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1、 Technical Paper Benefits of Climate TransparencyOctober 20232Disclaimer This technical paper explores potential benefits that countries can gain from implementing climate transparency arrangements and products from it,including operationalizing information systems to track and report progress in ad

2、aptation and mitigation action,as well as progress in means of implementation.It does not aim to provide any standardized guidelines to the current and future reporting requirements under the UNFCCC.This technical paper is an update of the 2018 discussion paper“National benefits of climate reporting

3、”published by the Partnership on Transparency in the Paris Agreement(PATPA).The original authors were Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz,Jessica Wade-Murphy,Emelie hlander,Morten Pedersen and Luis de la Torre,and the original editors were Matthias Daun,Rocio Lichte,Hanna Reuter,Verena Schauss,Catarina Tarpo,Klaus

4、 Wenzel and Oscar Zarzo Fuertes.The technical paper was developed by PATPA and the UNFCCC secretariat,with the support of the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency(ICAT),the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES),the International Institute for En-vironment and Development(IIED),th

5、e United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO).The update to the 2018 discussion paper was possible through the inputs and contributions of the following authors,collaborators and editors.AuthorsFernanda Alcob,Richemond Assi,Jasmin Bl

6、essing,Moussa Diop,Lorenzo Eguren,Carlos Essus,Oscar Zarzo Fuertes,Helena Heuckmann,Carine Ingabire,Temuulen Murun,Mijako Nierenkoether,Illari Zulema Aragon Noriega,James Lwa-sa Fredrick Ouma,Eleni Patra,Mirella Salvatore,Julie Teng,Felipe Gmez Villota,Karen Van Der Westhuizen,Henning Wuester,James

7、Vener.ContributorsVivek Adhia,Varun Agarwal,Maria Eugenia Bedoya,Katerina Cerna,Gemma Norrington-Davies,Papa Lamine Diouf,Nino Gogebashvili,Ashwini Hingne,Tugba Icmeli,Jigme,Timothe Kagonbe,Kakha Lomashvili,Noura Mohamed Lotfy,Samuel Mabena,Sandra Motshwanedi,Gloria Namande,Lukas Peiler,Kim Schmidt,

8、Georg Schmid,Sven Schuppener,Atik Sheikh,Alexandra Soezer,Wala Toumi,Tobias Vosen,Tania Zamora.EditorsHelen Plume,Jigme.Design/Layout undstoffers DesignbroPhoto credits/sourcesTarikVision|iStockBerlin,October 2023ImprintTable of contents List of Figures 4List of Boxes 5List of abbreviations and acro

9、nyms 61.Introduction 72.Setting the scene 83.Benefits of climate transparency 113.1.Providing coherent data for informed decision-making 113.2.Promoting coherence among national reporting initiatives,including the Sustainable Development Goals 143.3.Increasing political buy-in for climate action 193

10、.4.Enhancing and sustaining technical capacity for long-term reporting and policy development 223.5.Building knowledge for enhanced ambition 253.6.Improving tracking of and access to support 273.7.Enabling access to carbon markets 293.8.Supporting accession to political and economic communities and

11、organizations 323.9.Strengthening gender mainstreaming 343.10.Raising awareness among stakeholders 355.Conclusion 39List of BoxesBox 1:Tunisia:Tracking emissions in the energy sector 12Box 2:Germany:Developing an action plan for 2050 using information from the measurement,reporting and verification

12、system 12Box 3:Japan:Tracking and monitoring the progress of implementation of climate policies and actions to improve their effectiveness 13Box 4:South Africa:Establishing robust institutional arrangements for data collection and national reporting 16Box 5:Egypt:Connecting a sustainable development

13、 strategy to a climate measurement,reporting and verification system 18Box 6:Senegal:Developing a measurement,reporting and verification system that can support the tracking of progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 19Box 7:Dominican Republic:Enhancing political buy-in for climate a

14、ction through capacity development in climate change reporting 20Box 8:Sri Lanka:Strengthening climate transparency in the transport sector 21Box 9:Cameroon:Establishing a national measurement,reporting and verification system as part of implementing the nationally determined contribution 23Box 10:T

15、unisia:Developing a national transparency system for adaptation and mitigation activities 24Box 11:Egypt:Improving data collection reveals opportunities for enhancing ambition 25Box 12:Uganda:Enhancing ambition and improving national policies 26Box 13:Kenya:Developing a climate finance tracking syst

16、em 28Box 14:Vanuatu:Developing an integrated monitoring,reporting and verification tool for climate action tracking 304TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYList of FiguresFigure 1:National benefits arising from transparency arrangements under the Convention and the Paris Agreement 7Figure

17、 2:Enhanced transparency framework under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement 9Figure 3:Mapping of Sustainable Development Goal indicators to measurement,reporting and verification elements 15Box 15:Peru:Developing a transparency system that enables participation in carbon markets 30Box 16:Japan and Sw

18、itzerland:Implementing pilot agreements for carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 31Box 17:Georgia:Linking a national measurement,reporting and verification system to European Union accession 32Box 18:Colombia:Complying with statistical information requirements for Organisation for E

19、conomic Co-operation and Development membership through collaboration on measurement,reporting and verification 33Box 19:Antigua and Barbuda,Cabo Verde and the Federated States of Micronesia:Developing gender-responsive nationally determined contributions and transparency systems 34Box 20:India:Enga

20、ging with the private sector to understand the potential impacts of corporate climate action 35Box 21:Peru:Encouraging private sector engagement through the Carbon Footprint Tool 36Box 22:Zimbabwe:Engaging with non-governmental actors to foster academia and youth skills 37Box 23:Colombia:Quantifying

21、 the contributions of subnational and non-State actors to greenhouse gas emission reductions 385TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY6TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYList of abbreviations and acronymsBR biennial reportBTR biennial transparency reportBUR biennial update rep

22、ortCO2 carbon dioxideETF enhanced transparency framework(under the Paris Agreement)EU European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsGHG greenhouse gasICAT Initiative for Climate Action TransparencyiMRV integrated monitoring,reporting and verificationIPCC Intergovernmental

23、Panel on Climate ChangeITMO internationally transferred mitigation outcomeJCM joint crediting mechanismMEL monitoring,evaluation and learningMPGs modalities,procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement MRV measuremen

24、t,reporting and verificationNAP national adaptation planNC national communicationNCCRD National Climate Change Response Database of South AfricaNDC nationally determined contributionOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPATPA Partnership on Transparency in the Paris AgreementSDG

25、 Sustainable Development GoalUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNDP United Nations Development Programme7TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY1.IntroductionThis paper aims to highlight the benefits that robust and self-sustained transparency systems can bring to

26、govern-ments,beyond fulfilling current and future reporting requirements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(the Convention)and the Paris Agreement.It also aims to reach climate change policymakers and practitioners from developing country Parties and enhance the readers

27、understanding of these benefits,which include(see also figure 1):Better information for policy development and deci-sion-making;Improved access to carbon markets and climate finance;Increased awareness of and political buy-in for climate action;Strengthened technical capacities for developing and im

28、plementing policies,plans and strategies for low-emission and climate-resilient development,as well as for long-term reporting.In addition,the paper provides examples from developed and developing country Parties to explain and showcase how increased efforts to allocate human and financial resources

29、 for climate transparency can improve political commitment and enhance climate ambition.Figure 1:National benefits arising from transparency arrangements under the Convention and the Paris AgreementPreparing inventories of GHG emissions and removalsTracking progress of implementing and achieving the

30、 NDC,formulating,implementing and reporting on mitigation policies and measuresAssessing the impacts of climate change,and formulating,implementing and reporting on adaptation actionsIdentifying,tracking and reporting on support needed and receivedTransparency arrangementsBenefitsInformed developmen

31、t of national policies,plans and strategiesEnhanced capacity for low-emission and climate-resilient planning and implementationIncreased awareness and political buy-inImproved access to climate support8TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY2.Setting the sceneThe Paris Agreement,under its A

32、rticle 2,aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels,increase the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change,and make finance flows c

33、onsistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and climate-resilient development.1Parties to the Paris Agreement committed to prepare,communicate and maintain nationally determined contri-butions(NDCs)and to strive to communicate long-term low-emission development strategies under

34、 Article 4;to engage in adaptation planning processes under Article 7,which provides several options for submitting and updating adaptation communications;and to regularly report on their progress under the enhanced transparency framework(ETF)established under Article 13(see figure 2).The 2022 NDC S

35、ynthesis Report2 states that assuming full implementation of the NDCs,including all conditional elements,the best estimate of peak global mean tempera-ture in the twenty-first century(projected mostly for 2100 when temperature continues to rise)is in the range of 2.12.4 C.The Summary for Policymaker

36、s of the Synthe-sis Report of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)identifies that“there are gaps between projected emissions from imple-mented policies and those from NDCs and finance flows fall short of the levels needed to meet climate goals across al

37、l sectors and regions”.3 The Summary for Policymakers also states that“rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary tosecure a liveable and sustainable future for all”,highlighting that“feasible,effective,and low-cost options for mitigation and adapta-tion are alre

38、ady available”.41 The Paris Agreement is available at https:/unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.2 FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/4,para.151.Available at https:/unfccc.int/ndc-synthesis-report-2022.3 Item A.4,p.10,of IPCC.2023.Summary for Policymakers.In:Climate Change 2023:Synthesis Report.Contri

39、bution of Working Groups I,II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Core Writing Team,H Lee,and J Romero(eds.).Geneva:IPCC.Available at https:/www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/.4 Item C.3,p.28,of the Summary for Policymakers referred to in footnote 3 above

