is that womens labor is highly va
229、riable depending on the mineral,country,and seasonal dynamics.In some contexts,the proportion of women engaged in ASM far exceeds men.In Guinea,approximately 75%of the ASM participants are women,and in Tanzanias ASM sector most gemstones are mined by women(IGF,2018;Craig and Antonocci,2014).While in
230、 Indonesia up until the late 1980s,women and mens participa-tion in gold panning had traditionally been equal,however,increased mechanization disadvantaged women,and men came to dominate ASM of gold(Witni and Paul,2020).Despite the poor data,women are involved in almost every stage of the mining val
231、ue chain.Their contributions are largely overshadowed by the act of extraction such as digging,which is almost exclu-sively undertaken by men.As such,womens work has been relegated to the periphery both liter-ally and metaphoricallyeven though they often perform strenuous and sometimes dangerous man
232、ual tasks such as sorting,crushing,griding,milling,washing,sieving,sluicing,sieving,panning,concentrating gold(which often requires the use of mercury or other toxic chemicals),and trans-porting.Women also provide cleaning services and sell food and other goods on site(Jenkins,2014;IGF,2018).This“vi
233、sibility crisis”as outlined in the 2020 State of the Sector report,is felt the most by women in ASM because of how and by whom“miners”are defined in data collection(Hinton,2011;Perks,2020).Though broader definitions of ASM do include“mineral extraction and processing”(Hilson and McQuilken,2014),ther
234、e is not universal alignment in household surveys on whether activ-ities such as pounding rock,washing material,or carrying sacks of ore constitute“mining”.Nor is there universal alignment in what percentage of time engaged in such extraction processing activ-ities is needed to determine whether a p
235、erson is considered or consider themselves as a“miner”in a survey answer.In Akwatia town,the location of Ghanas artisanal diamond mining industry,women receive what is left only after the men have extracted the best stones.They wait all day on the periphery of mine sites“renting”sieves to men in ret
236、urn for already-panned“black sands,”which they receive at the end of the day and take home to sieve again between household work to extract the smallest diamonds(McQuilken and Hilson,2018).In Myanmar,where women are excluded from mine sites due to cultural perceptions including their safety,men excl
237、usively dig the gold concentrates that are then transported to domestic areas for women to do the panning,mercury amalgamation,and burning,producing sponge gold for sale.But by relegating women to the periphery of ASM sites for their supposed safety,womenand their children if pregnant and/or breastf
238、eedingare unknowingly placed in the greatest danger of mercury poisoning with its associated disastrous long-term health impacts(McFarlane and Villalobos,2019).These periphery tasks,as well as being invisible,are typically the lowest paid in the ASM value chain,with women earning on average 75%less
239、than men(Lahiri-Dutt,2018;Eshun,2016).As a result,women have histor-ically not only been overlooked for their work but have also not earned the same as men from their labor.18So,what is the impact of this invisibility?Despite constituting a significant portion of the ASM labor force and meaningfully
240、 contributing to the produc-tivity of the sector,there is a serious lack of recog-nition of the value of women in ASM.Operating under the cloak of invisibility,women have been left out of policy discussions,national legislation,development interventions,and research agendas(Hinton,2011).Being overlo
241、oked on such a large scale has resulted in an acute gender data gaplarge swaths of the data on womens participation in ASM are two decades old and there are huge variations in the data that exists(Perks and Schulz,2020;World Bank,2020a).The 2023 State of the Sector report fills some of these gaps an
242、d contrib-utes to a greater understanding of the intersection of ASM and gender through the lens of SDG 5 Gender Equality.To better understand this intersection of ASM and SDG 5 and frame the proceeding report chapters and case studies,it is necessary to briefly review how negative perspectives of A
243、SM have evolved over time,and in turn,given their peripheral posi-tion within an already-marginalized sector,nega-tively impacted women in ASM.Evolution of ASM and gender literature THE FOCUS ON NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND DATA GAPS IN ASM ARE REPLICATED AND EXACERBATED FOR WOMEN ASM was initially consider
