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1、African Womens Voices:Reframing the Narrative on Womens Roles in African Societies May 2023 By Zineb Sqalli,Zoe Karl-Waithaka,Najwa Jamrani,Phillipa Osakwe-Okoye,and Nomava Zanazo Boston Consulting Group partners with leaders in business and society to tackle their most important challenges and capt
2、ure their greatest opportunities.BCG was the pioneer in business strategy when it was founded in 1963.Today,we work closely with clients to embrace a transformational approach aimed at benefiting all stakeholdersempowering organizations to grow,build sustainable competitive advantage,and drive posit
3、ive societal impact.Our diverse,global teams bring deep industry and functional expertise and a range of perspectives that question the status quo and spark change.BCG delivers solutions through leading-edge management consulting,technology and design,and corporate and digital ventures.We work in a
4、uniquely collaborative model across the firm and throughout all levels of the client organization,fueled by the goal of helping our clients thrive and enabling them to make the world a better place.Contents01 The African Back Story02 Violence and Insecurity,the Common Denominators03 Finding Solution
5、s04 About the Research4 REFRAMING THE NARRATIVE ON WOMENS ROLES IN AFRICAN SOCIETIESA decade ago,most African countries were making steady progress in closing the gender gap across all its dimensionshealth,education,economic participation,and political representation.Since 2016,however,a wave of mac
6、roeconomic challenges,followed by the COVID-19 pandemic,has caused womens economic participation to decline more in Africa than in other parts of the world.To get a deeper understanding of the reasons for this decline,BCG surveyed 6,000 men and women across six countries that together represent 60%o
7、f Africas GDP.(See“About the Research”below).Our analysis found that while various challengessuch as insufficient access to education,health care,and job opportunitiesare certainly holding women back,the current narrative on the role of women in society is a central issue.Therefore,closing the gende
8、r gap will only be possible if the social norms and the narrative around womens role in society change.Countries across the continent,need to ensure that legal,social,and educational measures are designed to address this underlying issue.PrefaceBOSTON CONSULTING GROUP 5The African Back StoryAt the c
9、ontinental level,Africas gender gap today is similar to the world average.According to the Gender Gap Report 2022 published by the World Economic Forum(WEF),the African gap is.69 and the world average is.71,with 1 representing gender parity.But these numbers obscure an important fact:individual Afri
10、can countries are quite diverse when it comes to gender equality.(See Exhibit 1.)Out of 146 countries included in the WEF report,Rwanda ranks sixth,Namibia eighth,and South Africa twentieth.Yet at the same time,half of the 50 lowest-ranking countries are African,including Nigeria at 123rd,Morocco at
11、 136th,and Congo at 144th.From 2010 to 2016,Africa was closing the gender gap faster than any other region in the world.In 2016,that rapid pace slowed owing to a commodity crisis,followed by the global downturn and the onset of the pandemic.Womens economic participation,as measured by labor force pa
12、rticipation rates and wage levels,began declining in sub-Saharan Africa.The continents gender gap soon became one of the slowest improving worldwide.6 REFRAMING THE NARRATIVE ON WOMENS ROLES IN AFRICAN SOCIETIES1.If Africas evolution maintains the slow pace of the last six years,it will take more th
13、an 150 years to close the African gender gap.But if womens economic participation were to resume the pace of 2010 to 2016,the gender gap could be closed in less than 90 years,60 years faster.Exhibit 1-Different realities for women in Africa COVID 19 has caused gender equality worldwide to regress by
14、 one generation,according to the WEF.But in Africa,the situation is far more severe because the decline in womens economic participation started before COVID 19,and recovery has been slower.As the world returns to normalcy,Africa needs to intensify its efforts to close the gender divide.By our calcu
15、lations,if African womens economic participation were to resume the pace of 2010 to 2016,the continent could close the gap 60 years faster than it is likely to do if it maintains the current rate.1To better understand the path to the economic empowerment of African women,we combined an analytical an