40、.In this scientific and multilateral agreement context,national transparency systems,and the ETF,help advance understanding in terms of the progress,opportunities and improvements necessary to safeguard the climate,as well as the gaps and challenges to be overcome.The ETF is helping to build the int

41、ernational trust and confidence needed for successful implementation of the Paris Agree-ment and to increase ambition,bringing multiple other benefits to national governments as it does so.The foundations for the ETF were in place long before the adoption of the Paris Agreement,as it builds on and e

42、nhances the existing measurement,reporting and verifica-tion(MRV)arrangements under the Convention.Under these existing arrangements,the reporting requirements and the timelines for the submission of national reports are different for developed and developing countries,in accordance with the princip

43、le of common but differentiat-ed responsibilities and respective capabilities.Throughout the years of reporting under the Convention,Parties have gained significant experience in MRV activi-ties,which the Paris Agreement has ultimately recognized as an important basis for the development and impleme

44、n-tation of the ETF.Under the Convention,developed country Parties submit their national communications(NCs)every four years and biennial reports(BRs)every two years.For developing country Parties,the frequency is similar,as they are expected to submit their NCs every four years and their biennial u

45、pdate reports(BURs)every two years,but the legal nature differs,such as the mandatory reporting areas.9TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYUnder the ETF,the two tracks for developed and develop-ing countries are merged:BRs and BURs will be supersed-ed by biennial transparency reports(BTR

46、s).The submis-sion of NCs,a reporting obligation under the Convention,will continue.The first BTRs are due to be submitted at the latest by 31 December 2024.The ETF includes specific flexibilities that are available to those developing country Parties that need flexibility in the light of their capa

47、cities.Furthermore,in terms of when BTRs are to be submitted,in recognition of their national circumstances,the least developed countries and small island developing States may submit the relevant information at their discretion.The modalities,procedures and guidelines(MPGs)agreed on under the Katow

48、ice climate package in 20185 and the 5 https:/unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-katowice-climate-package/katowice-climate-package.6 https:/unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-glasgow-climate-pact-key-outcomes-from-cop26.Glasgow Climate Pact in 20216 provide

49、the technical requirements for the operation of the ETF,such as the reporting time periods,standards and processes.The evolution of the transparency arrangements under the intergovernmental climate change regime calls on countries to develop and improve over time their transparency systems and the p

50、rocesses by which they gather,analyse and report climate information.The advancement of these systems allows governments to use the knowledge,data and information generated for informed decision-making and policy development and can also help them tap into the benefits of enhanced climate transparen

51、cy.Figure 2:Enhanced transparency framework under Article 13 of the Paris AgreementFacilitative multilateral consideration of progress Facilitative,multilateral consideration of progress with respect to efforts under Article 9,and its respective implementation and achievement of its NDC Article 13.1

52、1All Parties(shall)Reporting National greenhouse gas(GHG)inventory report Article 13.7(a)Progress made in implementing and achieving nationally determined contribu-tion(N DC)Article 13.7(b)Financial,technology transfer and capacity-building support provided and mobilized to developing country Partie

53、s under Article 9,10 and 11 Article 13.9Financial,technology transfer and capacity-building support needed and received under Articles 9,10 and 11 Article 13.10 Climate change impacts and adaptation Article 13.8All Parties(shall)Developed country Parties(shall)and otherParties that provided support(

54、should)Developing country Parties(should)All Parties(should,as appropriate)Technical expert reviewUndergo technical expert review of information submitted under Articles 13.9Article 13.11 Undergo technical expert review of information submitted under Articles 13.7 Article 13.11All Parties(shall)Deve

55、loped country Parties(shall)and otherParties that provided support(should)Note:As per Article 13,paragraphs 23,of the Paris Agreement,and decision 18/CMA.1 and its annex,the MPGs address the provision of flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities an

56、d the special circum-stances of the least developed countries and small island developing States.10TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYDeveloping,rolling out and maintaining a functional ETF for climate reporting can be a complex task,requiring engagement and cooperation at multiple leve

57、ls within a country,including by public and private sector actors.As well as supporting the necessary functions for reporting under the Convention and the Paris Agreement,national transparency systems can bring additional benefits to countries.For example,operationalizing the ETF provides opportunit

58、ies for countries to foster collaboration,leverage political leadership,and build knowledge and a better understanding of the climate challenge.Implementing the ETF also requires countries to establish institutional 7 The global stocktake is a mechanism established by Article 14 of the Paris Agreeme

59、nt by which the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement is to periodically take stock of the implementation of the Agreement and to assess the collective progress towards achieving its purpose and long-term goals with a view to supporting Parties in upd

60、ating and enhancing their action and support as well as increasing international cooperation for climate action.For more information,see https:/unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake.arrangements that help align and scale action between institutions and reporting initiatives and can support the developm

61、ent of enabling policies and increased collective ambition.In addition,the ETF and MPGs make it possible to compare the actions taken by Parties against their NDC pledges and targets,building trust and confi-dence among Parties.Furthermore,NCs,BRs and BURs(under the Convention)and BTRs(under the ETF

62、)provide substantial inputs for the global stocktake and its assessment of collective progress in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.7 11TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY3.Benefits of climate transparencyThis chapter provides examples of the benefits that can come from operati

63、onalizing national transparency systems to meet the requirements of the ETF and highlights how Parties are already making the most of the opportunities arising from implementation of the transparency arrangements.Despite differing national circumstances,the information and examples presented in this

64、 chapter are relevant for most Parties,including developing countries.The examples comprise a small sample of the benefits that could be garnered from implementing the ETF there may be many more,depending on national circumstances and the priorities and institutional arrangements already in place.3.

65、1.Providing coherent data for informed decision-making8 Good governance has eight major characteristics:it is participatory,consensus-oriented,accountable,transparent,responsive,effective and efficient,and equitable and inclusive,and it follows the rule of law.It ensures that corruption is minimized

66、,the views of minorities are taken into account and the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making.It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.See https:/www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdfThe ETF has three fundamental components:Re

67、porting;Technical expert review;Facilitative,multilateral consideration of progress.Putting all three components into practice will require the active engagement of a broad set of national stakeholders,including statistical services,ministries,local authorities,private organizations and civil societ

68、y,as appropriate.Depending on national circumstances,the institutional arrangements put in place for transparency purposes under the Convention and the Paris Agreement can provide opportunities for subnational entities and other stakehold-ers to become involved in providing information or compiling,

69、analysing or interpreting the information gathered.Collaborative arrangements can also help statistical services and other organizations ensure the reliability of the data and their coherence across multiple reporting initiatives.The information gathered for international reporting purposes is also

70、important at the domestic level,providing countries with an essential input to policy development related to emission reduction and climate resilience.This information also provides the basis for countries to analyse the efficiency and effectiveness of policy implementation and to better understand

71、the linkages between policies and emissions or emission trends,or between policies and strengthened resilience and reduced vulnerability,allowing adjustments and enhancements to be made in support of more ambitious climate action.The operationalization of the ETF and good governance8 go hand in hand

72、.A national transparency system can help improve the reliability and coherence of data reliable,coherent data are fundamental to informed decision-mak-ing and policy development across sectors.Moreover,coherent data can improve the consistency of projections and business as usual scenarios,as well a

73、s enhance efforts to implement action reflected in the countrys NDC.The example from Tunisia in box 1 shows how a new emission tracking tool helped improve data collection,develop projections for the energy sector and support national policymaking.In box 2,the example from Germany shows how data gen

74、erated for reporting under the Convention can be used for long-term climate policy development.Box 3 explains how Japan is assessing the progress of implementation of its climate policies and actions to improve their effectiveness.12TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYBox 1:Tunisia:Track

75、ing emissions in the energy sector9 For more information,see https:/www.international-climate- 2022,Tunisia developed a powerful tool for tracking carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions from the energy sector that enables the National Agency for Energy Management to monitor progress towards achieving the coun

76、trys mitigation objectives.9 The approach for tracking emissions considers the MPGs for the ETF as well as the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.The method uses global information and a national energy information system data set.It quantifies the effects of drivers of GHG

77、 emissions in the energy sector and then analyses their impacts in terms of GHG emissions over a given period.Changes in GHG emissions are attributed to key global and sectoral drivers,generating substantive information for decision-making and policy development.A detailed,transparent analysis of pa

78、st trends facilitates the construction of forward-looking scenarios and provides information to guide updates to the NDC.The tool was developed by the Tunisian National Agency for Energy Management through the project titled“Setting up institutional capacities for NDC implementation in Tunisia”,whic

79、h was financed by the International Climate Initiative of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action.Box 2:Germany:Developing an action plan for 2050 using information from the measurement,reporting and verification system10 Available at https:/www.bmuv.de/en/publication/cli

80、mate-action-plan-2050-en.11 Available at https:/unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-strategies12 For information about the Climate Change Act,see https:/www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/klimaschutz/climate-change-act-.In 2016,Germany adopted its long-term strategy for c

81、limate action,the Climate Action Plan 2050.10 The document was updated in 202211 in response to recent policy and regulatory developments in the country,including the approval of the Climate Change Act,12 which sets out mandatory emission reduction targets,monitoring schemes and a mechanism for cons

82、tant improvement.The Climate Action Plan 2050 summarizes the German Governments climate protection policy and the governance system for compliance with climate targets and describes the pathway to a GHG-neutral Germany by 2045,with a negative GHG balance after 2050.The updated document sets out ambi

83、tious GHG emission reduction targets linked to national and subnational MRV systems that add transparency to implementation efforts aimed at ensuring the achievement of Germanys medium-and long-term climate targets.The German Government will also harmonize data records for the whole country,making t