244、ed a“dirty,destructive and illegal”activity and the scant early scholarship on the sector echoed these sentiments(Noetstaller,1995).Since ASM first attracted academic scholar-ship in the 1980s,over the past four decades the sector has remained marginalized on the periphery of international developme
245、nt agendas(Hilson and McQuilken,2014),due in large part to the lack of complete,accurate and reliable data(World Bank,2019).Instead,the negative environmental impacts(Meech,Viega and Tromans,1998;Viega and Hinton,2002;Chenje,2002;Guenther,2019);poor working conditions(World Bank,2020;ILO,1999);child
246、 labor(Hilson,2012;Pact,2016;Human Rights Watch,2015);and the adverse health and safety effects(Bose-OReilly et al.,2008;WHO,2016;van Straten,2000),have captured the greatest media and academic attention being well documented and constituting a large portion of the ASM knowl-edge base.As a result,th
247、e narrative surrounding ASM has tended to focus on its negative impacts rather than its positive development potential(De Haan et al.,2020).This focus holds true when examining the literature on gender and ASM,where the negative impacts of ASM on women has been a primary focal point for academics,pr
248、actitioners,and activists.Perks and Schulz(2020)point to four key reasons for the gender gap in ASM,namely discriminatory legislation;exclusionary social norms and discrim-inatory gender practices;inadequate education and training;and persistent GBV including sexual harassment.ASM scholarship affirm
249、s that,in many countries,gender inequality is systemic and is upheld by national laws that exclude women from land ownership and property rights;similarly,customary laws tend to reinforce male land owner-ship over womens land rights(Meinzen-Dick et al.,1997;Lahiri-Dutt,2008;Widman,2014).LEGAL FRAMEW
250、ORKS IGNORE WOMENAs legal frameworks and policies for the mining sector have tended to miss and not make space for ASM(Hilson and McQuilken,2014),so too have women been ignored from ASM legal frame-worksmarginalized within an already marginalized sector.The novel analysis of 21 legal frameworks in S
251、ection 2 of this report finds 14 mining laws and 17 laws concerning property rights to be gender blind or gender neutral(Table 2).This review and prior desk research conducted by Lahiri-Dutt(2022)shows that some countries such as Bolivia,Ghana,Indonesia,and Papua New Guinea even have laws prohibitin
252、g women from working in particular roles in mining(specifically underground mining)stem-ming from international labor standards,namely the ILO Underground Work(Women)Convention,1935(No.45),which was classified as outdated in 2018 but remains in effect in 68 countries around the world(ILO,2021).These
253、 legal restrictions confining women to the periphery of ASM also inform,and are informed 19State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Artisanal and small-scale mining and Sustainable Development Goal 5 Gender Equalityby,social norms restricting womens roles,employ-ability and access;wo
254、men are generally consigned to peripheral lower-earning roles on the mine site,which replicate gendered beliefs held by the wider society(Danielson and Hinton,2020;Buss et al.,2019;Werthmann,2019;Lawson and Lahiri-Dutt,2020).On the more extreme end,traditional beliefs have been used to totally exclu
255、de women from mining.In Colombia,the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC),Mexico,South Africa,and Zimbabwe,for example,it is believed that letting women onto a mine site could bring bad luck(Cholteeva,2021).Low literacy rates,limited access to financial services,insufficient skills,inappropriate techno
256、l-ogies,and inadequate access to geological infor-mation have also sidelined women in ASM and constrained them from fully participating in the sector(IGF,2018;Eftimie et al.,2009).The preva-lence of gender-based violence,sexual exploita-tion,and harassment in and around ASM mine sites is well docume
257、nted in the literature,including that women living around ASM sites are more likely to experience sexual violence(Kelly,King-Close and Perks,2014;Atim et al.,2020;Perks,et al.,2015,Rustad,stby and Nords,2016;Fourati,Girard and Laurent-Lucchetti,2021).GENDER INCLUSION BECOMING AN INTERNATIONAL DEVELO
258、PMENT FOCUS In the mid-1990s,the discourse around ASM began to shift with policy makers highlighting the sectors potential to meaningfully contribute to development by driving economic growth and reducing poverty and unemployment.ASM was packaged as a“policy response to rural poverty alleviation”and