16、d ethnographic approach through:(1)an analysis of WEFs gender data;(2)a survey of 6000 men and women in six African countries about their perceptions of the roles of women and the roadblocks to their economic empowerment;and(3)in-depth focus group interviews with 50 women across the six countries.So
17、urce:World Economic Forum,Global Gender Gap Report 2022The Democratic Republic of the CongoCentral African Rep.KenyaAngola NamibiaBotswanaZimbabweZambiaNigeriaSouth AfricaMadagascarEthiopiaSouth SudanSudanEgyptLibyaChadNigerMaliBurkina FasoMauritaniaAlgeriaUgandaTunisiaMoroccoSenegalCabo Verde Guine
18、aGambiaGuinea-BissauCte dIvoireGhanaLiberiaSierra LeoneTogoBeninEquatorialGuineaGabonSo Tom and PrincipeCongoBurundiSeychellesDjiboutiEritreaLesothoMozambiqueMalawiComorosRwandaSomaliaSwazilandMauritiusLa RunionUnited RepublicOf TanzaniaTop Gender gapscore1 Bottom Gendergap score0 World AverageExclu
19、ded from WEF Gender Parity scores0.71World Average0.69Africa Average BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP 7Exhibit 2-Africa has three Gender Gap Archetype countries Three ArchetypesWhen we viewed the various roadblocks in combination with the WEFs gender rankings,we found that African countries can be grouped in
20、to three chief archetypes.(See Exhibit 2.)Archetype 1:Predominantly Southern and Eastern Africa(excluding Ethiopia)When it comes to gender parity,countries like South Africa and Kenya are among the most advanced countries in Africa.Moreover,they surpass the African average when it comes to the perce
21、ntage of girls who receive primary and secondary education that provides the key to the skills they need to enter the workforce.Survey respondents from this segment have egalitarian views on the right to education.Between 85%and 90%the highest percentage of the three archetypes by a few percentage p
22、ointssaid that education is as important for girls as it is for boys and that women should work even if the husband or father can provide for the family.(See Exhibit 3.)Source:WEF Gender gap indexes 2022,BCG Analysis Education Attainment IndexEgyptMoroccoTunisiaAlgeriaSenegalArchetype 3:Predominantl
23、y North Africa Africa average Africa average Archetype 1:Predominantly Southern andEastern Africa(excluding Ethiopia)Archetype 2:Predominantly Central&Western AfricaEconomic Participation Index0.600.400.450.500.550.600.650.700.750.800.850.650.700.750.800.850.900.951.00Exhibit 2-Africa has three Gend
24、er-Gap Archetype countriesMaliMauritiusSouth AfricaGhanaTanzaniaZimbabweEswatiniMadagascarZambiaNamibiaBotswanaUgandaBurkina FasoNigeriaKenyaCameroonCte dIvoireEthiopiaBeninMalawiAngolaChad8 REFRAMING THE NARRATIVE ON WOMENS ROLES IN AFRICAN SOCIETIESWomenMenQuestion:How much do you agree with each
25、of the following statements?ARCHETYPE 1ARCHETYPE 2ARCHETYPE 3*Somewhat agree and strongly agree60%28%22%45%80%44%46%75%16%21%20%39%25%51%45%78%64%38%32%46%MoroccoEgyptHigher education is more important for boys than for girls A woman should be able to decide freely how to spend her income At the sam
26、e level of qualification and for the same job,it is normal for a man to be paid more than a woman Women and men have access to the same opportunities in COUNTRY50%50%12%88%17%18%77%20%14%27%36%10%10%95%11%36%15%94%48%48%EthiopiaNigeriaIf the husbands/fathers income is sufficient to cover household n
27、eeds,the wife/daughter should not work 49%66%25%29%86%72%18%12%17%11%South Africa57%58%77%27%88%27%15%11%7%15%KenyaExhibit 3-A Glimpse into African Men and Womens Perceptions of Respective Roles in SocietyExhibit 3-A Glimpse into African Men and Womens Perceptions of Respective Roles in SocietyWhen
28、it comes to womens economic empowerment,this segment has made significant progress not only because of consistent efforts to promote girls education but also because of various initiatives and programs that support women workers and entrepreneurs.As of 2021,women constitute 49%of Kenyas overall labo
29、r force.And in South Africa,44%of those employed in the formal sector are women.The narrative around women has evolved over time and has helped broaden their access to education and job opportunities.Popular terms like“Mbokodo”in South Africa(“solid as a rock”)illustrate the celebration of strength
30、and resilience of South African women.Yet women in this archetype still face significant roadblocks,with violence by far the most daunting.Nearly 75%of the women in this segment said they face gender-based violence,and over 30%face violence at home(compared with 25%and 4%,respectively,in North Afric