84、hem available electronically to facilitate access.Annual climate action reports prepared by the Government show progress in implementing measures,present current emission trends and estimate the expected emission reductions.These reports will be used for developing more ambitious climate measures.Th

85、e Climate Change Act sets annual emission reduction targets for different sectors.To review,on an annual basis,the compliance of these sectors with the targets there is a clear link between the emission data reported internationally and domestic policy response.The German Environment Agency publishe

86、s emission data estimates for the preceding year,considering the national GHG inventory.When annual emissions exceed their target for a given sector,the federal ministry responsible for that sector must develop an immediate 13TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYaction plan to ensure comp

87、liance with the target in the coming years.The Climate Action Plan 2050 functions as a continuous learning process,with a regular revision of targets and steady improvement as per the Paris Agreement.Furthermore,to help shape a socially just transition,the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and C

88、limate Action and the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs will establish a climate action social monitoring system that complements the countrys transparency framework to evaluate the social acceptance of climate policies and instruments.This monitoring system will assist policymakers in i

89、mproving policy instruments for a just transition.Box 3:Japan:Tracking and monitoring the progress of implementation of climate policies and actions to improve their effectiveness13 Japans 2021 Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures is available(in Japanese)at https:/www.env.go.jp/content/900440195

90、.pdf and the 2022 progress report on the Plan is available(in Japanese)at https:/www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/ondanka/kaisai/dai49/pdf/siryou1.pdf.Japan has an ambitious target to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050.Furthermore,its NDC target is a 46 per cent reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compa

91、red with the base-year(2013)level.The key legislation for achieving these targets is the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures(1998),which was amended after Japan declared in 2021 its commitment to net zero.Japan enhanced its Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures,by setting non-bindin

92、g targets at each sector for reducing GHG emissions to achieve the NDC target by 2030.To regularly track implementation and ensure the effectiveness of the Plan,the Japanese Government strictly evaluates the progress of climate policies and actions each year,discloses information publicly,and revise

93、s low-performing policies and actions.Evaluation of the implementation of policies and actions is achieved by comparing forecasted annual targets against the measured indicators.13 Evaluation results of the implementation of mitigation policies and measures in 2020CategoryExplanationNumber of polici

94、es and measuresAPolicies and measures for which the evaluation indicator is expected to exceed the target level if current efforts continue and for which the actual results have already exceeded the target level6BPolicies and measures for which the evaluation indicator is expected to exceed the targ

95、et level if current efforts continue(excluding A)15CPolicies and measures for which the evaluation indicator is expected to be equivalent to the target level if current efforts continue66DPolicies and measures for which the evaluation indicator is expected to fall below the target level if current e

96、fforts continue21EPolicies and measures for which quantitative data cannot be obtained7The table above presents the five categories under which policies and actions are ranked following evaluation of the progress of their implementation.Policies and actions assessed as being in the C and D categorie

97、s will be enhanced and reinforced over the next few years.The data and information generated from this domestic monitoring and evaluation system helps the Government to improve climate policies and actions and to enhance NDC implementation in the country.14TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPA

98、RENCY3.2 Promoting coherence among national reporting initiatives,including the Sustainable Development GoalsNational governments have reporting requirements under the various international conventions and agreements they have signed or ratified.Parties to the Convention must report on measures they

99、 undertake to mitigate and adapt to climate change.Developing countries are required,under the Convention,to periodically report on their national circumstances,GHG emissions,mitigation and adaptation actions,and the capacity-building,technology and financial support they need to tackle the climate

100、crisis.Similarly,Member States of the United Nations report on their progress towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and the 169 targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,and Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity report on the status and trends of biodiv

101、ersity and their efforts regarding its conservation and sustainable use.Countries may have additional reporting requirements on water quality,air quality,land use,waste management,human rights,and economic and financial performance,among others.Complying with all international reporting requirements

102、 efficiently is a complex task.However,there are opportuni-ties for better connecting existing MRV,monitoring,evaluation and learning(MEL),and information systems and simplifying reporting processes that can bring addi-tional benefits to governments and to climate action.One such opportunity lies in

103、 the development of an integrated reporting system that can bring coherence to and foster synergies across different reporting systems.Integrating systems is possible because of the inherent linkages between biodiversity protection,climate action and human development,and the close interconnection b

104、etween the goals and targets of different international conventions.For example,the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the objective of the Convention have clear linkages around SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy,SDG 11 on sustainable cities and communities and SDG 13 on climate action(se

105、e figure 3).Setting up a system that combines information on emis-sions of GHGs and other air pollutants can help countries identify measures with diverse benefits and reduce the duplication of reporting structures.GHGs and other air pollutants are often emitted from the same sources,so multiple inv

106、entory systems can combine data collection and processing and support the development of policies and mitigation measures that target GHG and other air pollutants at the same time.Other opportunities that can be seized when developing MRV and MEL systems relate to shared institutional arrangements a

107、nd collaboration on climate reporting.MEL systems are a key component of transparency in the national adaptation planning process because such systems enable countries to better understand which adaptation actions are working and who is benefiting in what ways.Well-designed MEL systems enable countr

108、ies to make decisions more transparently and ensure that the most vulnerable people and communities benefit from the processes of developing,implementing and updating national adaptation plans(NAPs).Given the need for alignment between NAPs and the adaptation components of NDCs,BTRs and NCs,the coun

109、tries that already have effective MEL systems established under the NAP are well placed to report effectively and efficiently on their actions that relate to adaptation.TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYFigure 3:Mapping of Sustainable Development Goal indicators to measurement,reportin

110、g and verification elements1414 For more information,see Exploring synergies between measurement,reporting and verification under the Convention and the monitoring of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals,UNFCCC,2017.SDG indicatorsMRV elementsEnhancing national capacity for data co

111、llection and monitoring1.5.1/11.5.1/13.1.11.5.21.5.3/11.b.1/13.1.21.5.4/11.b.2/13.1.3Goal 1 No Poverty17.18.117.18.217.18.317.19.117.2.117.6.117.9.1Goal 17 Partnerships for the Goals15.1.115.2.115.3.115.4.2Goal 15 Life on Land13.2.113.3.113.3.213.a.113.b.1Goal 13 Climate Action12.3.112.4.212.5.112.8

112、.112.c.1Goal 12 Responsible Consumption&Production11.2.111.5.211.6.1Goal 11 Sustainable Cities&Communities9.1.29.2.19.4.19.a.1Goal 9 Industry,Innovation&Infrastructure8.4.1/12.2.18.4.2Goal 8 Decent Work&Economic Growth7.1.27.2.17.3.17.a.1Goal 7 Affordable&Clean Energy6.3.16.5.1Goal 6 Clean Water&San

113、itation2.4.12.5.22.a.1Goal 2 Zero HungerInformation can feed into both monitoring frameworks (mutual benefit)Information for one framework can inform the other framework (co-benefit)Information for one framework could be relevant to the other (potential benefit)Information could be relevant,dependin

114、g on metadata to be determined(TBD)15National circumstancesNational GHG InventoryMitigation related:Measures to mitigate climate changeSteps taken to integrate climate changeConstraints and gaps,and related FTC needs and support received and neededAdaptation related:Measures to facilitate adequate a

115、daptation to climate changeDevelopment priorities,objectives and circumstancesEnergyMitigation assessmentTechnology transferFinancial,technical and capacity needsVulnerability,Baseline conditions,V&A methods and toolsAFOLUDomestic MRVEducation,training and public awarenessImplementation of adaptatio

116、n measuresKey findings and integrating effectsInstitutional arrangementsIPPUMitigation actionsResearch and systematic observationProposed projects for financingCapacity-buildingOther capacity-building needsNetworkingAdaptation strategies and measuresWasteInstitutional arrangements16TECHNICAL PAPER:B

117、ENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYThe connection between international reporting on progress under the Paris Agreement through the ETF and national climate and other reporting means that govern-ments can facilitate cooperation between institutions to streamline and standardize complementary processes t

118、o improve data-sharing and consistency.These can be achieved by:Adopting common data standards and protocols or common reporting platforms and databases;Enhancing data comparability and consistency;Ensuring that the information collected is used to inform decision-making and policy development.In ad

119、dition,MRV systems may collect data and informa-tion that facilitates the monitoring of the social,economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.As such,MRV and MEL systems can provide data and information for tracking progress in achieving SDGs.This is particularly the case if a

120、specific tracking system is not or is only partially in place,but can make use of existing structures for simultaneously tracking SDGs(e.g.SDGs 7,13 and 15(life on land)and climate commitments.Linking the indicators used under different conventions and agreements can also improve the complementarity

121、,reliability and coherence of the information reported.Adaptation can play a significant role in achieving the SDGs because many of the sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change are key to countries development,such as agriculture,health,water,infrastructure and urban areas.For instance,pro

122、moting sustainable agriculture and addressing climate change in the agriculture sector yields significant benefits with regard to food security and therefore to SDG 2(on zero hunger),while adaptation measures that prevent or reduce the impact of flooding in urban areas can contribute to achieving SD

123、G 11.The country cases presented in this section from South Africa(box 4),Egypt(box 5)and Senegal(box 6)show how national governments have developed synergies across separate reporting initiatives,resulting in increased collaboration,accountability,awareness and political buy-in,with stronger MRV an

124、d information systems and enhanced transparency.Box 4:South Africa:Establishing robust institutional arrangements for data collection and national reporting15 The database is available at https:/nccrd.environment.gov.za/.16 For further information,see South Africas fourth BUR,available at https:/unf