259、 garnered some attention in development circles(Perks,2013).This culminated in the 1995 International Roundtable on Informal Mining held at the World Bank where experts and delegates discussed the state of ASM and pathways to improve the sector.They concluded that an integrated development approach
260、would improve the environmental degra-dation,poor health and safety,and ineffective use of mineral resources,thereby enabling ASM to make a contribution to the national economy(Barry,1996).In the years following the Roundtable,ASM was gradually included in the pro-poor agendas and interventions of d
261、onors,development orga-nizations,multilateral organizations,and national governments(Hilson and McQuilken,2014).In parallel,gender inclusion also gained traction among international and state-level policy makers.Gender considerations and womens participation mandates were incorporated into internati
262、onal policy documents,due diligence frameworks,and national legislation(Buss and Rutherford,2020).The 2009 African Mining Vision(AMV),7 for instance,explicitly mentions“progress toward gender equity and the empowerment of women”as one of its short-term goals;in reference to ASM formalization,it also
263、 highlights gender equality as a focus area.Similarly,the African Minerals Development Centre(AMDC),tasked with implementing the AMV in individual countries,incorporates gender into their national planning frameworks.Although,the Kimberly Process core documents do not include gender,the 2012 Washing
264、ton Declaration Diagnostic Framework,which helps countries assess the arti-sanal diamond mining sector against the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme,8 seeks to promote gender equality and has included gender indicators across its policy subgoals(Washington Declaration,2016).Donor agencies and NG
265、Os operating in the natural resources sector developed their own frameworks for gender-inclusive programming in ASM.In 2012,the World Bank launched the first gender and ASM frameworkThe Gender Dimensions of Artisanal and Small-scale MiningA Rapid Assessment Toolkit,which is a detailed ASM-specific a
266、ssessment framework that identifies the situational gender dimensions and enables the researcher or program officer to make appropriate gender mainstreaming decisions(Eftimie et al.,2012).IMPACTs9 Gender Impact Assessment toolkit was also developed to integrate gender and human rights into mineral s
267、ector initiatives including those that support the sectors sustainable development(Ct,2020).As part of the Minamata Conventions National Action Plans for artisanal and small-scale gold mining(ASGM),UNEP provided guidance for developing gender-responsive national planning and policy strategy document
268、s(UNEP,2021).ASM scholarship also reflected this shift and authors turned their focus to ASM as a catalyst for economic development and poverty allevia-20tion and the opportunities and challenges women experience in ASM(Hinton et al.,2003,Stewart,Kibombo and Rankin,2020;Amutabi and Lutta Mukhebi,200
269、1;Heemskerk,2003;Lahiri-Dutt,2006;Labonne,1996;Ibrahim,Rutherford and Buss,2020;Bashwira et al.,2013).ASM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS MUST BE GENDER INCLUSIVELately,the regulation of ASM through formalizationintegrating ASM into the formal economy through legalization,taxation,financing,and technical imp
270、rovementhas become the dominant narra-tive in ASM development(Buss et al.,2019).The renewed interest from policy makers in ASM devel-opment in recent years has been further buoyed by the need to secure production and supply of critical minerals for the green energy transition through ASM,such as cob
271、alt,tin,tungsten,and tantalum,with the World Bank(2020b)suggesting a 500%increase in the production of key minerals by 2050 may be needed to meet rising global demand.Although efforts to support the sectors develop-ment have been ongoing since the 1980s,with varying levels of success,this time,multi
272、lateral organizations and donor agencies have made their support for the sustainable development of the sector actionable through funding envelopes,10 technical assistance11 programs,and livelihood interventions,12 thereby bolstering national efforts(Hilson,2017;Hilson and McQuilken,2014).For most g
273、overnments and donor agencies,the creation of legislation to define and regulate ASM has been the central focus of ASM development strategies(Echavarria,2014;Mensah,2021;IGF,2018).Many scholars and practitioners argue that policy makers have been overly focused on legalization and that legislation a
274、lone cannot tackle the illegality and informality of the ASM sector(IMPACT,2018;Barretto,2011b).They argue for an expanded frame-work for sector development beyond the traditional understanding of formalization that is inclusive of programming that increases access to finance,credit,markets,equipmen