31、a).Over 60%of teenage girls reported facing harassment at school,which is the primary reason for dropping out.In addition,50%of women in these countries believe that they dont have access to the same opportunities as men.Clearly,there is tension between economic progress and attitudes toward womens
32、role in the household.Interviews with survey participants provide further illustration.“There used to be pressure on women to be responsible for their household,”a woman respondent from Johannesburg noted.“Now,women have more access to education and jobs,which is a good thing for us.But this increas
33、es the expectation on women,as we are expected to take care of life inside and outside the household.”Another South African woman said,“Violence and patriarchy are clearly the two biggest concerns for us women.We are navigating sexism and discrimination in all areas of our lives,”said a third.Source
34、:Africa Consumer Sentiment 2022BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP 9To address this tension and help women keep moving toward economic empowerment,the narrative needs to keep evolving as well.Economically empowered women need to be seen as critical for a better socio-economic life for all,not a threat to it.“We
35、 should be partners with men and hold hands,”a respondent in Nairobi noted.“This is better for our families,communities,and countries.”Archetype 2:Predominantly Central&Western AfricaWomen in countries like Nigeria and Ethiopia have extremely low levels of educationthe lowest in Africa as well as gl
36、obally.Forty percent of girls drop out after primary school.Some 50%leave before the age of 18 (vs.30%and 20%in North and Southeastern Africa,respectively),and only 5%manage to reach university.Girls are more likely to drop out of school because of financial constraints.Seventy percent of respondent
37、s in this segment said that they dropped out to provide additional income for the household.So,although over 80%of women in this segment are employed,their lack of education limits them to very low-paying jobs and provides little in the way of economic empowerment.Compounding matters,these women mos
38、tly work in the informal(undocumented)sector.As a result,they were the first to lose their jobs during the current economic downturn and suffered the largest decline in economic participation.When asked about the major roadblocks that women face in these countries,42%of survey participantsthe highes
39、t percentage of the countries we surveyedspoke of their lack of independence.One person remarked,“Women dont have equal rights to men and the ability to decide for themselves.”Our interviews suggest that two types of independence are at play,personal and financial.Personal independence,that is,being
40、 single,is often perceived negatively.“In Nigeria,a single woman will have a hard time getting a lease for example,as landlords will be sceptical,”noted a female respondent in Lagos.“I feel like I need marriage to give me an identity and a positive role in the eyes of society,”one woman said.Social
41、norms may also be the reason that women are expected to cover domestic duties instead of holding a job.“For example,in a household,if the man earns a good income,it is expected for the woman to have children,become a housewife and stay home,not look for a job and be financially independent,”a woman
42、from Addis Ababa explained.This issue starts early in a girls life.For example,our interviews revealed that parents sometimes believe that getting their daughters married early will improve their economic status and as a result dont send them to school.Ironically,that decision can limit these girls
43、earning potential.“We need to empower women to pursue their dreams,”a woman from Lagos declared.“Every girl should have the right to education and health and family planning.They should be able to choose what they want to do with their future.”For women in this segment to become economically empower
44、ed,the narrative must shift from viewing women solely as guardians of the household to seeing them as independent and economically empowered individuals.Archetype 3:Predominantly North AfricaOver the past 20 years,countries like Morocco and Egypt have significantly expanded girls access to primary a
45、nd secondary education.As a result,these countries have some of the highest educational attainment scores on the continent today.Yet women remain largely outside the workforce.In Morocco,for example,the percentage of working women was only 21%in 2022,putting it among the bottom 20 countries worldwid