125、ccc.int/documents/307104.South Africas climate change MRV system is informed by the National Climate Change Response Policy(2011),for which a system was established to monitor the countrys transition to a lower carbon economy and a climate-resilient society.Operational since 2009,South Africas Natio

126、nal Climate Change Response Database(NCCRD)is an online platform that allows users to track national-,provincial-and local-level actions to combat climate change.15 The NCCRD is part of the National Climate Change Information System,which also incorporates the Climate Information Portal,a hazardous

127、events database,a tracking and evaluation system,and an air quality information system16(see the figure below).The NCCRD,coordinated by the Department of Forestry,Fisheries and the Environment,collects information from voluntarily registered adaptation and mitigation projects.The database records in

128、formation about these projects such as their location,description,associated impacts,funding sources,supporters and related activities.17TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYSouth Africas National Climate Change Information System17 17 Adapted from South Africas fourth BUR,figure 6.2,pp.2

129、19220.Available at https:/unfccc.int/documents/307104.The National Climate Change Information System and its NCCRD serve the reporting requirements under the Convention and allow the South African Government to:Develop an informed position for international climate change negotiations;Avoid duplicat

130、ing mitigation,adaptation and research projects;Identify gaps,needs and opportunities in climate action;Track ambition and the impact of climate responses in the country;Identify projects to scale up for enhanced climate ambition.18 Available at https:/cer.org.za/virtual-library/gvt_docs/south-afric

131、as-annual-climate-change-reports.South Africas MRV system also informs domestic reporting on climate action through annual climate change reports,18 in which information on climate actions,including their impacts and their contribution to the national development plan imperatives of reducing poverty

132、 and addressing inequality and job creation,is compiled.Even though the NCCRD was originally developed to meet the reporting requirements under the Convention,its information content and annual reports have the potential to catalyse additional and more ambitious climate actions and funding and to pr

133、ovide complementary information for other national purposes and international reporting initiatives,such as those related to the SDGs.Provinces and MunicipalitiesIndustryOtherSouth AfricanWeather ServiceData providersNational Inventory ReportNationalCommunications and Biennial UpdateReportsUNFCCCSou

134、th African Air QualityInformation SvstemTracking and EvaluationSystemClimate Information PortalNational Hazardous Events DatabaseNational Climate Change Response DatabaseNational Climate Change Information SystemManaged by Department of Forestry,Fisheries and the EnvironmentSouth African GHGEmission

135、 RegulationReporting System18TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYBox 5:Egypt:Connecting a sustainable development strategy to a climate measurement,reporting and verification system19 Available at https:/ Government of Egypt established its sustainable development strategy,Egypt Vision 2

136、030,19 using a participatory strategic planning approach.Various civil society organizations,national and international development partners and government institutions collaborated on setting comprehensive objectives for the strategy.Egypt aims to become a country with a competitive,balanced and di

137、versified economy,dependent on innovation and knowledge,based on justice,social integrity and participation,characterized by a balanced and diversified ecological collaboration system,investing the ingenuity of place and humans to achieve sustainable development and to improve Egyptians quality of l

138、ife.The sustainable development strategy covers the three dimensions of sustainable development set out in the countrys 2030 agenda namely social,environmental and economic with each dimension structured around a number of pillars.The economic dimension has four pillars:(1)Economic development;(2)En

139、ergy(efficient use of resources);(3)Knowledge,innovation and scientific research;(4)Transparency and efficient government institutions.Each pillar includes three types of indicators:input indicators to measure the resources available,outcome indicators to measure results,and strategic results indica

140、tors.The energy pillar includes mitigation targets of a reduction in GHG emissions from the energy sector of 5 per cent by 2020 and 10 per cent by 2030 compared with the business as usual scenario.There are synergies in monitoring progress using energy sector indicators,measuring the emission reduct

141、ions from climate actions implemented in the energy sector and Egypts MRV system,which complies with UNFCCC reporting requirements.The environmental dimension has an environment pillar and an urban development pillar.Under the environment pillar,environmental considerations are integrated into all e

142、conomic sectors with the aim of preserving natural resources and supporting their efficient use and investment while protecting the rights of future generations.Under the environment pillar,the indicator on the rate of reduction of the expected increasing rates of greenhouse gas emissions is indicat

143、ed a value of 276 t CO2 equivalent.Therefore,monitoring the indicators of Egypts Vision 2030 will be linked with climate reporting,taking advantage of synergies in data collection and analysis between these reporting systems.19TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYBox 6:Senegal:Developing

144、a measurement,reporting and verification system that can support the tracking of progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals20 See https:/www.presidence.sn/en/pse/emerging-senegal.21 See the final report,available(in French)at https:/climateactiontransparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/

145、09/D1-Rapport-general-de-letude-sur-la-mise-en-place-dun-systeme-de-mesure-notification-et-de-verification-MNV-de-la-contribution-determinee-au-niveau-national-CDN-du-Senegal.pdf.Senegal is in the process of formalizing its MRV system.The country has established institutional arrangements and qualit

146、y control processes for producing its GHG inventories,NCs and BURs that also make it possible to use the collected information for sustainable development reporting.The Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development,supported by international technical partners,is establishing sectoral MRV

147、systems and institutional frameworks for the energy,waste,transport,industrial processes and agriculture sectors.In developing a robust MRV system,the energy sector is particularly relevant for Senegal,given its importance for the economic transformation of the country(see the Plan for an Emerging S

148、enegal20),its high emissions,and Senegals previous reporting experience for this sector.In its NDC,Senegal committed to universal access to electricity in rural areas by 2025 and installing approximately 700 MW capacity from renewable energy generation technologies by 2030.These targets closely link

149、 the NDC with SDG 7(affordable and clean energy).Despite lacking capacity,resources to finance monitoring and an online platform through which energy data can be accessed,21 the Government of Senegal has a solid foundation for developing a robust MRV system for the energy sector through its mechanis

150、m for data collection and its framework for validation of the data.In this context,the framework for climate reporting that is being developed has the potential to provide the added benefit of supporting the tracking of progress towards achieving SDG 7 by producing information about clean energy gen

151、eration and rural electrification.Another example of potential synergies between international reporting requirements is Senegals proposed monitoring system for tracking adaptation and vulnerability,which can also take stock of progress in achieving various SDGs.In addition,Senegals climate finance

152、monitoring system will follow private sector engagement in climate action and provide information relevant to redirecting resources towards achieving the SDGs.3.3 Increasing political buy-in for climate action22 Decision 1/CMA.4,para.8.Available at https:/unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2

153、022_10_a01E.pdf.23 FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/4.Available at https:/unfccc.int/documents/619180.The urgent need for implementing NDCs to achieve the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement requires political leadership and commitment to be met.The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties

154、 to the Paris Agreement,at its fourth session held in Sharm el-Sheikh in 2022,reiterated that the impacts of climate change will be much lower at a temperature increase of 1.5 C compared with 2 C and resolved to pursue further efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 C.22 However,the 2022 ND

155、C Synthesis Report states that even under the scenario of full implementation of the 166 latest available NDCs from 193 Parties to the Paris Agreement,the best estimate for peak global mean temperature increase is 2.12.4 C by the end of the century.23 20TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPAREN

156、CYThis highlights the urgency for implementing scaled-up NDCs.Scaling up action depends on the buy-in and sustained support of political leaders at the highest levels,and the rolling out and tracking of sectoral policies that enable the necessary transformations.Over recent years,public awareness of

157、 the threats of climate change has increased as governments,communities and industries feel the increasing impacts of extreme weather events.As a result,civil society and practitioners alike are strongly encouraging policymakers to tackle climate change and implement policies to reduce GHG emissions

158、 and increase resilience.Having transparent and reliable information grounded in science helps supports deci-sion-making and encourages commitment from politicians,enabling the development of a long-term vision.Transparency processes can enhance collaboration between government institutions and prov

159、ide open access to information that raises the awareness and accountability of policymakers and decision makers,thereby accelerating climate action.A functioning transparency system can also provide a deeper understanding of the causes,gaps and challenges,as well as possible solutions,which,if addre

160、ssed,could accelerate climate action and increase the engage-ment of political leaders.Furthermore,buy-in from policymakers can be enhanced by providing additional information from transparency systems on the co-benefits of climate action for job creation,pollution reduction and biodiversity protect

161、ion.Developing capacities,institution-alizing processes and raising awareness relating to low-emis-sion development and climate resilience can also foster political support.The two cases presented below,one from the Dominican Republic(box 7)and the other from Sri Lanka(box 8),are good examples of ho

162、w developing countries have managed to enhance political buy-in for climate action through climate reporting.Box 7:Dominican Republic:Enhancing political buy-in for climate action through capacity development in climate change reportingThe Dominican Republic had an early start in prioritizing climat

163、e change in the national political agenda.In the early 2010s,the country established the National Council for Climate Change and Clean Development Mechanism on the basis of a presidential decree from 2008 and also developed a national strategy for low-carbon development.However,national capacities f

164、or conducting vulnerability assessments and estimating GHG emissions remained low for many years,which meant that only a few climate policies were implemented.In 2014,when the Dominican Republic began preparing its NC3,it decided to develop these national capacities and established a climate change

165、working group comprising experts from different ministries and agencies.International consultants had already prepared GHG estimates,so the working group needed to develop capacities for preparing the countrys national GHG inventory report and the vulnerability assessment for inclusion in the NC3.In

166、creasing the capacity for developing the information base required for international reporting led to an understanding of climate change drivers,impacts and vulnerabilities,and,in turn,improved buy-in among political leaders.National climate change policy occupies a prominent place on the public age