275、t,capacity building,and training on mining techniques(Barretto,2011;Marshall and Viega,2017;Eniowo et al.,2022).Some critics argue that traditional approaches to formal-ization operationalizes a top-down restructuring of the sector,which based on current social and envi-ronmental norms can create th
276、e conditions for state or elite capture,accelerate environmental destruc-tion,constrain poor or small actors,and further exclude marginalized groups,women in particular(Geenen,2012;Putzel et al.,2015;Maconachie and Hilson,2011;Alvarez-Berros,LRoe and Naughton-Treves,2021).Gender has not garnered muc
277、h attention in the emerging body of literature on the empirical impacts of formalization on ASM communities.Women,and their experiences and perspectives,are largely absent from the conversation,and when women are mentioned it is often briefly or in rela-tion to something else(Jenkins,2014).Bashwira
278、et al.,2014;Hilson et al.,2018;and Buss et al.,2019,form part of the limited scholarship that explicitly considers women.Even so,Hilson et al.,(2018)contends that“overall,this paper has reinforced how little is known about informal ASM spaces and,in particular,the women who populate them.”This trend
279、 is even more concerning when consid-ering the broad and universal acceptance of formal-ization as the policy framework for the ASM sector.For these reasons,the 2023 State of the Sector report has chosen to fill the critical literature gap and expand beyond the narrow framing of formal-ization to fo
280、cus on the intersection of gender and the sustainable development of the ASM sector.MethodologyThe 2023 State of the Sector report decreases the global data gap in ASM by contributing to the knowl-edge base on SDG 5 Gender Equality and sustain-able development of the ASM sector.Following a review of
281、 the available literature on gender and ASM,the report undertakes a gender assessment of legal frameworks(relevant ASM laws,regulations,policies,and initiatives)of 21 countries to determine whether they are gender blind or gender neutral and inhibit or promote womens participation in mining(Bolivia,
282、Brazil,Colombia,Ecuador,Guyana,Peru,Suriname,Ghana,Guinea,Kenya,Malawi,Sierra Leone,South Africa,Tanzania,Zambia,Zimbabwe,Indonesia,Lao PDR,Mongolia,Papua New Guinea,21State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Artisanal and small-scale mining and Sustainable Development Goal 5 Gender
283、Equalityand the Philippines).These countries were chosen as they are geographically diverse,have signif-icant ASM activity(20,000 artisanal and small-scale miners)across multiple commodities,are at different stages of and taken different approaches to ASM development,and have varying levels of gende
284、r mainstreaming.For the first time in its history,the 2023 State of the Sector report collects primary data with support from Delve data collection partners to systematically detail gender inequalities in ASM.This was accom-plished by building on the gendered review of the literature and legal frame
285、works with the origins of the ASM data gap mapped in the 2019 report and the power of ASM to help achieve SDG 8 Decent Work outlined in the 2020 report.Developed by the Delve team,the 2023 Delve State of Sector Survey was launched in November 2022 comprising three questionnaires targeting three stak
286、eholder groups:government officials(Government Questionnaire),leaders of Women in Mining(WIM)groups(WIM Questionnaire)and artisanal and small-scale miners(Mine Site Questionnaire(Table 1).Each questionnaire was developed based on SDG 5 targets,gendered impacts,and data gaps mapped by the Delve team(
287、Figure 1)as well as the specific roles of the stakeholder groups.The primary data collection was supported by Delve contributors,namely local experts and organizations within the Delve networks that are well connected and/or engaged directly with ASM in the country.These networks are an invaluable r
288、esource and demon-strate the power of Delve to bring stakeholders together to share data,improve understanding,and advance evidence-based policy making.Local partnersparticularly women-led mining networks and associationsplay a crucial role collecting data and closing the gender gap.Table 1 summariz
289、es the geographical coverage and gender disaggregation of the questionnaires and whether a legal analysis was also undertaken(Table 2).Countries were chosen to ensure all three geographical regions were represented and based on the practical ability to access stakeholders through the Delve network a