46、e.The key obstacle appears to be a deeply rooted belief that women belong at homea view held by men and women equally.Approximately half of the survey respondents from Morocco and Egypt said that women should not work if the husband or the father earns enough income to cover household needs.(By cont
47、rast,on average only 12%of women and 15%of men in sub-Saharan Africa have this view.)Nearly 90%of the men we surveyed in North Africa said that women should go to school to be educated and respected,rather than for the purpose of becoming financially independent.“Kids are a womans life in Morocco,”s
48、aid a female focus group participant from Casablanca.“Women are educating the new generations that if women are good,society is good.This is proof that the best role for me as a woman is to be the mother to a successful son.”To enable women in this segment to become economically empowered,the narrat
49、ive needs to expand beyond the emphasis on motherhood.Women need to be valued as educated individuals who contribute economically to the household and to the country at large.This represents a step-change in the narrative,but it is key to closing the gender gap and paving the way for prosperity.10 R
50、EFRAMING THE NARRATIVE ON WOMENS ROLES IN AFRICAN SOCIETIESViolence and Insecurity,the Common DenominatorsWhile the challenges that women face vary in different parts of Africa,domestic violence and a lack of safety and security in public places exist everywhere,affecting women of all ages,incomes,a
51、nd levels of education.Domestic violence is an enormous problem in sub-Saharan Africa.South Africa is by far the hardest hit,with 84%of women there saying that it is the number one roadblock they face,followed by Ethiopia(70%),Kenya(64%),and Nigeria(61%).In North Africa,the bigger issue is security
52、in public spaces.Thirty-six percent of women in Morocco and thirty-three percent of women in Egypt say that public safety is one of the top three challenges they face.(See Exhibit 4.)BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP 11Domestic Violence(Women respondents only)Safety and securityin public spacesJob Opportuniti
53、esLack of independenceHouse responsibilities37%19%33%45%27%11%36%36%22%35%32%40%29%30%61%28%25%25%64%39%23%27%29%51%84%EgyptQuestion:Which are the 3 main challenges women face in your COUNTRY?ARCHETYPE 1ARCHETYPE 2ARCHETYPE 3South AfricaNigeriaMoroccoKenyaLegal discriminationAccess to business fundi
54、ng20%10%29%21%22%12%26%15%21%11%44%26%19%70%62%Ethiopia10%21%Exhibit 4-The Biggest Challenges Faced by African WomenSource:Africa Consumer Sentiment 202212 REFRAMING THE NARRATIVE ON WOMENS ROLES IN AFRICAN SOCIETIESFinding SolutionsCurrently,most national investments and international aid on behalf
55、 of womens empowerment in Africa target infrastructure needs(health,education,jobs,and so on).While these areas are indeed important,voluntary actions addressing social norms and womens role in society are also vital.Three levers stand out as key.Legislation is a powerful means for addressing social
56、 norms.In addition to enforcing different behaviors,it generates debates in communities and raises awareness.Equal treatment of women under the law is clearly critical to womens economic empowerment.It can help improve their workforce participation,expand their access to management positions,reduce
57、the pay gap,and increase access to finance for female entrepreneurs,to name a few laws that establish targets have proven quite effective.For example,Spains recent gender parity legislation mandates that listed companies with more than 250 workers and an annual turnover of 50 million or more ensure
58、that their top management and boards are 40%women.Spain also has promoted gender parity for professional and technical workers,with women constituting half of this workforce.Legislation in favor of equal pay and extended parental leave can send a powerful message about the role of women as key contr
59、ibutors to the economy,especially in North African countries.It can also help combat violence against women.Brazil,for example,enacted the Maria da Penha Law in 2006 to prevent and protect women from physical,sexual,BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP 13psychological,and economic abuse.Considered one of the mos
60、t comprehensive and progressive laws against domestic violence in the world today,it is both preventive,with provisions for protection orders and counseling services,and corrective,with punishments for perpetrators and legal remedies for victims.Since the passage of this law,more than 1 million inci