167、nda,a contributing factor of which is that the Dominican Republic is one of the countries with the highest climatic vulnerability owing to it being an island and its geographical location.The Dominican Republics climate agenda has gained relevance in recent years.The climate change working group has

168、 contributed to developing the NDC,in which the country commits to reducing GHG emissions by 27 per cent(20 per cent conditional target,7 per cent unconditional target)by 2030 compared with the baseline.The National Council for Climate Change and Clean Development Mechanism has also been working on

169、a proposed climate change law with the support of other national institutions,which illustrates the benefit of a good information base leading to political buy-in for developing a more climate-resilient economy.In 21TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY2020,the Parliament of the Dominican

170、 Republic passed decree 541-20,which established a legal framework for a national transparency system and defined the main 24 For further information,see https:/climateactiontransparency.org/case-study-improving-the-mrv-framework-and-ndc-tracking-in-dominican-republic.roles and responsibilities of t

171、he key entities involved in collecting,compiling and reporting data and information.24Box 8:Sri Lanka:Strengthening climate transparency in the transport sector2525 For further information,see https:/climateactiontransparency.org/country-highlight/country-highlight-sri-lanka/.With the desire to deli

172、ver on its climate change reporting commitments,Sri Lanka made efforts to develop the countrys first MRV system,for its transport sector.The process was key to helping the national government review many of its climate-related commitments and will support the country in developing climate change pro

173、jects and enhancing sustainable development.Sri Lanka partnered with the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency(ICAT)in 2018 to design the national MRV system for the transport sector and revise transport-related NDC actions.With no historical transport data sets available,collecting the require

174、d data from several ministries and agencies was the necessary starting point in the development of the system.The Ministry of Environment as well as the Ministry of Transport initiated a review of data available and institutional arrangements in place in the transport sector.Extensive consultations

175、with stakeholders,including all relevant ministries and institutions,contributed to the design of the centralized MRV system.Roles and responsibilities were assigned,and a road map to operationalize the new MRV system was prepared.Consultation workshops provided an opportunity for national and subna

176、tional stakeholders to share information on data availability and collection,discuss revised actions and indicators for the transport sector,and validate institutional responsibilities in the MRV system.These efforts enabled Sri Lanka to review the effects of transport policies on the electric and h

177、ybrid vehicles subsector in terms of GHG emissions.In turn,doing so helped the government to review and revise several of its transport sector policies and measures,as reflected in its updated NDC.Raising awareness and improving communication among national and subnational stakeholders has resulted

178、in their gaining an understanding of the MRV system and the benefits of transparency in reporting on climate action and on progress in achieving GHG emission reduction targets in the NDC.Enhanced transparency is expected to support Sri Lankan policymakers in developing and approving new and updated

179、national development plans and climate change projects whose implementation is sustainable.Enabling local ownership of the project to develop the MRV system has helped to strengthen the national capacity to meet the requirements of the ETF.22TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY3.4 Enhanc

180、ing and sustaining technical capacity for long-term reporting and policy development26 Peripheral stakeholders are understood as organizations related to MRV who do not work routinely on reports but have a system related to their core activities that can provide some information for the primary stak

181、eholders.An example of a peripheral stakeholder is a national office for geographic information system mapping.27 See http:/www4.unfccc.int/sites/roe/Pages/Home.aspx.Climate change reporting as part of the UNFCCC process requires knowledge,data and analysis from various government and other entities

182、 as well as the capability to analyse those data,and experts to coordinate efforts under a national transparency system.Since reporting covers diverse sectors such as energy,industrial processes,waste,agriculture,forests and land use,the different institutions involved employ professionals that acqu

183、ire relevant skills and also help improve the institutional capacities by operationalizing transparency arrangements.For instance,implementing these systems can help to develop the capacities and skills of national technical experts by introducing and raising awareness of new technical standards for

184、 data collection,storage,analysis and report-ing.Furthermore,the capacity-development activities that a country undertakes for peripheral stakeholders26(so that they can participate effectively in climate change transpar-ency systems)can result in improvements to,for example,data-collection systems,

185、such as those of national statistics offices,and therefore increase the quality of the data collected for climate reporting and for reporting on other relevant national statistics.Another opportunity to improve capacities is provided by the international assessment and review process under the Conve

186、ntion or similar processes to which experts from developing countries can be nominated(e.g.the UNFCCC roster of experts27).These experts conduct reviews of the annual GHG inventories and NCs from Parties included in Annex I to the Convention or undertake technical analyses of developing country Part

187、ies BURs under the internation-al consultation and analysis process.Moving towards the implementation of the ETF,the review processes for developing and developed country submissions will be replaced by a single review process under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement that is applicable to all countri

188、es.The experts who participate in these processes must be qualified to do so by taking part in training designed by the UN-FCCC secretariat.Through this training and the experience gained as qualified reviewers,these experts deepen their knowledge and enhance their capacities for reporting under the

189、 Convention and the Paris Agreement,which generates valuable in-country expertise that can be applied and shared in the national context to further strengthen national MRV systems and international reporting.Implementing the required transparency arrangements involves producing,compiling and regular

190、ly reporting information on GHG emissions and removals,on the effects of policies and progress towards achieving the NDC targets,on support provided,needed and received,and on the development of adaptation actions and plans in response to knowledge gained on the impacts of climate change.The process

191、 of reporting on an ongoing basis,through building and sustaining the necessary technical capacities,has the additional benefit of contributing to building and sustaining the knowledge and technical capacities needed to formulate and implement plans,policies and actions for low-emission and climate-

192、resilient development.The examples from Cameroon(box 9)and Tunisia(box 10)illustrate this benefit.23TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYBox 9:Cameroon:Establishing a national measurement,reporting and verification system as part of implementing the nationally determined contribution28 Se

193、e Cameroons updated NDC,available at the NDC Registry:https:/unfccc.int/NDCREG.Cameroons vision for response to climate change involves transforming climate constraints into development opportunities.28 It has pledged to reduce its GHG emissions by 35 per cent by 2030 compared with its business as u

194、sual scenario,of which 23 per cent is conditional on international support in the form of financing,capacity-building and technology.The country has five priority areas for actions that will lead towards achieving the goals in its NDC,namely governance,mitigation,adaptation,finance and MRV.The gover

195、nance priority area focuses on creating an enabling environment for action and MRV,thereby supporting the monitoring,implementation and application of lessons learned.Under the MRV priority area,Cameroon has put in place a decentralized institutional mechanism to facilitate ownership and data collec

196、tion.The mechanism is led by an inter-ministerial committee(including representatives of the Office of the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Environment,Nature Protection and Sustainable Development,among other ministries)and involves regional and local coordination with the private sector,civil so

197、ciety and vulnerable groups.Execution of all the technical aspects occurs at the local and regional level.Various working groups of 1015 members from all the involved institutions have been established,and these are tasked with facilitating data flow and reporting mechanisms for mitigation,adaptatio

198、n,climate finance and research.Civil society and vulnerable groups contribute to implementing actions towards achieving the NDC goals,whereas the private sector,research centres and universities play complementary roles in the analysis and provision of data while also opening doors for technological

199、 innovation.Each working group has benefited from capacity-development exercises to enhance participants technical knowledge on reporting,including training in data collection,the use of tools for GHG inventory preparation,and the tracking of overall national climate-related resources,revenues and e

200、xpenditures.A national inventory working group has also been created;this group is mostly composed of young professionals who have benefited from capacity-development activities,thus producing many dedicated GHG and NDC experts for different ministries.Distributing this expertise across sectors help

201、s to ensure the sustainability of Cameroons national MRV system.To further ensure the system is sustainable,Cameroon has observed the need for establishing a financial mechanism,involving the Ministry of Finance,that supports young experts.Cameroon has submitted two NCs and an updated NDC,is on its

202、way to submitting its NC3 and its first BUR,and also started with the process of preparing its first BTR.24TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYBox 10:Tunisia:Developing a national transparency system for adaptation and mitigation activities29 29 See(in French)https:/www.giz.de/en/worldwi

203、de/22600.html.30 Tunisias transparency system is explained(in French with English subtitles)in the video from the German Agency for International Cooperation-Tunisia available at https:/youtu.be/kP2EBKM2q_I.On the basis of the requirements of Article 13 of the Paris Agreement,Tunisia is developing a

204、 national transparency system30 that comprises transparency frameworks for both mitigation and adaptation activities at the national level.Under its transparency framework for adaptation,Tunisia aims to establish a reference and knowledge platform on adaptation policies and actions.The system will a

205、llow users to:Develop the national portfolio of adaptation policies and actions in the target areas(priority sectors,ecosystems and cross-cutting areas);Report on the implementation and evolution of adaptation policies and actions;Provide information on the impacts of adaptation policies and actions

206、;Provide information on the state of play or baseline of target areas,climate risks and vulnerability.Tunisias transparency framework on mitigation has three pillars:The national GHG emissions inventory system,which will be used to quantify emissions from the various sectors;The national mitigation

207、assessment and monitoring system,which will be used to monitor the implemen-tation of the actions included in the NDC;The national monitoring system of support under the Paris Agreement,which will be used to monitor the support provided and received,for example funding received from the internationa

208、l community.Implementation of the transparency system began in April 2022,and its components will be rolled out between 2023 and 2024.Ministries and government agencies responsible for different sectors report their data to the Climate Change Unit of the Ministry of the Environment,which manages the

209、 system.The sectoral transparency systems are currently under development;these will be used to measure,report and verify sectoral GHG emissions,as well as to monitor the impacts of the implemented measures and the finance flows that have supported the various sectoral mitigation actions.Operational