290、nd the resources avail-able for primary data collection and analyses.The Government Questionnaire focused on data gaps relating to how or if gender is mainstreamed in national formalization processes.13 Officials from 12 countries(Bolivia,Ecuador,Peru,Kenya,Malawi,Tanzania,Zambia,Zimbabwe,Mongolia,I
291、ndonesia,Papua New Guinea,and the Philippines)responded.They provided information on planned and existing formalization efforts in their countries,if and how gender is mainstreamed,the status of SDG 5 inte-gration,and the barriers to mainstreaming gender in ASM.The leaders from 11 WIM groups in Ecua
292、dor,Ghana,Indonesia,Mozambique,Peru,Sierra Leone,Tanzania,Zambia,and Zimbabwe responded to the WIM Questionnaire.The WIM leaders provided information on their organizational capacity to advocate for women in ASM,the gendered impacts of formalization and the barriers to entry for women in ASM.Hearing
293、 directly from women in ASM helped fill data gaps relating to the gendered impacts of formalization and the role of WIM groups in improving gender equality in the ASM sector.The Mine Site Questionnaire was conducted in Bolivia,Guyana,Mongolia,Sierra Leone,and Zimbabwe,and included questions regardin
294、g the direct impacts of formalization on women,wages,gender norms,and societal views on women in ASM and how women and men participate in the ASM value chain.These answers provided insight into the experience of miners relating to formaliza-tion and gender.A total of 1,907 participants(840 women and
295、 1,067 men)from across the ASM value chain and working in 16 commodities(chrome,colored gemstones,copper,diamonds,fluorspar,gold,lead,limestone,mineral,lithium,sand,silver,stone aggregate,tantalum(coltan),tin(cassiterite),tungsten(wolframite)and zinc)participated in the Mine Site Questionnaire.The s
296、urvey data from all three questionnaires and subsequent creation of large multi-country data sets explored throughout the report contributes to plugging the ASM data gap and developing a more complete picture of the ASM sustainable develop-ment-gender nexus.22TABLE 1.Geographical coverage and gender
297、 disaggregation of the 2023 State of the Sector Report Survey and legal analysis CountryLegal analysisGovernment QuestionnaireWomen in Mining QuestionnaireMine Site QuestionnaireParticipationNo.participants Total(women:men)ParticipationNo.participants Total(women:men)ParticipationNo.participants Tot
298、al(women:men)LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANBolivia1(1:0)X-500(270:230)BrazilX-X-X-ColombiaX-X-X-Ecuador 5*(3:2)1(1:0)X-Guyana X-X-142(143:285)Peru1(1:0)1(1:0)X-SurinameX-X-X-AFRICAGhanaX-1(1:0)X-GuineaX-X-X-Kenya1(0:1)X-X-Malawi1(0:1)X-X-MozambiqueXX-1(1:0)X-Sierra LeoneX-1(1:0)507(181:326)South Af
299、rica X-X-X-Tanzania1(0:1)1(1:0)X-Zambia1(1:0)1(1:0)X-Zimbabwe1(0:1)2(2:0)251(135:116)EAST ASIA AND PACIFICIndonesia1(0:1)1(1:0)X-Laos PDRX-XX-Mongolia 2*(0:2)1(1:0)363(113:250)Papua New Guinea1(0:1)X-X-Philippines 1(0:1)X-X-Totals211217(6:11)1111(11:0)51,907(840:1,067)*Indicates a team of officials
300、collaborated in the survey questionnaire.23State of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector 2023Artisanal and small-scale mining and Sustainable Development Goal 5 Gender EqualityEND NOTES 1 Our World in Data team.2023.“Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”.Retrieved from:http
301、s:/ourworldin-data.org/sdgs/gender-equality 2 Our World in Data team.2023.“Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”.Retrieved from:https:/ourworldin-data.org/sdgs/gender-equality 3 Buss,D.,Rutherford,B.,Stewart,J.,Eva Cote,G.,Sebina-Zziwa,A.,Kibombo,R.,Hinton,J.Lebert,J.2019.“Gender
302、and artisanal and small-scale mining:implications for formalization.”Extractive Industries and Society 6,1101-1112.4 Intergovernmental Forum on Mining,Minerals,Metals and Sustainable Development(IGF).(2018).Women in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining:Challenges and opportunities for greater participat
303、ion.Winnipeg:IISD.5 This estimate from the 2020 report is based on a review of 25 countries for which there is a data point in Delve on the number of women in ASM.6 This estimate from the online Delve platform is based on the often-quoted estimate found in ASM literature and general agreement that w
304、omen comprise at least 30%of the ASM workforce.Noting that the 18%figure is likely an underestimate due to data not being collected on women in ASM for the reasons outlined in the 2023 and 2020 reports.7 The African minerals governance framework.8 A due diligence framework aimed at combatting confli