61、dents have been reported.Some African countries have passed gender-based violence laws that mandate police forces to create departments devoted to gender issues and to dedicate resources to education,training,and awareness-building programs.Yet these programs are not always successful because they a
62、re underfunded and understaffed.Women who were victims of violence we spoke to complained of the difficulty of finding counselors and other resources.“We need more access to justice for women and to make sure laws are executed”,said one female respondent from Johannesburg.Corruption also presents an
63、other significant obstacle.“Corruption is so high that if the other party has more money than me,they will be heard and not me,”noted a woman from Nairobi.Educational initiatives can help change gender stereotypes if the formal curriculum for boys and girls as well as training for teachers emphasize
64、 gender equality and non-stereotyped gender roles.This approach can be particularly effective in Africa,given the high proportion of youth and the focus of many governments on education as a national priority.In Morocco,where 30%of the population is under the age of 15,the Kingdom has announced$9 bi
65、llion in funding for education from pre-schooling to tertiary.Similarly,in Ethiopia,where 45%of the population is under 15,the government has made education a top priority in its development agenda,allocating 5%of its total GDP to it.For a best-in-class example,consider Finland,which is ranked secon
66、d in the world in 2022 in closing the gender gap and first in educational attainment.Fifty years ago,the countrys National Agency for Education established a program to discourage traditional gender roles and encourage acceptance of gender diversity.The agency regularly publishes a guide about gende
67、r equality to instruct educators on how gender equality measures can be carried out in practice.Media,especially social,is now used by more than half the African population,and so has the potential to impact societys perceptions and beliefs about women enormously.For this reason,its essential for th
68、e media to stop portraying women as victims;increase the representation of women in debate panels;condemn all discriminatory and misogynistic speeches;and showcase positive role models of working women.#MeToo,for example,has empowered women everywhere to speak up against gender discrimination and se
69、xual abuse.This campaign has received media coverage across Africa and helped to raise awareness about the challenges that women face in the region.And the#IAmAWomanInAfrica campaign launched by UN Women in 2018 has encouraged thousands of women across the continent to share their stories of resilie
70、nce and success on social media.In addition to deploying these three levers,countries should make a concerted effort to embed new norms into all their gender parity initiatives.For example,many African countries provide grants to parents to ensure that their children complete their schooling.In most
71、 cases,the “head of household,”that is,the father,receives the grant.By contrast,the Bolsa Familia program in Brazil awards the grant to the mother,thus promoting her role over household resources and decision making.Such measures do two things at once:they support girls education while conveying th
72、e message that women can be responsible for domestic financial decisions.The path to empowerment is a long one.African countries need to continue working to expand womens access to education,job opportunities,health care,transport,childcare support,and other basic rights and needs.But they must also
73、 make a concerted effort to address social norms systematically so that both men and women take part in the journey.Empowering women will do more than achieve gender equalityit will help improve the prosperity of African economies and societies.When women are economically empowered,everyone benefits
74、.14 REFRAMING THE NARRATIVE ON WOMENS ROLES IN AFRICAN SOCIETIESAbout the ResearchBCG conducted the research presented in this report to fill in the gap in terms of studies focused on womensand mens perceptions of the role of women in African societies.Our first step was to leverage the WEFs Global
75、Gender Gap Report 2022.We analyzed the data along two major dimensions of the gender gap,womens educational attainment(including literacy rates,enrollment in primary,secondary,and tertiary school)and economic participation.Our next step was to launch African Womens Voices,a survey of 6,000 women and