210、ization of the transparency system followed an implementation plan that required the engagement and capacity development of technical experts in different areas and institutions.A team at the Ministry of the Environment is responsible for ensuring the availability of human resources for operating th

211、e transparency system,making the most of the available capacities and knowledge while continuously improving the quality of the system.The development of the abilities and skills of technical experts in the government and sectoral institutions through the operationalization of the national transpare

212、ncy system has already improved the national capability to track Tunisias progress towards achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and to identify the resources and technologies necessary for their achievement.The capacities and skills that are being developed in the country improve the reliabili

213、ty of the data for reporting as part of the UNFCCC process(NCs,BURs and the upcoming BTRs).They also allow Tunisia to continue monitoring the implementation of actions under its NDC and to improve its capacity for long-term reporting using national expertise.25TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRA

214、NSPARENCY3.5 Building knowledge for enhanced ambitionA robust and effective national transparency system provides a framework under which government institutions and other stakeholders can collaborate and improve the climate information base available to policymakers and decision makers.MRV systems

215、provide strategic stakehold-ers with the information necessary to track progress towards meeting a countrys climate commitments and to identify the areas where additional effort is needed.The outputs of a well-functioning transparency system(i.e.GHG inventories,NCs,BURs,BRs and BTRs)provide crucial

216、information for countries when setting more ambitious climate targets within their NDC cycles.Furthermore,stakeholders who participate in climate reporting improve their understanding of the data types and data collection needed for reporting,as well as gain an appreciation of the principles that un

217、derpin international reporting,including transparency,accuracy,completeness,consistency,comparability and environmental integrity.This improved knowledge can help them to adjust the scope and methods used for data collection and processing to enhance the usefulness of the data.Boxes 11 and 12 presen

218、t examples of this type of improvement in Egypt and Uganda respectively.Transparency systems are fundamental to building trust and confidence among institutions,organizations and countries;they achieve this by providing reliable,transpar-ent information on individual progress.Transparency systems ar

219、e also especially relevant for the global stocktake because they contribute information needed for periodical-ly assessing collective progress towards achieving the purpose and long-term goals of the Paris Agreement.Because the outputs of the global stocktake will inform future NDC cycles,these syst

220、ems also encourage more ambitious climate action.Well-run transparency systems can also encourage greater ambition by contributing to a more supportive and collaborative environment in which countries feel more confident about making and pursuing more ambitious climate targets.Box 11:Egypt:Improving

221、 data collection reveals opportunities for enhancing ambition3131 Egypts first updated NDC(available at https:/unfccc.int/documents/522817)and Egypts first BUR(available at https:/unfccc.int/documents/204823).Egypt has initiated the preparation of a national climate change MRV system,following consu

222、ltations with representatives of all relevant national institutions.The proposed MRV system consists of a supervisory body,the National Climate Change Council,coordinated by the Climate Change Central Department,and composed of representatives of relevant ministries and government agencies.The syste

223、m captures data covering four areas:(1)The GHG inventory;(2)Mitigation policies and actions;(3)Support received;(4)Adaptation policies and actions.The National Climate Change Council has adopted but not yet institutionalized the proposed national MRV system.Operationalization of the system is pendin

224、g funding and other resources that,once available,would support national institutions in making the system functional and seizing the related opportunities for enhancing ambition.However,some of the planned MRV activities have already been put in place,providing a solid foundation for the evolution

225、of the comprehensive national MRV system.The Industrial Development Authority and the Egypt National Cleaner Production Centre are improving their data-collection systems to include data from 26TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYindustry on energy and climate that will help to advance m

226、ore ambitious climate action.The Egypt National Cleaner Production Centre is developing a database of all industrial facilities in the country and will collect data from chambers of commerce,the Federation of Egyptian Industries,investor associations and other sectoral institutions.Data for 20082018

227、 have been collected and used for benchmarking all industrial activity in the country and identifying opportunities for improvement.The Industrial Development Authority,which is responsible for issuing operating licences for all industrial establishments in the country,is also developing a database

228、of information from industrial stakeholders,which will receive,verify,process and maintain energy data and feed the data into the national energy information system.Once available,these databases of industry-related climate and energy information will support decision-making and ambition-raising at

229、different governance levels and help identify areas for improvement.The data collected from companies will include general information on industrial production and energy consumption.This information can be used to help verify the data gathered by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Stati

230、stics during the process of updating industrial licences.The efforts of both the Industrial Development Authority and the Egypt National Cleaner Production Centre provide a deeper understanding of Egypts industry sector,as well as its role in combating the climate crisis and the opportunities it has

231、 to tackle it.Box 12:Uganda:Enhancing ambition and improving national policies3232 How Ugandas climate reporting is delivering national value.Lessons from the greenhouse gas inventory process,Alcob,F and Lwasa,J.2022,IIED,London.Available at https:/www.iied.org/21171iied.33 Ugandas updated NDC is av

232、ailable at https:/unfccc.int/documents/613827.34 https:/budget.finance.go.ug/sites/default/files/National%20Budget%20docs/National%20Budget%20Framework%20Paper%20FY%202021-22.pdf.35 https:/budget.finance.go.ug/sites/default/files/Natural%20Resources%2C%20Environment%2C%20Climate%20Change%2C%20Land%2

233、0%26%20Water.pdf.Uganda submitted a GHG inventory in 2019 as part of its first BUR.The inventory covered 20052015 and was prepared using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.Developing this GHG inventory improved the countrys understanding of sectoral emissions and reveal

234、ed that national emissions had been consistently increasing over the past 10 years,triggered mainly by deforestation,forest degradation and changes in land use.In 2020 the Climate Change Department,which is responsible for coordinating Ugandas climate action and reporting,initiated the revision of U

235、gandas NDC.33 Having the GHG inventory information made it possible to:Expand the scope and coverage of sectors in the updated NDC,including two new sectors and six subsectors;Define sectoral emission targets;Establish a more ambitious economy-wide contribution.The current NDC,submitted in 2022,aims

236、 at reducing total emissions by 24.7 per cent by 2030 compared with the business as usual scenario,an increase of 2.7 per cent compared with the 22 per cent target in the initial NDC submitted in 2015.The GHG inventory data were also used for modelling and projecting future emissions key information

237、 for defining emission reduction targets and prioritizing sectors when developing mitigation policies and measures.Having a better understanding of the inventory data and therefore of the implications of drivers of sectoral emissions on policymaking also influenced budget allocation;for example,the

238、Natural Resources,Environment,Climate Change,Land and Water Management Programme received a 34 per cent increase in its budget for 20222023 compared with the previous fiscal year.34,3527TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYUgandas experience shows that several factors contributed to succe

239、ssfully integrating GHG reporting with policy design:Legal framework:the National Climate Change Policy(2015)followed by the Climate Change Act(2021)were instrumental in building the institution-al architecture.Through them,the country put in place institutional arrangements,established climate acti

240、on plans and created an MRV system;Data-sharing:GHG inventories demand data gathering from multiple private and public sources.Ugandas inter-ministerial cooperation agreement and memorandums of understanding for data-sharing protocols were key to collecting relevant information from a variety of sta

241、keholders;National expert team:Uganda appointed a national team to lead the inventory preparation and train national experts from government entities,academic 36 https:/www.parliament.go.ug/page/parliamentary-forum-climate-change-pfcc.institutions and civil society organizations.Building in-country

242、technical capacity strengthened under-standing of the inventory and its implications,and increased ownership of the reporting process;Coordination and cooperation:close collaboration between the GHG inventory teams and the NDC team,coordinated by the Climate Change Depart-ment,was crucial for unders

243、tanding emission trends and drivers,and when setting new mitigation targets;Political buy-in:high-level leaders,including the President of Uganda,gained an understanding of and advocated for climate action,and a Parliamentary Forum on Climate Change36 was established,all of which was instrumental to

244、 policy development and budget allocation for climate action.3.6 Improving tracking of and access to support37 BTRs are to include information on financial,technology development and transfer,and capacity-building support provided and mobilized under Articles 911 of the Paris Agreement.The ETF is a

245、system that covers not only climate action but also support for that action.Under Article 13,paragraph 9,of the Paris Agreement,developed country Parties are required to report in their BTRs information on support37 mobilized and provided to developing country Parties under Articles 911 of the Paris

246、 Agreement.Other Parties that provide support should also report this information.Under Article 13,paragraph 10,of the Paris Agreement,developing country Parties should report information on the support needed and received.While reporting information in the BTR on support(finance,technology developm

247、ent and transfer,and capacity-building)needed and received is not mandatory,there is added value in reporting this information.For instance,reporting information on financial support needed and received can provide a clear sense of gaps,inflows and impacts,with the potential to make the provision of

248、 international support more responsive to national priorities and needs.Hence the BTR itself can be seen as a tool for leveraging access to international support.For example,the information on progress towards achiev-ing its NDC targets together with the GHG impacts of the underlying policies and me

249、asures provides a country with the basis to identify areas where support is needed for implementation or to enhance implementation.Similarly,although it is not mandatory to provide information related to climate change impacts and adaptation in the BTR(in line with chapter IV of the MPGs),the provis

250、ion of such information provides another opportunity to report on progress in implementing adaptation actions and to identify domestic priorities,challenges,gaps and barriers related to adaptation.Using the BTR to provide this information,together with the information provided in 28TECHNICAL PAPER:B

251、ENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYline with chapter VI of the MPGs(on support needed and received),has the potential to make the BTR a powerful instrument to enhance provision of international support.Reporting such information could also help coordinate donor strategies,enhance transparency about the