305、ct free diamonds.9 The Canadian natural resources-fo-cused NGO.10 See:The EGPS ASM Sahel Associated Trust Fund(EGPS ASM Sahel)launched by the World Bank and government of Belgium;The ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme.11 See:Solidaridads partnership with Minera Yanaquihua in Peru(https:/ Bank-fun
306、ded Mining And Gas Technical Assistance Project(MAGTAP)in Mozambique(https:/www.responsiblemines.org/en/2022/10/towards-asm-formal-isation-mozambique/);and Pacts market-based women-focused arti-sanal gemstone sourcing program Moyo Gems in East Africa(https:/ See:EU and GIZ Regional resource governan
307、ce in West Africa;USAID-Property Rights and Artisanal Diamond Development(PRADD)II;Solidaridad Golden Line Program.13 The questionnaires used the following definition for formalization.“Formalization is the process of moving ASM miners into the formal economy in which they have the legal titles and
308、permits to mine,improved mining techniques,and more responsible practices.In this survey,formalization interventions are defined as ASM related government activities such as changes to policy,legislation,regulation and other national level activities intended to professionalize and legalize the coun
309、trys ASM sector.”REFERENCES African Union.(2009).Africa Mining Vision.Addis Ababa:Africa Union.Retrieved from:http:/www.africamin-ingvision.org/amv_resources/AMV/Africa_Mining_Vision_English.pdf.Alvarez-Berros,N.,LRoe,J.,&Naughton-Treves,L.(2021).Does formalizing artisanal gold mining mitigate envir
310、onmental impacts?Deforestation evidence from the Peruvian Amazon.Environmental Research Letters,16(6),064052.Amutabi,M.,&Lutta-Mukhebi,M.(2001).Gender and mining in Kenya:The case of Mukibira mines in Vihiga District.Jenda:a journal of Culture and African women studies,1(2).Atim,L.et al.(2020).Sexua
311、l and Gender-Based Violence in the Mining Sector in Africa:Evidence and reflections from the DRC,South Africa,Tanzania&Uganda.rep.Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH/Programme Extractives and Development.Retrieved from:https:/internationalwim.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/0
312、3/SGBV-in-the-Mining-Sector-in-Africa.pdf.Barreto,L.(2011).Analysis for stakeholders on formalization in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector based on experiences in Latin America,Africa,and Asia.Alliance for Responsible Mining.Barretto,M.L.(2011b).Legalization guide for Artisanal and sm
313、all scale mining(ASM).Retrieved from:http:/www.responsiblemines.org/images/sample-data/publicaciones/Guia%20de%20legalizacion/Legalisationguide.pdf.Barry,M.(1996).Regularizing informal mining a summary of the proceedings of the International Roundtable on Artisanal Mining.Bashwira,M.R.,Cuvelier,J.,H
314、ilhorst,D.,&Van der Haar,G.(2014).Not only a mans world:womens involvement in artisanal mining in eastern DRC.Resources Policy,40,109-116.Bose-OReilly,S.,Lettmeier,B.,Gothe,R.M.,Beinhoff,C.,Siebert,U.,&Drasch,G.(2008).Mercury as a serious health hazard for children in gold mining areas.Environmental
315、 research,107(1),89-97.Buss,D.,&Rutherford,B.(2020).Gendering womens livelihoods in artisanal and small-scale mining:an introduction.Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue canadienne des tudes africaines,54(1),1-16.Buss,D.,Rutherford,B.,Stewart,J.,Eva Cote,G.,Sebina-Zziwa,A.,Kibombo,R.,Hinton,J.L
316、ebert,J.2019.“Gender and artisanal and small-scale mining:impli-cations for formalization.”Extractive Industries and Society 6,1101-1112.Craig D.,&Antonucci A.(2014).The Empowerment of Tanzanian Women Through Jewellery Manufacture.the Geological Survey of Sweden(SGU).Retrieved from:https:/ 28d943f1c
317、2c/01/The+Empowerment+of+Tanzanian+Women+Through+Jewellery+Manufacture.pdf.Chenje,M.(2000).State of the envi-ronment in the Zambezi Basin 2000.Zimbabwe:Southern African Research&Documentation Centre.Cholteeva,Y.(2021)Mans world:Are women in artisanal mining still a bad omen?Retrieved from
318、:https:/www.mining- Impact Assessments for Projects and Policies Related to Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining-International Women in Mining(IWiM).online International Women in Mining(IWiM).Retrieved from:https:/internationalwim.org/iwim-reports/toolkit-gender-impact-assessments-for-projects-and-polic
319、ies-related-to-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining.Danielsen,K.,&Hinton,J.(2020).A social relations of gender analysis of artisanal and small-scale mining in Africas Great Lakes Region.Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue canadienne des tudes africaines,54(1),17-36.De Haan,J.,Dales,K.,McQuilken,J.