76、 men in urban areas as well as in-depth focus group interviews across six sample countries(South Africa,Nigeria,Ethiopia,Kenya,Morocco,and Egypt)to better understand their views regarding the major roadblocks to womens economic empowerment and the roles of men and women in society.BOSTON CONSULTING
77、GROUP 15 Phillipa,Osakwe-Okoye is a Principal in BCGs Lagos office.She has more than ten years of financial services and management consulting experience across Africa,the UK,and the US.Phillipa advises multinational and African businesses on strategy design,portfolio optimization,cost management,pe
78、ople performance,and delivering large-scale organizational transformations.Phillipa is an active contributor to gender topics,specifically at the intersection of social impact,government and financial inclusion efforts.Phillipa also plays an active role in helping to shape BCGs internal Women Initia
79、tive to support gender diversity in Africa.About the AuthorsNajwa,Jamrani is a Senior Analyst in BCGs Casablanca office and a member of BCGs Centre for Customer Insights in Emerging Markets focused on Africa,where she builds strategic insights,megatrends,proprietary data,tools and methodologies for
80、understanding African consumer.Najwa plays an active role in building and shaping our thought leadership and proprietary insights to support our work in Gender equality and Women Economic Empowerment.Nomava,Zanazo is an Expert Consultant in BCGs Johannesburg office and a core member of BCGs Centre f
81、or Customer Insights in Emerging Markets,where she focuses on the development and deployment of consumer understanding to build strategies.She has extensive experience supporting and advising public,private and social sector clients in transforming their social impact agendas in Africa,with a partic
82、ular focus on unlocking key barriers to the economic empowerment of women.Nomava is a TED speaker and plays an active role in building and shaping our thought leadership and proprietary insights to support our work in Gender equality and Women Economic Empowerment.Acknowledgments The authors would l
83、ike to specially thank their BCG colleagues for their valuable contributions to this report.In particular,they thank Amane Dannouni and Tolu Oyekan and the editorial,PR,marketing,and design teams.Zineb,Sqalli is a Managing Director and Partner in BCGs Casablanca office.She leads BCGs work in Gender
84、Equality and Women Empowerment,globally.Zineb has over 14 years experience in management consulting advising governments,NGOs and corporations-in generating value from a higher economic participation of women.Zineb is a TED Speaker and delivered a talk on impact of climate action on gender equality.
85、Zo Karl-Waithaka is a Managing Director&Partner in BCGs Nairobi office and a core member of BCGs Social Impact practice focused on food systems and agricultural development.She has over 10 years of experience in management consulting advising public,private,and social sector clients across the Afric
86、an continent on defining strategies and implementing mechanisms to sustain results over time with an emphasis on opportunities for rural populations,women and youth.Boston Consulting Group partners with leaders in business and society to tackle their most important challenges and capture their great
87、est opportunities.BCG was the pioneer in business strategy when it was founded in 1963.Today,we work closely with clients to embrace a transformational approach aimed at benefiting all stakeholdersempowering organizations to grow,build sustainable competitive advantage,and drive positive societal im
88、pact.Our diverse,global teams bring deep industry and functional expertise and a range of perspectives that question the status quo and spark change.BCG delivers solutions through leading-edge management consulting,technology and design,and corporate and digital ventures.We work in a uniquely collab
89、orative model across the firm and throughout all levels of the client organization,fueled by the goal of helping our clients thrive and enabling them to make the world a better place.Uciam volora ditatur?Axim voloreribus moluptati autet hario qui a nust faciis reperro vitatia dipsandelia sit laborum
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91、,omnia voloratur?Explige ndeliaectur magnam,que expedignist ex et voluptaquam,offici bernam atqui dem vel ius nus.Nem faccaborest hillamendia doluptae conseruptate inim volesequid molum quam,conseque consedipit hillabo.Imaio evelenditium haribus,con reictur autemost,vendam am ellania estrundem corep
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