252、geograph-ical and sectoral distribution of support received,and facilitate the steering of budgets towards climate action,as illustrated in box 13 on Kenyas experience in this regard.From a domestic point of view,having a clear picture of the climate finance received could also help countries plan a

253、nd prioritize subnational budget allocation and,more broadly,improve decision-making and accountability.Box 13:Kenya:Developing a climate finance tracking system38 Available at https:/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-in-Kenya.pdf.Kenyas Nati

254、onal Policy on Climate Finance recognizes the transparency arrangements established under the Convention and the Paris Agreement.The policy provides for the development of a governance and institutional framework that maximizes the opportunities for climate finance mobilization in the various sector

255、s of the economy.The policy also provides for the establishment of a national MRV system that enables a clear overview of domestic and international climate finance flows.The policy includes several interventions to facilitate MRV,some of which are yet to be implemented.While Kenya has been developi

256、ng the relevant systems and processes for monitoring,tracking and reporting climate finance needed and received,to facilitate tracking of climate finance received.In 2020,the Government of Kenya,through National Treasury and Economic Planning,and partners analysed the climate finance support receive

257、d in 2018 and produced a report,The Landscape of Climate Finance in Kenya.38 The analysis used existing MRV processes and data-collection and data management systems(such as the Integrated Financial Management System,the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System and the Electronic Project

258、 Monitoring Information System)to ensure completeness,transparency,comparability and accuracy regarding climate finance reporting.The findings of the analysis show that empowering local governments would improve vertical integration by avoiding policy gaps between national action plans and local ini

259、tiatives and doing so could also ensure horizontal coordination across local governments.Kenyas Financing Locally Led Climate Action programme is an example of one approach that aims to build climate finance capacity at the local(county)level.Kenya has remaining challenges and gaps that affect the r

260、eporting of climate finance support,including the need to develop or operationalize procedures for monitoring support received,a strategy for monitoring and tracking the uses of climate finance by a range of actors,and regulations for facilitating reporting of climate finance support.There is also a

261、 lack of national and subnational capacities to participate in the MRV process and its systems,including capacities to track support received and impacts of the support received.29TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY3.7 Enabling access to carbon markets39 For further information,see http

262、s:/www.wri.org/insights/understanding-ndcs-paris-agreement-climate-pledges.40 https:/www.theclimatewarehouse.org/work/digital-4-climate.For decades,carbon markets have been seen as part of the solution to climate change.Carbon markets can stimulate innovation and investment,and if held to high stand

263、ards of integrity and transparency,can help accelerate the transfor-mation needed to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement by putting a price on emissions and creating an economic incentive for reducing emissions.Since the introduction of international carbon markets in the 1990s,schemes for the tr

264、ading of GHG emission reductions have multiplied around the globe.Through these schemes,countries seek to cooperate in achieving their mitigation targets by helping to mobilize the necessary resources and technology to reduce emissions where it is most cost-effective.The adoption of the Paris Agreem

265、ent in 2015,specifically its Article 6,gave an additional push to this trend through the incorporation of different market-based mechanisms for countries to cooperate on in implementing actions to achieve the goals in their NDCs.As of 2022,more than 80 per cent of NDCs included the intention of the

266、Party to use international market-based mechanisms towards mitigation of GHG emissions.39At the core of emissions trading systems is the transfer of credits representing a specific quantity of GHG emissions reduced through activities in one country(the seller)and sold to another country(the buyer),w

267、hich can then claim those reductions against its mitigation targets.For this system to work,transferred emission reductions must be counted by only one country the buyer towards its NDC.In order to avoid double counting,the selling country re-adds the amount of the transferred emission reductions to

268、 its GHG account to ensure that emission reductions are not claimed twice.Carrying out these corresponding adjustments is a key principle for partici-pating in cooperative approaches under Article 6.In practical terms,this means a functioning transparency and accounting system is a prerequisite for

269、countries that want to participate in carbon markets.Hence,a direct benefit of transparency is the possibility of participating in these markets,whether as a buyer or a seller.The post-2020 carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement are being built following the bottom-up approach;that is

270、,they are increasing the complexity and diversity of reporting and verification approaches for GHG emission and mitigation outcomes.The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,European Space Agency,International Emissions Trading Association,United Nations Development Programme(UNDP),UNFCCC

271、 and World Bank Group have established the Digital for Climate(D4C)Working Group.40 This Group is creating an end-to-end digital ecosystem for the carbon markets with standardized modular components.The aim of the digital ecosystem is to provide countries with a digitizing methodology,MRV data syste

272、ms and access to a registry,all of which make it possible to track the issuance of digital carbon assets(or tokens)through Climate Action Data Trust metadata.The modules,together with blockchain technology,can be used for tracking GHG emission reductions and corresponding adjustments related to miti

273、gation activities and programmes.Building on success stories,the goal of this initiative is to support the develop-ment of standard registries to provide a solid basis by which countries can access carbon markets.With access to carbon markets in mind,several countries are establishing or enhancing t

274、heir national transparency systems,as illustrated by the case studies from Vanuatu(box 14)and Peru(box 15).The experience of Japan and Switzerland(box 16)represent the first examples of Article 6 pilot agreements,showing how buyer countries are demanding corresponding adjustments from sellers.30TECH

275、NICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCYBox 14:Vanuatu:Developing an integrated monitoring,reporting and verification tool for climate action tracking41 See https:/www.neoclimate.org/imrv-tool.The Government of Vanuatu,with support from UNDP and other stakeholders,has developed an integrated mon

276、itoring,reporting and verification(iMRV)tool for tracking:411.GHG emissions;2.The impacts of mitigation actions;3.The impacts of adaptation actions;4.Climate finance flows;5.The impacts on achieving SDGs.These five components that the iMRV tool enhance the transparency of reporting related to nation

277、al GHG emissions and climate actions in the country and also help in reporting as part of the UNFCCC process(NCs,BURs and the upcoming BTRs)and to development partners and other stakeholders.The reporting tool provides information for the national GHG inventory and for NCs,BURs and the upcoming BTRs

278、 on progress towards achieving the NDC,progress towards achieving the SDGs,and international financial and technical support received.The iMRV tool can be used to monitor the five components for each project or programme in the country,through which it improves the monitoring of the flow of data for

279、 international cooperation and support in Vanuatu.Tracking GHG emission reductions helps the country to fulfil its transparency requirements under the Paris Agreement,and the GHG data can also be used for reporting under market and non-market approaches and as internationally transferred mitigation

280、outcomes(ITMOs)under Article 6 in conjunction with Vanuatus National Carbon Registry.Together with the iMRV tool,the National Carbon Registry provides a solid basis for the country to access and participate in global carbon markets.The versatility and modularity of the iMRV tool and the National Car

281、bon Registry have great potential for replication and could enhance other countries participation in carbon market mechanisms such as those under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.Box 15:Peru:Developing a transparency system that enables participation in carbon markets42 See(in Spanish)https:/infocar

282、bono.minam.gob.pe/.43 See(in Spanish)https:/huellacarbonoperu.minam.gob.pe/huellaperu/#/inicio.44 See(in Spanish)https:/www.gob.pe/institucion/minam/campa%C3%B1as/13214-registro-nacional-de-medidas-de-mitigacion-gei.Perus national transparency arrangements are governed by a Ministry of Environment d

283、ecree(decree 13-2019),which refers to the MRV of GHG emissions and removals,and emission reductions and enhanced removals.The countrys MRV system comprises five components:1.The national baseline of GHG emissions and removals;2.Infocarbono,the countrys web platform for coordinating the work of minis

284、tries regarding consolidating data for and communicating the national GHG inventory;42 3.The Carbon Footprint tool,an innovative tool that allows private and public sector actors to receive official recognition from the government for their efforts to measure,report and reduce their GHG emissions;43

285、 4.The National Registry of Mitigation Measures,which informs stakeholders about mitigation progress and authorizes the transfer of carbon credits for actions or projects in carbon markets;44 5.The reports and communications prepared as part of the UNFCCC process.31TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMAT

286、E TRANSPARENCYThe components are interlinked,providing a solid transparency framework for stakeholders to participate in Article 6 carbon markets that incorporates the registry and accounting of emissions and reductions and the use of corresponding adjustments that avoid double counting.In addition,

287、the system highlights the co-benefits of mitigation actions,enables public recognition for transparency of progress and helps track the environmental integrity of mitigation actions.This robust MRV system,with complementary tools and components,will enhance transparency and help with preparing Peru

288、to participate in the market-based mechanisms established under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.Box 16:Japan and Switzerland:Implementing pilot agreements for carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 45 See the annex to decision 2/CMA.3(“Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to i

289、n Article 6,paragraph 2,of the Paris Agreement”).Available at https:/unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_10_add1_adv.pdf#page=11.46 The JCM is a bilateral mechanism that Japan implements with partner countries for the purposes of diffusing leading low-carbon technologies and products and

290、 using generated emission reductions from JCM projects to achieve its emission reduction target.For more information,see https:/www.jcm.go.jp/about.47 The JCM partner countries are Azerbaijan,Bangladesh,Cambodia,Chile,Costa Rica,Ethiopia,Georgia,Indonesia,Kenya,the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic,Ma

291、ldives,Mexico,Mongolia,Myanmar,Palau,Papua New Guinea,the Philippines,the Republic of Moldova,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Tunisia,Uzbekistan and Viet Nam.48 For information on the agreements,see https:/www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/climate/info-specialists/climate-international-a