320、,(2020).Mapping Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining to the Sustainable Development Goals.A policy assess-ment on ASMs contribution to the SDGs.Washington D.C.,Pact and University of Delaware.Delve.(2023).Delve database,home-page.Washington,DC:World Bank:https:/delvedatabase.org/Echavarria,C.(2014).What
321、 is legal?Formalising artisanal and small-scale mining in Colombia.IIED,London and ARM,Colombia,79.Eftimie,A.,Heller,K.,Strongman,J.,Hinton,J.,Lahiri-Dutt,K.,&Mutemeri,N.(2012).Gender dimensions of arti-sanal and small-scale mining:A rapid assessment toolkit.World Bank.Eftimie,A.,Heller,K.,&Strongma
322、n,J.(2009).Gender dimensions of the extractive industries:Mining for equity(Extractive Industries and Development Series#8).Washington,DC:World Bank.Retrieved from https:/openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/18236.Eniowo,O.D.,Meyer,L.D.,Kilambo,S.R.,&Gerber,L.J.(2022).Implications of credit cons
323、traint on the formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM)in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,122(3),97-106.Eshun,M.M.(2016).Not Just Counting Their Numbers,But Making Women Artisanal Miners Count.Retrieved from:https:/africaupclose.wils
324、oncenter.org/not-just-counting-their-numbers-but-making-women-artisanal-miners-count.Fourati,M.,Girard,V.and Laurent-Lucchetti,J.(2021)Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War.working paper.LISBON:NOVA AFRICA,pp.157.Geenen,S.(2012).A dangerous bet:The challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Demo
325、cratic Republic of Congo.Resources Policy,37(3),322-330.Guenther,M.(2019).Local Effects of Artisanal Mining:Empirical Evidence from Ghana.Retrieved from:https:/delvedatabase.org/uploads/resources/Local-Effects-of-Artisanal-Mining-Empirical-Evidence-from-Ghana.pdf.Heemskerk,M.(2003).Self-employment a
326、nd poverty alleviation:Womens work in artisanal gold mines.Human Organization,62(1),62-73.Hilson,G.(2012).Family hardship and cultural values:Child labor in Malian small-scale gold mining communities.World Development,40(8),1663-1674.Hilson,G.(2017)Formalising artis-anal and small-scale mining-good
327、governance Africa.Retrieved from:https:/gga.org/formalising-artis-anal-and-small-scale-mining.Hilson,G.&McQuilken,J.(2014)Four decades of support for artisanal and small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa:A critical review.The Extractive Industries and Society.Online 1(1),104118.online.Retrieved fro
328、m:https:/openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Four-decades-of-support-for-artisanal/995#file-0.Hinton,J.J.(2011).Gender differenti-ated impacts and benefits of artisanal mining:engendering pathways out of poverty.A case study of Katwe-Kabatooro Town Council,Uganda.(Doc
329、toral dissertation,University of British Columbia).Hinton,J.,Veiga,M.M.,&Beinhoff,C.(2003).Women and artisanal mining:Gender roles and the road ahead.The socio-economic impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries,149-188.Human Rights Watch.(2015).Precious Metal,Cheap Labor.Ch
330、ild Labor and Corporate Responsibility in Ghanas Artisanal Gold Mines.Retrieved from:https:/www.hrw.org/report/2015/06/10/precious-metal-cheap-labor/child-labor-and-corpo-rate-responsibility-ghanas.Ibrahim,A.F.,Rutherford,B.,&Buss,D.(2020).Gendered“choices”in Sierra Leone:women in artisanal mining i
331、n Tonkolili District.Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue canadienne des tudes africaines,54(1),157-176.Intergovernmental Forum on Mining,Minerals,Metals and Sustainable Development(IGF).(2018).Women in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining:Challenges and opportunities for greater participation.Winn
332、ipeg:IISD.ILO(International Labour Organization).1999.Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines.Geneva:ILO.24ILO(2021).Women in mining:Towards gender equality.rep.Retrieved from:https:/www.ilo.org/sector/Resources/publications/WCMS_821061/lang-e
333、n/index.htmIMPACT(2018).Best Practices:Formalization and Due Diligence in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining,IMPACT.Retrieved from:https:/impacttransform.org/en/best-practic-es-formalization-artisanal-mining.Jenkins,K.(2014).Women,mining and development:An emerging research agenda.The Extractive Industries and Society,1(2),329-339.Kelly,J.T.,King-Close,A.,&Perks,R.(2014).Resources and resourcefulnes