292、ffairs/staatsvertraege-umsetzung-klimauebereinkommen-von-paris-artikel6.html.49 For further information,see https:/www.iges.or.jp/en/projects/transparency.Article 6,paragraph 2,of the Paris Agreement allows countries to utilize cooperative approaches that involve the use of ITMOs to achieve the goal

293、s stipulated in their NDCs.45 Some countries,including Japan and Switzerland,have long communicated their intention to achieve the goals reflected in their NDCs in part by funding climate protection projects abroad.To this end,both countries have concluded bilateral agreements or treaties with partn

294、er countries that establish a cooperation framework and state the requirements for recognition of the ITMOs by the treaty Parties.These agreements thus establish a legal basis for commercial contracts between buyers and sellers of emission reductions.As of June 2023,Japan has signed bilateral agreem

295、ents under the joint crediting mechanism(JCM)46 with 25 countries.47 Switzerland has existing bilateral climate agreements with several partner countries,including Ghana,Peru,Senegal and Vanuatu.48 In each case,the agreement states the obligation for Parties to apply corresponding adjustments to the

296、ir NDC accounting and highlights this as a fundamental principle governing the agreement.In this context,and to support JCM partner countries in complying with the guidance under Article 6,paragraph 2,of the Paris Agreement,Japan has been running the Mutual Learning Program for Enhanced Transparency

297、.49 This programme is a peer-to-peer programme where two countries work as a pair in developing draft reports and reviewing each others reports for seven months,and aims to increase understanding of the guidance,including the concept of corresponding adjustment methodologies and how to apply them to

298、 avoid double counting.As such,it provides the opportunity for participating countries to actively engage with each other,share knowledge and openly discuss corresponding adjustment methodologies,enabling them to better explore why the domestic arrangements relating to ITMO authorization and transpa

299、rent tracking are essential for participating in carbon markets.32TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY3.8 Supporting accession to political and economic communities and organizationsThere are number of multilateral organizations and communities worldwide where countries join forces with

300、the aim of addressing issues of common interest.Frequent-ly,member countries of these organizations must meet reporting requirements for participation in order to gain benefits such as a reduction of trade barriers or access to regional funds.The European Union(EU)and the Organisation for Economic C

301、o-operation and Develop-ment(OECD)are examples of multilateral organizations with both requirements and benefits for member countries.Environmental regulation and enforcement are priorities for these communities.To join these organizations,countries often need to meet requirements related to the env

302、ironment that may include conditions regarding monitoring and reporting on climate change.A country with an established MRV system might already comply with several accession requirements and might be able to use its MRV system as a source of information to meet additional requirements.Before joinin

303、g the EU,a country must comply with the environmental and climate-related requirements,among others,that apply to all EU member States.Georgia,a country that aims to become a member of the EU,must satisfy specific obligations to comply with EU legislation.Box 17 indicates these obligations and provi

304、des an example of how strengthening its climate related MRV system can help a country meet the requirements for accession to a multilateral community.Another example where climate reporting and accession to a multilateral economic or political organization can be mutually beneficial is Colombias pro

305、cess of joining the OECD,which started in 2013 and culminated in the country officially becoming an OECD member in 2020(box 18).The example of Colombia highlights the value of a robust and sustainable MRV system as a source of information for national and international decision makers.Box 17:Georgia

306、:Linking a national measurement,reporting and verification system to European Union accession50 50 Georgias first and second BURs(available at https:/unfccc.int/documents/180641 and https:/unfccc.int/documents/196360 respectively),the EUGeorgia Association Agreement Implementation Agenda 20172020(av

307、ailable at https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22017D2445&rid=10),and Georgias 2030 Climate Change Strategy(2021)(available at https:/mepa.gov.ge/En/Files/ViewFile/50123).51 Georgia has been a member of the Energy Community(https:/energy-community.org/aboutus/whoweare.html)s

308、ince 2017,which requires it to formulate a National Energy Efficiency Action Plan and National Renewable Energy Action Plan.Both plans consist of mitigation activities that promote energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy sources.In July 2016,Georgia reached a milestone in its proce

309、ss to become an EU member State when the EUGeorgia Association Agreement entered into force by EU decision 2014/494/EU.This legal mechanism seeking the economic and political integration of both parties calls for Georgia to harmonize a variety of national standards with EU requirements,including tho

310、se related to the environment and climate change,including by:Operationalizing its Climate Change Council,which is responsible for coordinating climate policy;Implementing its NDC and its climate action commitments under the Energy Community;51 Formulating and adopting a NAP and a long-term low-emis

311、sion development strategy;Enhancing its transparency framework for climate action through its MRV system for climate policies,measures and emissions,in line with the Katowice Rulebook and the Paris Agreement;33TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY Enhancing the forest management body,and

312、finalizing the national forest inventory and maintain-ing its databases;Ensuring public access to environmental information and public participation in decision-making for all interested stakeholders;Mainstreaming climate action in sectoral policies and measures,and strengthening the capacity of dif

313、ferent authorities to implement climate actions;Preparing the national energy and climate plan and initiating its implementation.The Climate Change Division of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture has prepared the national GHG inventory for many years,a process that has provided

314、a myriad of lessons learned and valuable inputs to the shared environmental information system.The Climate Change Unit is building on this experience in developing additional capacities for transparency to respond to the reporting requirements of the EU as well as those under the Convention and the

315、Paris Agreement.The improvement of transparency arrangements in Georgia has been accelerated by developing the national MRV system in parallel with the EU accession process.The requirements relating to public participation and access to environmental information help raise awareness among sectoral s

316、takeholders,civil society and the private sector.Other policy mainstreaming requirements ensure ambitious target-setting and the accountability of government institutions.The work with ministries led by the Climate Change Council will benefit from improvements to the transparency framework through i

317、nputs to the strategic planning of national climate actions.The EU accession process has opened avenues for collaboration,coordination and ambition-raising that will accelerate climate action in the years to come.Box 18:Colombia:Complying with statistical information requirements for Organisation fo

318、r Economic Co-operation and Development membership through collaboration on measurement,reporting and verification52 52 For further information,see https:/www.oecd.org/colombia/colombia-accession-to-the-oecd.htm.Colombia initiated its process of joining the OECD in 2013 and agreed on an initial memo

319、randum with the OECD that defined 250 instruments the country should use to create the conditions needed to join the Organization.One area of improvement was the need to strengthen statistical information for decision-making(e.g.regarding green growth and environmental targets in the various sectors

320、 of the economy),in response to which Colombia enhanced its national statistics system under the authority of the National Administrative Department of Statistics.One specific requirement relating to statistical information was establishing a registry for emissions and transfer of pollutants,which m

321、embers must report to the OECD.While the scope of this registry of emissions does not coincide perfectly with that of the GHG inventory,there is a large amount of overlap.As the National Administrative Department of Statistics consolidates its structures for the registry of emissions,consultation ha

322、s taken place with the Institute of Hydrology,Meteorology and Environmental Studies(the government entity responsible for the GHG inventory);the Department may strengthen the registry of emissions using the experience the Institute has gained through preparation of the GHG inventory.Through this col

323、laboration,Colombia has established a national climate MRV system that also supports its compliance with OECD requirements.Furthermore,the two entities are engaged in dialogue to determine the extent to which the two emissions accounting processes can be integrated to achieve efficiencies and build

324、the national statistics system up from existing structures.34TECHNICAL PAPER:BENEFITS OF CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY3.9 Strengthening gender mainstreaming53 Gender Toolkit,WFP,Rome,2019.See https:/docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000063662/download/.54 FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/4.Available at https:/unfccc.int/docum

325、ents/619180.The preamble to the Paris Agreement places the considera-tion of both gender equality and the empowerment of women squarely in the frame of all climate action,and its operative provisions reinforce the mandate for Parties to consider gender when taking action on climate change.As such,ma

326、ny countries have responded by including gender considerations in their NDCs,particularly when it comes to adaptation.At the national level,tracking progress on gender issues within a countrys adaptation monitoring and overall transparency framework is useful for exposing inequalities and improving

327、understanding of why changes happen for different vulnerable groups.It is also crucial for tracking the performance of partners and holding stakeholders accounta-ble for meeting gender-related goals that have been identified in the development of a climate project or action.Frequently,gender gaps ar

328、e identified in planning,but overlooked in monitoring.When the gender outcomes of a project or plan both results for different groups of people and changes at the institutional level are monitored,it is possible to determine the extent to which that project or plan is contributing to transformative

329、change,and to make adjustments if it is not meeting its targets.In other words,monitoring progress on gender issues goes beyond counting the number of women in a project or affected by it.Rather,it assesses benefits to different vulnerable groups as well as changes in empowerment using variables suc

330、h as well-being and decision-making authority.Most important,gathering this information consistently allows countries to include gender considerations in their NDCs and other policy plans and to take them into account effectively,including by integrating gender-responsive targets into monitoring and

331、 evaluation systems and establishing gender-responsive climate change transparency frameworks.53Parties are increasingly recognizing gender integration as a means to enhance the ambition and effectiveness of their climate action.Most Parties(75 per cent)provided information related to gender in thei

332、r NDCs and some(39 per cent)affirmed that they will take gender into account in implementing them.Of the Parties that referenced gender in their previous NDCs,some(20 per cent)elaborated more on the topic in their new or updated NDCs.Some(38 per cent)included information on how gender had been or wa

333、s planned to be mainstreamed in NDC implementation.54 Box 19 presents examples of countries that are implementing gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation frameworks.Box 19:Antigua and Barbuda,Cabo Verde and the Federated States of Micronesia:Developing gender-responsive nationally determined contributions and transparency systems55 Available at https:/unfccc.int/documents/497048.Antigua and Ba